2021–2023 Bulgarian political crisis

Results map of the April 2021 election

The election took place on 4 April 2021, and was scheduled as a regular election following four years since the 2017 election.

Borisov's governing coalition lost its majority, with the government-supporting parties falling from a combined 134 seats to 75 out of 240, with only GERB staying in the National Assembly.[12] In contrast, all three of the "parties of change" groupings entered the national assembly, winning a total of 92 seats, with 51 of these coming from Slavi Trifonov's ITN. The Socialist Party (BSPzB) also suffered its worst result in a democratic election.[13] The election also saw turnout drop 3.5pp to 49.1%.

The "Anti-Corruption" bloc ruled out working with Borisov and GERB, and as such it was unlikely any government would be formed.[14] President Rumen Radev gave first mandate was given to GERB as the largest party, who failed to form a government with the former foreign minister, Daniel Mitov, as the nominated Prime Ministerial candidate.[15] The second mandate was offered to ITN, who refused after GERB had suggested it would be willing to support an ITN-led government.[12][16] Radev gave the final mandate to Korneliya Ninova of the BSPzB, who refused to form a government after the "parties of change" refused to work with them. Stefan Yanev was appointed by Radev to lead an interim government, and a snap election was called for 11 July.[17]

Results map of the July 2021 election

The July election saw ITN continue on its upward momentum, topping the polls in the election with 65 seats. The "parties of change" rose to 112 seats, still shy of the 121 needed for a majority.[18] GERB fell to 63 seats, and BSPzB continued its downward trend. Turnout dropped by 8.7pp to 40.4%.

When ITN was handed the mandate by Radev, they opted to form a minority government with the support of the other anti-corruption parties and BSPzB, but the negotiations fell through. GERB ruled out trying to form a government,[19] and BSPzB failed to convince other parties to support the caretaker government for a full 4 year term. Another election was scheduled for 14 November, occurring at the same time as the presidential election.[20][21] Yanev continued as caretaker Prime Minister.

Results map of the November 2021 election

After ITN were perceived to have failed to work constructively with other parties to form a government, their support drastically dropped, coming in fourth place behind GERB, DB and BSPzB in some polls.[22]

In August, there was speculation that two popular cabinet ministers from Yanev's first caretaker government, Kiril Petkov and Asen Vasilev could form a new anti-corruption party, and the project was officially launched on 17 September. We Continue the Change (PP) hoped to be a uniting force, which could bring together a government following the elections.[7]

At the election, PP came out on top with 67 seats. The "parties of change" fell to 108 seats, with IBG-NI (formerly ISMV), falling out of the National Assembly. GERB and BSPzB continued to fall in their seat count.[23] Revival (VAZ), a far-right party, also entered the Assembly following protests against the interim government's introduction of a vaccine passport, or "green pass".[24][25] Turnout fell by a further 2pp to 38.4%.

Following the election, Petkov said he would be willing to work with any party which wished to join the fight against corruption in Bulgaria.[26] The Turkish minority interest party Movement for Rights and Freedoms (DPS) and GERB refused to cooperate with PP.[27] On 10 December, the leaders of PP, BSP, ITN and DB announced they had agreed to form a coalition. Radev, who was re-elected as President,[28] gave PP the first mandate.

With the first mandate, PP proposed a government. This was approved by the National Assembly on 13 December.[29]

Investiture Kiril Petkov (PP)
Ballot →		13 December 2021
Required majority →		121 out of 240
	Yes • PP (67) • BSPzB (26) • ITN (25) • DB (16)	134 / 240
	No • GERB-SDS (59) • DPS (32) • VAZ (13)	104 / 240
	Abstentions • None	0 / 240
	Absentees • DPS (2)	2 / 240
Result →		Yes Y
Source[30]

On 22 June 2022 a motion of no-confidence succeeded with 123 members of parliament voting against the government.[38] As no party was able to form another government within the current Parliament, President Radev scheduled another election to take place in October 2022 and appointed another interim government, led by Galab Donev, who had been minister for Labour and Social Policy in all of the interim governments, appointed by Radev (Gerdzhikov, Yanev 1 and Yanev 2).

Vote of no-confidence
Ballot →		22 June 2022
Required majority →		121 out of 240
	Confidence • PP (67) • BSPzB (26) • DB (16) • Independent (6) • DPS (1)	116 / 240
	No-confidence • GERB-SDS (59) • DPS (33) • ITN (19) • VAZ (12)	123 / 240
	Abstentions • None	0 / 240
	Absentees • VAZ (1)	1 / 240
Result →		No-confidence Y
Source[38]

Results map of the October 2022 election

The parties which formed the previous coalition: PP, BSPzB and DB failed to gain a majority only reaching 98 of the seats. Meanwhile the two pro-Russian and nationalist parties VAZ and the new formed Bulgarian Rise (led by former interim prime minister Yanev) both made gains.[39] GERB became largest party with around 25% and 67 seats. ITN failed to reach the 4% threshold.[40]

It took three days for the Assembly to vote on a chairperson following the election. In the mean time, a dog called "Johnny" received joking endorsements from the public to become the chairman instead. Eventually, Vezhdi Rashidov from GERB was approved as a compromise on 21 October.[41]

The first mandate went to GERB, and they proposed Nikolay Gabrovski. Gabrovski was disapproved by parliament on December 14.[42]

Investiture Nikolay Gabrovski (GERB)
Ballot →		14 December 2022
Required majority →		121 of 240
	Yes • GERB-SDS (67) • DPS (35) • BV (11)	113 / 240
	No • PP (53) • VAZ (27) • BSPzB (24) • DB (20) • Independent (1)	125 / 240
	Abstentions • None	0 / 240
	Absentees • DPS (1) • BV (1)	2 / 240
Result →		No N
Source[42]

During the government formation a debate about the return of paper ballots broke out which was abolished due to concerns of vote buying.[43] GERB, DPS and BSP supported the return and were able to override a veto of president Radev against the changes of the electoral code.[44]

The second mandate went to the second largest party PP on 3 January 2023.[45] The third and last mandate was given to BSP which was also unable to form a government thus triggering snap elections, scheduled for 2 April 2023. However, BSP opened up to a potential cooperation with GERB, which has the potential for a breakthrough.[46] Galab Donev was selected by Radev to lead another interim government.[47]

Results map of the April 2023 election

The election scheduled for 2 April marked the 5th election the country has faced in 2 years. It has been suggested that the political turmoil could potentially impact Bulgaria joining the Eurozone.[47]

PP negotiated with DB, alongside other minor organisations,[48] to run on a joint list together for the 2023 election, a proposal all constituent parties of DB supported. They hope to prioritise justice reform, joining the Schengen Area and the Eurozone.[49][50][51] The two parties were already working together in the upcoming local elections.[52] On 10 February, DB announced they had come to an agreement and would be running on a joint list, PP–DB.[53]

Going into the election, PP–DB hoped to form a minority government, while GERB supported forming a Grand coalition between them and PP–DB, which Borisov said would take time but could solve the political crisis.[54]

The election saw the GERB-led list retain its position in first, and it has reportedly increased its seat count up to 69. PP–DB did worse than expected and were considered the losers of the night, dropping down to 64. VAZ rose above DPS, which itself stayed stable, and ITN narrowly re-entered the assembly. BV fell below the threshold.[55][56][57][58] In terms of government negotiations, GERB stated that they would work with anyone, PP–DB broadly did not wish to join a government alongside GERB, and VAZ suggested that they would not join any government other than one solely led by them.[59][60][57] BSP, DPS and ITN were vaguer about who they would support, but Ninova said the BSP would be open to negotiating with all parties.[61]

At the first sitting of the Assembly on 12 April, no speaker could be elected, with the parliamentarians only sitting for a matter of a few minutes. There was not much progress built on government formation, though GERB and PP–DB pledged to meet and pass laws where the two groupings could see eye-to-eye.[62]

On 22 May, PP and GERB agreed to form a government with a rotational premiership. Nikolay Denkov, PP's candidate would be the Prime Minister for the first 9 months of the government and Mariya Gabriel, the GERB candidate, would serve as Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Affairs Minister. After 9 months, the two would switch positions.[63] Petkov claimed the government was not a coalition, and that it was the best they could do, despite breaking their pre-election promise. Petkov also said he hoped the government could survive for at least 18 months, and confirmed he would not be a part of the cabinet.[64] It was reported that DB will support the government, but from the outside with no ministers in government.[65] Alleged recordings from an incriminating PP meeting, including both leaders, were released by Radostin Vassilev, a MP for PP–DB, who left the party. Petkov claimed the recordings did not represent the truth and were manipulated.[66] There were suggestions that these recordings could impact the formation of the PP and GERB cooperation agreement, but Borisov said it would not make an impact.[67]

Denkov, the proposed Prime Minister, released the cabinet composition alongside the proposed Deputy Prime Minister, Gabriel on 2 June. They announced that they had joined in negotiations with DPS, in order to achieve the supermajority of 160 MPs needed to enact constitutional reforms.[68] DPS said they would not prevent the government's formation, but they were more vague regarding their explicit support.[69]

Investiture Nikolai Denkov (PP)
Ballot →		6 June 2023
Required majority →		121 of 240
	Yes • GERB-SDS (68) • PP–DB (61) • DPS (2)	131 / 240
	No • VAZ (37) • BSPzB (19) • ITN (11) • GERB (1) • Independent (1)	69 / 240
	Abstentions • None	0 / 240
	Absentees • DPS (34) • BSPzB (4) • PP–DB (2)	40 / 240
Result →		Yes Y
Source[70]