Agricultural robot

An end effector in an agricultural robot is the device found at the end of the robotic arm, used for various agricultural operations. Several different kinds of end effectors have been developed. In an agricultural operation involving grapes in Japan, end effectors are used for harvesting, berry-thinning, spraying, and bagging. Each was designed according to the nature of the task and the shape and size of the target fruit. For instance, the end effectors used for harvesting were designed to grasp, cut, and push the bunches of grapes.

Berry thinning is another operation performed on the grapes, and is used to enhance the market value of the grapes, increase the grapes' size, and facilitate the bunching process. For berry thinning, an end effector consists of an upper, middle, and lower part. The upper part has two plates and a rubber that can open and close. The two plates compress the grapes to cut off the rachis branches and extract the bunch of grapes. The middle part contains a plate of needles, a compression spring, and another plate which has holes spread across its surface. When the two plates compress, the needles punch holes through the grapes. Next, the lower part has a cutting device which can cut the bunch to standardize its length.

For spraying, the end effector consists of a spray nozzle that is attached to a manipulator. In practice, producers want to ensure that the chemical liquid is evenly distributed across the bunch. Thus, the design allows for an even distribution of the chemical by making the nozzle move at a constant speed while keeping distance from the target.

The final step in grape production is the bagging process. The bagging end effector is designed with a bag feeder and two mechanical fingers. In the bagging process, the bag feeder is composed of slits which continuously supply bags to the fingers in an up and down motion. While the bag is being fed to the fingers, two leaf springs that are located on the upper end of the bag hold the bag open. The bags are produced to contain the grapes in bunches. Once the bagging process is complete, the fingers open and release the bag. This shuts the leaf springs, which seal the bag and prevent it from opening again.[9]

The gripper is a grasping device that is used for harvesting the target crop. Design of the gripper is based on simplicity, low cost, and effectiveness. Thus, the design usually consists of two mechanical fingers that are able to move in synchrony when performing their task. Specifics of the design depend on the task that is being performed. For example, in a procedure that required plants to be cut for harvesting, the gripper was equipped with a sharp blade.

The manipulator allows the gripper and end effector to navigate through their environment. The manipulator consists of four-bar parallel links that maintain the gripper's position and height. The manipulator also can utilize one, two, or three pneumatic actuators. Pneumatic actuators are motors which produce linear and rotary motion by converting compressed air into energy. The pneumatic actuator is the most effective actuator for agricultural robots because of its high power-weight ratio. The most cost efficient design for the manipulator is the single actuator configuration, yet this is the least flexible option.[10]

There are concerns over the amount of labor the agricultural sector needs. With an aging population, Japan is unable to meet the demands of the agricultural labor market.[13] Similarly, the United States currently depends on a large number of immigrant workers, but between the decrease in seasonal farmworkers and increased efforts to stop immigration by the government, they too are unable to meet the demand.[13][14] Businesses are often forced to let crops rot due to an inability to pick them all by the end of the season.[13] Additionally, there are concerns over the growing population that will need to be fed over the next years.[13][15] Because of this, there is a large desire to improve agricultural machinery to make it more cost efficient and viable for continued use.[13]

Unmanned tractor "Uralets-224"

Much of the current research continues to work towards autonomous agricultural vehicles. This research is based on the advancements made in driver-assist systems and self-driving cars.[14]

While robots have already been incorporated in many areas of agricultural farm work, they are still largely missing in the harvest of various crops. This has started to change as companies begin to develop robots that complete more specific tasks on the farm. The biggest concern over robots harvesting crops comes from harvesting soft crops such as strawberries which can easily be damaged or missed entirely.[13][14] Despite these concerns, progress in this area is being made. According to Gary Wishnatzki, the co-founder of Harvest Croo Robotics, one of their strawberry pickers currently being tested in Florida can "pick a 25-acre field in just three days and replace a crew of about 30 farm workers".[14] Similar progress is being made in harvesting apples, grapes, and other crops.[12][14][15] In the case of apple harvesting robots, current developments have been too slow to be commercially viable. Modern robots are able to harvest apples at a rate of one every five to ten seconds while the average human harvests at a rate of one per second.[16]

Another goal being set by agricultural companies involves the collection of data.[15] There are rising concerns over the growing population and the decreasing labor available to feed them.[13][15] Data collection is being developed as a way to increase productivity on farms.[15] AgriData is currently developing new technology to do just this and help farmers better determine the best time to harvest their crops by scanning fruit trees.[15]

• Weed control using lasers (e.g. LaserWeeder by Carbon Robotics)[20][22]
• Precision agriculture robots applying low amounts of herbicides and fertilizers with precision while mapping plant locations[22][23]
• Picking robots are under development[21]
• Vinobot and Vinoculer[24][25][26]
• LSU's AgBot[27][28]
• Burro, a carrying and path following robot with the potential to expand into picking and phytopathology[29]
• Harvest Automation is a company founded by former iRobot employees to develop robots for greenhouses[30]
• Root AI has made a tomato-picking robot for use in greenhouses[31][32]
• Strawberry picking robot from Robotic Harvesting[33] and Agrobot[34]
• Small Robot Company developed a range of small agricultural robots, each one being focused on a particular task (weeding, spraying, drilling holes, ...) and controlled by an AI system[35]
• Agreenculture [36]
• ecoRobotix has made a solar-powered weeding and spraying robot[37]
• Blue River Technology has developed a farm implement for a tractor which only sprays plants that require spraying, reducing herbicide use by 90%[38][39]
• Casmobot next generation slope mower[40]
• Fieldrobot Event is a competition in mobile agricultural robotics[41]
• HortiBot - A Plant Nursing Robot[42]
• Lettuce Bot - Organic Weed Elimination and Thinning of Lettuce[43]
• Rice planting robot developed by the Japanese National Agricultural Research Centre[44]
• ROS Agriculture - Open source software for agricultural robots using the Robot Operating System[45]
• The IBEX autonomous weed spraying robot for extreme terrain, under development[46]
• FarmBot,[47] Open Source CNC Farming[48]
• VAE, under development by an Argentinean ag-tech startup, aims to become a universal platform for multiple agricultural applications, from precision spraying to livestock handling.[49]
• ACFR RIPPA: for spot spraying[50]
• ACFR SwagBot; for livestock monitoring
• ACFR Digital Farmhand: for spraying, weeding and seeding[51]
• Thorvald - an autonomous modular multi-purpose agricultural robot developed by Saga Robotics.[52]