1 Kings 13

1 Kings 13 is the thirteenth chapter of the Books of Kings in the Hebrew Bible or the First Book of Kings in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible.[1][2] The book is a compilation of various annals recording the acts of the kings of Israel and Judah by a Deuteronomic compiler in the seventh century BCE, with a supplement added in the sixth century BCE.[3] 1 Kings 12:1 to 16:14 documents the consolidation of the kingdoms of northern Israel and Judah:[4] this chapter focusses on the reign of Jeroboam in the northern kingdom.[5]

1 Kings 13
The pages containing the Books of Kings (1 & 2 Kings) Leningrad Codex (1008 CE).
BookFirst book of Kings
Hebrew Bible partNevi'im
Order in the Hebrew part4
CategoryFormer Prophets
Christian Bible partOld Testament
Order in the Christian part11

Text

This chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language and since the 16th century is divided into 34 verses.

Textual witnesses

Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).[6]

There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; B; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A; A; 5th century).[7][lower-alpha 1]

Old Testament references

Jeroboam’s hand withers (13:1–10)

Jeroboam's 'illegitimate cult activities' at the 'illegitimate holy site' of Bethel was exposed by a prophet from Judah who was loyal to YHWH and demonstrated that the miraculous power of God was superior to a king.[10] The conflict in Bethel may lead to the story of prophet Amos' appearance in Bethel (cf. Amos 7:10–17).[10] The anonymous prophet foretold the end of Jeroboam's dynasty and the northern kingdom, that only the 'house of David' would remain to take action against the high places in Bethel (cf. Josiah's actions in 2 Kings 22:1–23:10).[11] The broken altar provided a sign that the prophecy is true, whereas Jeroboam's withered hand showed the impotence of the king against the prophetic word.[11]

Verse 2
And the man cried against the altar by the word of the Lord and said, "O altar, altar, thus says the Lord: 'Behold, a son shall be born to the house of David, Josiah by name, and he shall sacrifice on you the priests of the high places who make offerings on you, and human bones shall be burned on you.'"[12]
  • "Josiah": the sixteenth king of Judah who launch a "Deuteronomic reform" to remove high places in northern and southern territories of Israel during his reign (c. 640–609 BCE).[13] There is an interval of about 330 years between the accession of Jeroboam and the accession of Josiah, so the mention of Josiah who would fulfill the prophecy of vengeance is remarkable among the predictions of the Old Testament (such as the prophecy concerning Cyrus in Isaiah 44:28; Isaiah 45:1), so some have speculated that this verse as well as other parts of the story of this chapter were compiled into their present form at a later date than Jeroboam.[14]

The old prophet and the man of God (13:11–34)

The second narrative of the chapter deals with the meeting between two prophets to address the question "who can decide who is right when two prophets speak, claiming God's authority, yet contradict each other?" (cf. 1 Kings 22 and Jeremiah 27–28). In the story, the 'true' prophet allowed himself to be deceived by the 'false' prophet and paid for it with his life, so that his death convinced skeptics of the 'true' prophet's relationship to God.[10] As the previous passage, the focus of the story was 'the holy site in Bethel and its altar', both of which were contaminated by 'Jeroboam's sin': the prophet's word immediately destroyed the altar (verses 3, 5) and the holy site would be abolished 300 years later by King Josiah (2 Kings 23:15–18), while the common grave of both prophets was preserved.[10] Another point of the story is that God requires 'complete and radical obedience' to what he has commanded, not to be swayed by another's claim that God had spoken through the other person.[15]

Verses 31–32
31 And after he had buried him, he said to his sons, "When I am dead, bury me in the grave in which the man of God is buried; lay my bones beside his bones.
32 For the saying that he cried out by the word of the Lord against the altar in Bethel and against all the houses of the high places that are in the cities of Samaria shall surely come to pass."[16]
  • "Samaria": Israel's future capital city here which was built and named several years after this event (1 Kings 16:24); here stands for the northern kingdom as a whole. It is likely that the author of Kings, writing at a later time, is adapting the old prophet's original statement to the contemporary geography.[17]

See also

Notes
  1. The whole book of 1 Kings is missing from the extant Codex Sinaiticus.[8]

References
  1. Halley 1965, p. 191.
  2. Collins 2014, p. 288.
  3. McKane 1993, p. 324.
  4. Dietrich 2007, p. 241.
  5. Dietrich 2007, pp. 241–242.
  6. Würthwein 1995, pp. 35–37.
  7. Würthwein 1995, pp. 73–74.
  8.  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Codex Sinaiticus". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  9. 1 Kings 13, Berean Study Bible
  10. Dietrich 2007, p. 242.
  11. Coogan 2007, p. 514 Hebrew Bible.
  12. 1 Kings 13:2 ESV
  13. Edwin Thiele, The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings, (1st ed.; New York: Macmillan, 1951; 2d ed.; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1965; 3rd ed.; Grand Rapids: Zondervan/Kregel, 1983). ISBN 0-8254-3825-X, 9780825438257, 217.
  14. Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges. 1 Kings 13. Accessed 28 April 2019.
  15. Coogan 2007, pp. 514–515 Hebrew Bible.
  16. 1 Kings 13:31–32 ESV
  17. Note on 1 Kings 13:32 in NET Bible

Sources
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