Alfred Sao-ke Sze

Alfred Sao-ke Sze
Alfred Sao-ke Sze
施肇基
	Alfred Sao-ke Sze as pictured in The Most Recent Biographies of Chinese Dignitaries
Chinese Ambassador to the United States
	In office; 1933–1936
Preceded by	Yan Huiqing
Succeeded by	Wang Zhengting
	In office; 1920–1929
Preceded by	Wellington Koo
Succeeded by	Wu Chaoshu
	In office; 1911–1912
Preceded by	Zhang Yintang
Succeeded by	Zhang Yintang
Chinese Ambassador to the United Kingdom
	In office; 22 January 1929 – 23 October 1929
Preceded by	Chen Wei-cheng
Succeeded by	Guo Taiqi
	In office; 20 June 1914 – 11 December 1914
Preceded by	Lew Yuk Lin
Succeeded by	Wellington Koo
Personal details
Born	10 April 1877; Jiangsu, China
Died	3 January 1958 (aged 80); Washington, D.C., US
Nationality	Republic of China
Spouse	Tang Yu-hua
Children	Mai-Mai Sze; Szeming Sze
Alma mater	Cornell University

Alfred Sao-ke Sze (Chinese: 施肇基; pinyin: Shī Zhàojī; Wade–Giles: Shih Chao-chi; 1877–1958) was a prominent Chinese politician and diplomat during the most turbulent period in modern Chinese history.

Early life

Sze was born on April 10, 1877 in Jiangsu. In 1892, Sze moved to Washington, D.C., with his father, who was an attaché of the Chinese legation to the U.S. Sze graduated from Central High School in 1897. He became the first Chinese student to graduate from Cornell University in 1901.[1][2] He returned to China in October 1902 to work for the Peking Government.

Career

Sze served successively in the Ministry of Posts and Communications, the Jilin provincial government and the Foreign Ministry. In 1905, Sze was part of the Chinese delegation which visited a number of countries to study constitutionalism. In 1908–1910, Sze worked in Jilin, during which time he dealt with the repercussions of the attempted assassination of Itō Hirobumi. In 1911 he was appointed Minister to the United States, Spain, and Peru, but the eruption of the Xinhai Revolution and overthrow of the Qing government intervened and prevented his travel.

Under the Republic of China, Sze served briefly as Transport and Communications Minister and Finance Minister. From 1914–1920 he was China's minister to the United Kingdom, and in 1919 he was part of the Chinese delegation to the Paris Peace Conference.

Sze, along with Foreign Minister W. W. Yen, C. T. Wang and Wellington Koo, was part of a Chinese delegation which traveled to the United States in the fall of 1921 to negotiate with the U.S. to impose a limitation of armaments on Japan and to de-escalate tensions over Japan's aggressive, expansionist activities in Shandong.

From 1921–1929, Sze was head of the Chinese legation to the U.S., representing the Peking Government and securing U.S. support to contain Japanese aggression in northern China.[3] In January 1923, President Li Yuanhong nominated Sze for the office of foreign minister, but of all the Cabinet nominations, Sze's alone was rejected by the legislature. However, Sze served briefly as acting foreign minister until the new appointee was agreed. In November 1928, Sze was again appointed minister to Britain and delegate to the League of Nations. He was replaced in the legation to the U.S. by C.C. Wu.

In 1931, he was tapped as foreign minister again, but declined. At the time, he was actively representing the Republic of China at the League of Nations, denouncing Japanese military aggression in Manchuria and demanding the League's intervention. He warned the League that if it failed to act, China would have no choice but to re-arm. The League failed to act, so in December 1931, he offered his resignation. His offer was declined, and he remained at his post.

In January 1933, he was designated minister to the United States once again. He presented his credentials in February 1933. In July 1935, after the United States and the Republic of China agreed to raise their diplomatic missions from legations to embassies, Sze became the first Chinese ambassador to the United States. He was succeeded by C.T. Wang in 1937.

After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Sze worked on obtaining arms from the United States in his role as vice-chair of the China Defense Supplies Commission.[4]^: 49

Sze was a founding member of the World Bank and was a member of the Advisory Council of the World Bank from 1947 to 1950.[5]

Personal life

Sze married Yu-hua "Alice" Tang. Tang's mother had been a lady in waiting to the Empress Dowager Cixi, her uncle was Prime Minister Tang Shaoyi, and her cousin Tang Pao-yu was married to Wellington Koo.

Sze's elder brother, Shi Sao (aka Chao) Tseng (施肇曾 pinyin: Shī Zhàozēng), born 1868, was also a prominent official and served as a diplomat in the U.S. from 1893 to 1897. Upon returning to China, Shi Sao held several senior railway posts, including Director-General of Lunghai Railways from 1913 to 1922. Sze's younger brother, S.C. Thomas Sze, also attended Cornell and was later a director of the Chinese railroads. The chair of the Sibley School of Engineering at Cornell is named after S.C. Thomas Sze.

Alfred Sze had two sons and four daughters. Szeming Sze was the medical director of the United Nations from 1955–1968. Deson C. Sze was a banker and also served as a private secretary to T.V. Soong. Mai-mai Sze was an accomplished painter, author, and model. Julia Sze-Bailey and Alice Wang lived in Manhattan and Boston, respectively.

Sze died on January 3, 1958, at the age of 80.

References

"Dr. Sao-Ke Alfred Sze, Ex-China Envoy, Dies". Washington Star. 5 January 1958.
Cornell and China Cornell University.
Hill Nish, Ian (2002). Japanese Foreign Policy in the Interwar Period (Google Books). Praeger/Greenwood. ISBN 0-275-94791-2.
Coble, Parks M. (2023). The Collapse of Nationalist China: How Chiang Kai-shek Lost China's Civil War. Cambridge New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-009-29761-5.
"Index Sh-Sl". rulers.org. Archived from the original on 12 January 2008. Retrieved 2008-01-16.

External links

Sao Ke Alfred Sze (Shi Zhaoji) 施肇基 from Biographies of Prominent Chinese c.1925.

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[1] "Dr. Sao-Ke Alfred Sze, Ex-China Envoy, Dies". Washington Star. 5 January 1958.

[2] Cornell and China Cornell University.

[3] Hill Nish, Ian (2002). Japanese Foreign Policy in the Interwar Period (Google Books). Praeger/Greenwood. ISBN 0-275-94791-2.

[:02-4] Coble, Parks M. (2023). The Collapse of Nationalist China: How Chiang Kai-shek Lost China's Civil War. Cambridge New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-009-29761-5.

[5] "Index Sh-Sl". rulers.org. Archived from the original on 12 January 2008. Retrieved 2008-01-16.

China's Ambassadors to the U.S.
Qing ministers to the U.S. 1875–1912	Chen Lanbin 1875–81 Zheng Zaoru 1881–85 Zhang Yinheng 1885–89 Cui Guoyin 1889–93 Yang Yü 1893–96 Wu Tingfang 1896–1902 Liang Cheng 1902–07 Wu Tingfang 1907–09 Zhang Yintang 1909–11 Alfred Sao-ke Sze 1911–12
ROC's envoys to the U.S. 1912–35	Zhang Yintang 1912–13 Xia Xiefu 1913–15 V. K. Wellington Koo 1915–20 Alfred Sao-ke Sze 1920–29 Wu Chaoshu 1929–31 Yan Huiqing 1931–33 Alfred Sao-ke Sze 1933–35
ROC's ambassadors to the U.S. 1935–79	Alfred Sao-ke Sze 1935–36 Chengting T. Wang 1936–38 Hu Shih 1938–42 Wei Tao-ming 1942–46 Wellington Koo 1946–56 Hollington Tong 1956–58 George Yeh 1958–61 Tsiang Tingfu 1961–65 Zhou Shukai 1965–71 James Shen 1971–79
Chiefs of the PRC Liaison Office in the U.S. 1973–79	Huang Zhen 1973–77 Chai Zemin 1978–79
PRC's ambassadors to the U.S. 1979–present	Chai Zemin 1979–82 Zhang Wenjin 1983–85 Han Xu 1985–89 Zhu Qizhen 1989–93 Li Daoyu 1993–98 Li Zhaoxing 1998–2001 Yang Jiechi 2001–05 Zhou Wenzhong 2005–10 Zhang Yesui 2010–13 Cui Tiankai 2013–21 Qin Gang 2021–23 Xie Feng 2023-present

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