Architecture of Yugoslavia

Yugoslav architecture emerged in the first decades of the 20th century before the establishment of the state; during this period a number of South Slavic creatives, enthused by the possibility of statehood, organized a series of art exhibitions in Serbia in the name of a shared Slavic identity. Following governmental centralization after the 1918 creation of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, this initial bottom-up enthusiasm began to fade. Yugoslav architecture became more and more dictated by an increasingly concentrated national authority which sought to establish a unified state identity.[5]

Beginning the 1920s, Yugoslav architects began to advocate for architectural modernism, viewing the style as the logical extension of progressive national narratives. The Group of Architects of the Modern Movement, an organization founded in 1928 by architects Branislav Đ Kojić, Milan Zloković, Jan Dubovy, and Dusan Babic pushed for the widespread adoption of modern architecture as the "national" style of Yugoslavia to transcended regional differences. Despite these shifts, differing relationships to the west made the adoption of modernism inconsistent in Yugoslavia WWII; while the westernmost republics of Croatia and Slovenia were familiar with Western influence and eager to adopt modernism, long-Ottoman Bosnia remained more resistant to do so. Of all Yugoslavian cities, Belgrade has highest concentration of modernist structures.[6][7]

1948 cover of Zagreb-based architectural journal Arhitektura; socialist realism was the dominant style represented in the publication until 1949

Immediately following the Second World War, Yugoslavia's brief association with the Eastern Bloc ushered in a short period of socialist realism. Centralization within the communist model led to the abolishment of private architectural practices and the state control of the profession. During this period, the governing Communist Party condemned modernism as "bourgeois formalism," a move that caused friction among the nation's pre-war modernist architectural elite.[8]

Palace of the Federation (1950) by Potočnjak and Janković, Belgrade

Socialist realist architecture in Yugoslavia came to an abrupt end with Josip Broz Tito's 1948 split with Stalin. In the following years the nation turned increasingly to the West, returning to the modernism that had characterized pre-war Yugoslav architecture.[7] During this era, modernist architecture came to symbolize the nation's break from the USSR (a notion that later diminished with growing acceptability of modernism in the Eastern Bloc).[8][9] The nation's postwar return to modernism is perhaps best exemplified in Vjenceslav Richter's widely acclaimed 1958 Yugoslavia Pavilion at Expo 58, the open and light nature of which contrasted the much heavier architecture of the Soviet Union.[10]

Decentralization

Now abandoned Haludovo Palace Hotel (1971) by Boris Magaš on Krk

With 1950s decentralization and liberalization policies in SFR Yugoslavia, architecture became increasingly fractured along ethnic lines. Architects increasingly focused on building with reference to the architectural heritage of their individual socialist republics in the form of critical regionalism.[16] A notable example of this shift is the Juraj Neidhardt and Dušan Grabrijan's seminal 1957 publication Architecture of Bosnia and the way into modernity (Croatian: Arhitektura Bosne i Put U Suvremeno) which sought to understand modernism through the lens of Bosnia's Ottoman heritage.[17][18]

Growing distinction of individual ethnic architectural identities within Yugoslavia was exacerbated with the 1972 decentralization of the formerly centralized historical preservation authority, providing individual regions further opportunity to critically analyze their own cultural narratives.[5]

• 
  This 1953 housing complex in Džidžikovac designed by Andrija Čičin-Šain was influenced by traditional Bosnian loggias and doksa
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  The Church of St. Clement of Ohrid (1972) by Slavko Brezoski in Skopje blurs the lines between Macedonian religious architecture and postmodernism
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  Šerefudin's White Mosque (1980) by Zlatko Ugljen in Visoko references traditional Bosnian mosque architecture
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  The domes of Andrija Mutnjaković's National Library of Kosovo (1982) in Pristina nod to Kosovo's Islamic heritage

Video installation in "Toward a Concrete Utopia" exhibit at the Museum of Modern Art

Yugoslav architecture, particularly that of monuments, has attracted increased public attention in recent years.[4] In the late 1990s and early 2000s, Belgian photographer Jan Kempenaers released a series of photographs documenting dilapidated World War II monuments and memorials in Yugoslavia. In July 2018 MoMA opened a 6 month exhibition entitled "Toward a Concrete Utopia" that provided visitors with a large collection of images, architectural models, and drawings from Yugoslav architecture from 1948 to 1980.[2] Meanwhile, American researcher and author Donald Niebyl has been working since 2016 to create an online educational resource to explore and catalog the history of Yugoslav monuments and architecture, titled "Spomenik Database".[19]

• Architecture of Serbia
• Architecture of Kosovo
• Architecture of Croatia
• Architecture of Bosnia and Herzegovina
• Architecture of Montenegro
• Architecture of North Macedonia
• Architecture of Slovenia
• Utopian architecture

• Spomenik Database