Annapurna Devi

Annapurna Devi was born on 17 April 1927 at Maihar, a princely state in Madhya Pradesh, India.[2][3][4][lower-alpha 1] Her father, Ustad Alauddin Khan, was the royal court musician at the court of Maharaja Brijnath Singh of Maihar State. Since on the day of her birth, he was away, it was the Maharaja who named her 'Annapurna'.[7] Since she was born Muslim, her Islamic name was Roshanara Khan. However, she was always addressed to as Annapurna at home, and this name was legally formalised when she converted to Hinduism on the day of her marriage to Ravi Shankar.

Her father, Alauddin Khan was one of the disciples of Ustad Mohammad Wazir Khan, the last descendant of the Mian Tansen, and was therefore a musician of the Rampur Senia gharana. He went on to found of the Senia-Maihar gharana, which was a branch of the Rampur Senia gharana of Wazir Khan but with its own uniqueness as a result of the more eclectic erudition that Alauddin Khan himself had acquired in his life through many other gurus, his adherence to the Dhrupad style of playing, and his opennes and versatiliity of baaj or playing style. Her uncles, Fakir Aftabuddin Khan and Ayet Ali Khan, were also musicians in Shibpur, Bangladesh. Her brother, Ustad Ali Akbar Khan, was a Sarod maestro and was considered by many as a 'national treasure' in India.[8]

When she was young, her father discovered that she was pitch-perfect and had a knack for remembering notations although she was untrained. This led to him initiating her into Hindustani Classical music in vocal training. A case of tonsilities and surgery led him to shift her to an instrument, the sitar.[9] Initially, she was trained as a sitarist. However, her father felt that the more complex beenkari style of music of Wazir Khan, which he had learnt on the Sursringar, could be handed down to her as legacy as she was more interested in being his erudite student than a performer. Therefore, he had her switch to the surbahar, which she played in the Wazirkhani beenkari style. This decision would lead to the handing down of the tantrakari or playing-style in an uncompromised form.

Annapurna Devi became a very accomplished musician within a few years of training. After her father's demise, she would become the lodestar of her gharana, guiding many of her father's disciples, including Nikhil Banerjee, Bahadur Khan, Ashish Khan, etc. in classical music as well as in the techniques and intricacies of instrumental performances.

On 15 May 1941, Annapurna Devi was converted to Hinduism and married to fellow pupil, Ravi Shankar, at the behest of Shankar's eldest brother Uday Shankar. Ravi Shankar would go on to become a world famous musician on his own right.[2][10] They had a son, Shubhendra Shankar (1942–1992), who was a graphic artist and also a musician.[11][10] They were informally separated from the '60s, when Ravi Shankar left India for the United States with his then-paramour Kamala Chakravarty. The couple got divorced in 1982.[2]

Annapurna Devi married Rooshikumar Pandya in Bombay on 9 December 1982.[10] Rooshikumar Pandya, who was 42 years old at the time of their marriage, was a communication expert and psychology professor in Canada and the USA. Prof. Pandya was also an amateur sitarist and had been learning sitar from Devi since 1973 at the recommendation of her brother, Ali Akbar Khan, who was also his guru (as was Ravi Shankar). He died suddenly of a cardiac arrest in April 2013 at the age of 73.[12][13] Annapurna Devi died of age-related issues on 13 October 2018 in Mumbai, aged 91.[14] In her last years, she was looked after by her students, primarily Pandit Nityanand Haldipur.

One of her earliest concerts with the surbahar was when she played in honour of the Raja of Maihar. She was rewarded with a large tract of land for her performance.[3]

From 1946 to 1957, Ravi Shankar and Annapurna Devi performed duets in Delhi, Mumbai and Calcutta. Her student Vinay Bharat Ram had once reported that she was uncomfortable accepting payment for concerts, as it was her belief that it was akin to selling the Goddess Saraswati.[1]

While teaching at her brother's college when it was in Calcutta, she would occasionally give performances, though with strict instructions that she should not be recorded. After she moved to Mumbai permanently, she taught for a while at The National Centre for the Performing Arts (NCPA), Mumbai.

For the rest of her life, she was a much-sought after guru for students and aficionados of Hindustani Classical music, though she only accepted a handful of them. Per her father's instructions, she never took any fee whatsoever for her tutorship. Her pupils were not restricted solely a single instrument.[lower-alpha 2] They included:

She was also the key figure of Acharya Alauddin Music Circle in Mumbai.[9]

• 1977, she received the Padma Bhushan (India's third highest civilian honour).[15]
• 1991, she received the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award (India's highest honour in performing arts).[16]

• 1999, the Desikottama, an honorary doctorate degree by Visva-Bharati University.[16]
• In 2004, she was made a fellow of the Sangeet Natak Akademi.[16]

• Bondyopadhyay, Swapan Kumar (2005). Annapurna Devi: An Unheard Melody. Roli Books Private Limited. ISBN 9788174368553.
• Annapūrṇā Devi, The Oxford Encyclopaedia of the Music of India. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195650983. Retrieved 13 October 2018.
• Dalal, Roshen (2017). India at 70: snapshots since Independence. Penguin Random House India Private Limited. p. 286. ISBN 9789386815378.
• Lavezzoli, Peter (2006). The Dawn of Indian Music in the West. A&C Black. ISBN 9780826418159.
• Lindgren, Kristina (21 September 1992). "Shubho Shankar Dies After Long Illness at 50". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 18 October 2018.
• ^ Unveiling the Mystique of a Reclusive Artiste Archived 31 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Jaya Ramanathan, The Hindu, 28 June 2005.
• "Notes from behind a locked door (A rare interview)". The Indian Express. 16 May 2010.
• "Raviji never left her". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 26 January 2013.

• "Annapurna Devi and Ravi Shankar: The tragedy of a relationship". Man's World. September 2000. Archived from the original on 16 December 2012.
• Annapurna Devi by Mohan Nadkarni
• http://www.bigbridge.org/BB15/2011_BB_15_FEATURES/Annapurna_Devi/APD.pdf by Louise Landes Levi