1998 Mazar-i-Sharif massacre

When the Taliban entered Mazar-i-Sharif, they launched a campaign of violence and brutality against the population. The newly installed Taliban governor, Mulla Manon Niazi, delivered speeches at mosques throughout the city in which he threatened to use violence against the Hazara people.

Accusing the Hazaras of killing Taliban prisoners in 1997, Niazi threatened to punish them in retaliation if they did not leave Afghanistan. He warned that other residents of the city would also be punished if they protected Hazaras. In one of his speeches, Niazi ominously warned Hazara residents: "wherever you go we will catch you. If you go up, we will pull you down by your feet; if you hide below, we will pull you up by your hair."[6]

It is estimated that thousands of people, including civilians, soldiers, and prisoners of war, were killed during the massacre. The Taliban also systematically targeted some ethnic Uzbeks and Tajiks, who were seen as supporters of the Northern Alliance.[7]

Reports from the time suggest that the Taliban engaged in a range of horrific acts, including mass executions, burying people alive, using tanks to crush people to death,[8] slitting throats and shooting people in the testicles.[9]

The victims of the massacre included 400 civilians who had sought sanctuary at the Shrine of Hazrat Ali. Despite their efforts to find safety in the holy site, they were ultimately shot dead by the Taliban.[10] The victims of the massacre were not limited to one demographic; the Taliban targeted women, children, and the elderly.

Additionally, the Taliban killed eight Iranian officials at the Iranian consulate in the city, as well as an Iranian journalist.[11]

In addition to the gruesome killings, the Taliban's campaign of terror also included abductions of girls, kidnappings for ransom, torture, rape, arbitrary detention, and rampant looting.[12]

The Hazara people were among those singled out for persecution by the Taliban due to their adherence to the Shi'a sect of Islam. The Taliban, as followers of a strict conservative Sunni sect, considered Shi'a to be infidels and sought to impose their religious beliefs on the Hazara population.

During their search operations in Mazar-i-Sharif, the Taliban ordered some residents to prove that they were not Shi'a by reciting Sunni prayers. This religious test was used to identify and target members of the Hazara community.[13]

While the Taliban primarily targeted Hazaras, Human Rights Watch interviewed witnesses who saw or knew of detentions of Uzbeks and Tajiks as well. One interviewed Tajik witness, who had himself been detained, told Human Rights Watch:

"Some of the prisoners were beaten, mostly Hazaras. They were tied up and made to lie face down, and then the Taliban would beat them with cables. The Taliban were telling everyone to surrender their arms and tell them where they could find Hazaras. They said, 'If you hand over a Hazara, we will let you go.'"[13]

The Taliban were meticulous in identifying members of various ethnic groups during their operations. Non-Hazaras were often released, provided someone vouched for them. Human Rights Watch has reported that ethnic Pashtuns were not generally targeted by the Taliban during this time.[14] However, one Pashtun woman who had hidden eight Hazaras was fatally shot dead in her home, along with the individuals she had tried to protect.[15]

The massacre's brutality sent shockwaves throughout the international community. It occurred at a time when international tensions with the Taliban were increasing due to their discrimination of women[16] and amid concerns that they were harboring the international terrorist leader Osama bin Laden.[17] On August 20, 1998, the US government issued a warning for non-Muslims to leave Afghanistan.[18] Meanwhile, Iran responded to the situation in neighbouring Afghanistan by dispatching troops to its border.[19]

In the weeks after the takeover the Taliban announced the execution of some soldiers who had been responsible for crimes. [20]

The Mazar-i-Sharif massacre was one of the worst incidents in the Afghan Civil War, and it highlighted the need for an end to the conflict. Although the massacre did not receive much global attention or garner much official outrage at the time, human rights organizations like Human Rights Watch have since conducted investigations shedding light on the atrocities that occurred.[21] In the aftermath of the incident, international tensions rapidly escalated with the Taliban regime, until it was ultimately ousted from power following the 2001 US-led invasion of Afghanistan.

Mass graves of Hazaras killed during the massacre were later found in nearby Jaghalkani-i-Takhta Pul.[22]

• List of massacres in Afghanistan
• Battles of Mazar-i-Sharif (1997–1998)
• Persecution of Hazaras

• THE MASSACRE IN MAZAR-I SHARIF. Human Rights Watch. November 1998
• TALIBAN MASSACRE BASED ON ETHNICITY. The Washington Post. November 28, 1998