1919 in Hungary

The following lists events in the year 1919 in Hungary.

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See also:Other events of 1919
List of years in Hungary

Incumbents

Events

January
  • January 1 – Czechoslovaks enter Bratislava
  • January 3 –
    • Romania begins pacifying the Jiu Valley by collecting weapons[1]
    • Mass looting in Salgótarján, after the communist-aligned workers' council takes control. A detachment from Hatvan restores order with about 18 deaths and 50 injuries.[2][3]
  • January 6 – First clash between Romanian and Hungarian forces at Aghireșu (Egeres)[4]
  • January 7 - At an MSZDP meeting, Károlyi and Kunfi intervenes against Garami so that the party does not withdraw from government[5]
  • January 8
    • Hutsul Republic declared in Yasinia (Kőrösmező)
    • Transylvanian Saxons declare for Romania in Mediaș
    • Allied economic committee sent by the American mission of Archibald Cary Coolidge arrives to Budapest, lead by Alonzo E. Taylor[6][7][8]
  • January 10 – French troops occupy a buffer zone in the Banat between Serbian and Romanian troops
  • January 11 – Mihály Károlyi named provisional President of the Republic by the National Council, tasked to form a new government[9]
  • January 12 – Czechoslovakia captures Uzhgorod (Ungvár)[10]
  • January 13 –
    • Székely Division halts Romanian advance at Crișeni (Cigányi)[11]
    • Árpád Paál finishes his memorandum on a "Székely Republic"
  • January 14 – Romanians arrest István Apáthy for trying to resist the establishment of Romanian administration in Cluj[12]
  • January 15–29 – Czechoslovakia temporarily occupies Balassagyarmat, pushed out by local resistance
  • January 16 – Furthest advance of West Ukrainian forces into Carpathian Ruthenia. They reach Sighetu Marmației and Chop, confronted with Romanian and Czech troops respectively
  • January 16–29 – Battle of Ciucea (Csucsa), Romanian advance halted
  • January 19
    • Berinkey Government is formed[13]
    • Hungarian National Defense Association (MOVE) rally at Gólyavár. Gömbös's speech against the Károlyi regime. Gömbös becomes president of MOVE.
    • West Ukrainians withdraw from Chop and Mukachevo
  • January 21 – Telegram by Clemenceau demands Romanians halt their advance[14][15]
  • January 23 – Central Workers' Council expels communists from unions
  • January 29 – Act VI of 1919: Autonomy established for Germans in West Hungary. Géza Zsombor appointed as governor.[16]
  • January 31 – Disarmament of the population in Makó leads to a firefight, 5 people are killed

February
  • February 1 – Paris Peace Conference decides to cede Transylvania to Romania, details are delegated to sub-committee led by André Tardieu[17]
  • February 2 – Act XVII of 1919 on land reform passed, mostly never implemented[18]
  • February 3 – János Junker appointed minister for the German minorities
  • February 5 – The Czech delegation presents its proposal to the Paris Peace Conference, including the Czech Corridor[19]
  • February 8 - First meeting (of 12) of the Commission on Romanian and Yugoslav Affairs at the Paris Peace Conference[20]
  • February 12 –
    • Czech forces leave Chop (Csap)
    • Czechoslovak legions shoot at unarmed German and Hungarian social democratic protestors in Bratislava. 9 Deaths and 32 serious injuries
  • February 13 – Communists attack the Military Nursing Office and remove its leadership[21]
  • February 16 - Act XVIII of 1919 on land reform[22]
  • February 19 –
    • István Bethlen forms the Party of National Unification (NEP)[23]
    • Paris Peace Conference proposes a Neutral Zone between Romania and Hungary[24]
  • February 20 – Communists attack MSZDP newspaper Népszava's building, 8 fatalities
  • February 21 –
    • Communist leaders arrested. Béla Kun is beaten up and imprisoned
    • 100-150 thousand pro-MSZDP workers demonstrate against the communist attack[25]
  • February 22 – Jászi dissolves his Civic Radical Party, advising his followers to join the Social Democrats
  • February 23 – Károlyi ceremonially starts land reform on his own Heves county estates (Kápolna)[26]
  • February 23–26 – Battle of Zalău (Zilah)
  • February 26 – Paris Peace Conference approves the finalized version of the neutral zone between Romanian and Hungarian forces[27][28]
  • February 27 – Paris Peace Conference establishes its Committee on Czecho-Slovakia. It would hold ten sessions, last on May 5.[29]
  • February 28 - March 5 – Czech Corridor proposal discussed and rejected under Italian pressure[30]

March
  • March 1 –
    • Free elections scheduled for April 10[31]
    • Army of Hungary lead by Paul-Joseph de Lobit separated from the Armée d'Orient
  • March 2 – Mihály Károlyi's speech in Szatmárnémeti in front of the Székely Division, declaring armed resistance against allied territorial demands
  • March 4 – Elections held in Rus'ka Krajina[32]
  • March 5 – People's Law establishes a Party-list proportional system, never implemented[33]
  • March 12 - Act XIX. of 1919 on Slovak Autonomy[34]
  • March 15 - Election rally of János Vass is crashed by József Migray's band[35]
  • March 20
    • The Vix Note demands Hungary withdraw over 100 km to the Szeged - Debrecen - Vásárosnamény line
    • Berinkey Government resigns
    • Hungarian National Council dissolved[36]
  • March 21
    • MSZDP and KMP unite to form the Socialist Party of Hungary
    • Károlyi falls from power
    • Hungary rejects the Vix Note
    • 17:00 – Soldiers' Council declares for the communists, takes control of key points of Budapest[37]
    • Hungarian Soviet Republic declared
    • from 22:00 – First joint meeting of the Socialist Party of Hungary, Revolutionary Governing Council established[38]
  • March 22 – The Hungarian Soviet Republic is proclaimed to the public on the famous "To Everyone!" (Mindenkihez!) posters.
  • March 26 – Red Guard established
  • March 29-April 6 – Székelys revolt in Ținutul Sării (Sóvidék)

April
  • April 1 - The National Guard and Financial Guard are merged into the Red Army
  • April 4
    • Provisional constitution establishes new election system
    • Lands above 100 acres nationalized
  • April 4–5 – Smuts Mission: Jan Smuts offers a more favorable demarcation line, the Soviet government rejects it
  • April 5 - On its last session, the Commission on Romanian and Yugoslav Affairs approves its border proposal for the Romanian-Hungarian border and the division of the Banat[39]
  • April 7–14 – Council elections in Soviet Hungary
  • April 10 – Zala county is split into Lower and Upper Zala counties counties
  • April 12 – Bethlen forms the Antibolsevista Comité (ABC) in Vienna[40]
  • April 14 – Anti-Soviet group formed in French-occupied Szeged by Béla Kelemen.[41]
  • April 16 – Successful Romanian offensive launched to capture Tiszántúl and Carpathian Ruthenia
  • April 19–24 – Counter-revolution in Carpathian Ruthenia
  • April 21–22 – Counter-revolution in Alsólendva
  • April 23
    • Romanians enter Debrecen[42]
    • Böhm becomes commander of Tiszántúl operations[43]
  • April 26
    • ABC sends Gyula Gömbös to Szeged[44]
    • Part of the Székely Battalion surrenders at Demecser[45]
  • April 27
    • Czechoslovakia invades Soviet Hungary
    • French troops occupy Makó[46]

May
  • May 1
    • Romanians cross the Tisza at Tiszafüred and Szolnok, but withdraw on Entente pressure[47]
    • Hungarian workers' militias cross the Danube at Komárom, massacred by Czechoslovak forces[48][49]
    • Oszkár Jászi emigrates to Vienna[50]
  • May 2
    • Morning: Böhm dispatches Parlimentairs to negotiate armistices with the intervention, later recalled[51]
    • Czech forces capture Miskolc[52]
    • Full-scale Czechoslovak attack on Salgótarján begins
    • Kun and Böhm speak in front of the Workers' and Soldiers' Council, call for the mobilization of the proletariat, resolve to continue fighting[53]
    • Bankgasse robbery: ABC members steal 100 million Korona from the Hungarian Embassy in Vienna
    • In the power vacuum, counter-revolutionaries establish control in Szolnok, lead by Lajos Thurzó, Antal Bordás-Lassenberg and Andor Kuster. A white guard of 700-800 men is formed.[54]
  • May 3 - Red army (by Tibor Szamuely and Ottó Steinbrück) re-captures Szolnok from Romanians and counter-revolutionaries[55]
  • May 5
    • Counter-revolution breaks out in Devecser
    • First counter-revolutionary government formed by Gyula Károlyi in Arad[56]
    • Last session of the Committee on Czecho-Slovakia
  • May 6 – ABC militia raid repulsed at Bruck am Leitha
  • May 8
    • Central Ruthenian National Council headed by Ágoston Volosin declares the union Carpathian Ruthenia with Czechoslovakia
    • Committees of the Paris Peace Conference present recommended border with Romania and Czechoslovakia to the Council of Foreign Ministers[57][58][59]
  • May 9 The Workers' Council's system of Tursted Men is abolished in the Red Army[60]
  • May 10 – Anti-soviet social democrat Garami negotiates with Sir Thomas Montgomery-Cuninghame in Vienna[61]
  • May 12 –
    • Supreme Council of the Paris Peace Conference accepts border proposals, aside from Burgerland these match the final Trianon border[62][63]
    • Guido Romanelli is delegated to Budapest from the Italian Allied Mission in Vienna.
  • May 15 – Last session of the ABC. They agree that Pál Teleki should join the Arad/Szeged government, while Bethlen should stay to represent them from Vienna[64]
  • May 18 – Romanians enter Arad
  • May 19–20 – Battle of Kisterenye, Hungary repulses Czech attempts to encircle Salgótarján
  • May 20–21 – Hungary re-captures Miskolc, then repulses a combined Czech-Romanian counter-attack. French advisors replace Italians in the Czech army
  • May 29 – Republic of Prekmurje declared
  • May 30 Northern Campaign against Czechoslovakia begins[65]
  • May 31 – The Arad government flees tp French-occupied Szeged. Some members are interned by Romanian forces. The First Szeged Government formed, including some former ABC members.[66] Miklós Horthy becomes Minister of Defense.

June
  • June 1 – Railway strike begins in Transdanubia[67]
  • June 4 – Counterrevolution in Nagycenk[68]
  • June 6
    • Hungary re-captures Košice (Kassa)
    • Second Szeged Government established
    • The Szeged Government establishes the National Army lead by Horthy
  • June 7 – The Paris Peace Conference urges Hungary to withdraw, but does not specify a demarcation line. Béla Kun requests clarification, prompting the conference to finalize the border
  • June 10 – Hungary re-captures Bardejov (Bártfa), effectively cutting off Carpathian Ruthenia from Czechoslovakia[69]
  • June 12 – Paris Peace Conference resolves Hungary's future border with Romania and Czechoslovakia[70]
  • June 13 – Clemenceau Note: Clemenceau urges Hungary to withdraw from Slovakia, presents Hungary with the approved borders
  • June 14 – National Assembly of Councils, the Soviet Republic's legislature convenes for the first and only time
  • June 16 – Slovak Soviet Republic declared
  • June 18 – Counter-revolutionary uprising around Dunapataj and Kalocsa, brutally suppressed
  • June 22 – Pellé's final ultimatum to cease hostilities in Slovakia[71]
  • June 23
    • Final constitution of the Socialist Federative Republic of Councils in Hungary passed
    • Hungarians in Apátfalva rise up against Romanian occupation. The returning Romanian forces kill 41 people in retaliation.[72]
  • June 24
    • Ceasefire between Hungary and Czechoslovakia ends the Northern Campaign, effective from 5:00 at dawn[73]
    • Counter-revolutionary uprising in Budapest by Ludovika militias and the Danubian flotilla
    • Counter-revolutionary uprising in Szentendre[74]
  • June 29
    • Hungary withdraws from Slovakia (to July 7)
    • Right-wing paramilitaries of the Graz Command raid Fürstenfeld for weapons.[75]

July
  • July 3 – Aurél Stromfeld resigns from Command
  • July 5 – Mihály Károlyi flees from Hungary
  • July 11 – Paris Peace Conference cedes Burgerland to Austria[76]
  • July 12 – Gyula Károlyi resigns to Dezső Ábrahám to allied preassure, forming the Third Szeged Government
  • July 20 – Hungary launces its offensive across the Tisza[77]
  • July 22 – Czechoslovak legionaries blow up third of Mária Valéria Bridge on the Štúrovo side
  • July 23 – Böhm negotiates with Cuninghame in Vienna
  • July 24 – Romanian counter attack in Tiszántúl crushes the Red Army
  • July 25 – Mass murder in Hódmezővásárhely
  • July 28 – Romanian forces cross the Tisza at Tiszalök
  • July 31 – Romanians capture Szolnok

August
  • August 1
    • Béla Kun and the Revolutionary Governing Council resigns, effectively ending the Hungarian Soviet Republic. Gyula Peidl forms a purely social democratic government by the approval of the Soldiers' and Workers' council
    • Hungarian counter-attack briefly re-captures Szolnok[78]
    • Romanians capture Füzesabony, Miskolc is cut off from Budapest
  • August 2
    • The Peidl Government restores the Hungarian People's Republic
    • Romanians capture Cegléd, the encircled troops in Szolnok surrender or flee by 3 PM.
  • August 3
    • Romanian forces enter Timișoara
    • Red Guard dissolved
    • Defense minister Haubrich orders secession of hostilities, the disarmament of the Red Army remnants[79]
    • Counter-revolutionary takeover begins in Vas County
  • August 4
    • Romanian forces enter Budapest
    • First units of the National army leaves Szeged to Transdanubia, lead by Pál Prónay
    • Former ABC members, the Szeged Government and Vilmos Böhm negotiate in Jockey Club, Vienna. The Graz Command refuses to accept the Peidl Government and decides to invade Hungary[80]
  • August 6
    • Anton Lehár arrives to Szombathely, takes command of counter-revolutionary forces in West Hungary
    • Habsburg legitimist Friedrich overthrows Peidl
  • August 7 –
    • Freidrich declares Archduke Joseph August head of state as Regent
    • Archduke Joseph August appoints Friedrich as Prime Minister, forms a Provisional Caretaker Government
    • Lehár's legitimists enter Kőszeg after "some resistance"[81]
  • August 9 –
    • Horthy declares himself independent of the Szeged Government
    • Romanians capture Székesfehérvár[82]
  • August 11 –
    • Allied Military Mission arrives to Budapest (Harry Hill Bandholtz, Reginald Gorton, Jean César Graziani, and Ernesto Mombelli)
    • The remaining brigade of the Székely Battalion arrives to Mosonmagyaróvár[83]
  • August 12
    • Yugoslavia occupies Prekmurje
    • Joseph August declares Horthy Supreme Commander
  • August 13
    • Horthy flies from Szeged to Siófok to take command of his troops in Transdanubia[84]
    • Czechoslovakia crosses the Danube across Bratislava, occupying Ligetfalu (Petržalka)[85]
    • Antal Szigray declared governor of West Hungary (Moson, Sopron, Vas, Zala)[86]
  • August 15 –
    • Horthy takes oath to Joseph August, formally installed as Supreme Commander[87][88]
    • Friedrich forms a new government
  • August 17 – Council of Germans in Güssing (Németújvár) declare for Austria[89]
  • August 18 – Romania occupies Veszprém and Győr[90]
  • August 19 – Third and last Szeged Government resigns
  • August 20
    • Horthy's Order 95/II, declares command over all Hungarian forces[91]
    • Friedrich Government declares martial law[92]
  • August 21 – Romanians raid Mosonmagyaróvár[93]
  • August 23 – Archduke Joseph August resigns to allied pressure
  • August 24 – Social Democratic Party of Hungary re-established by Károly Peyer
  • August 25 – Christian Social and Economic Party founded
  • August 28 – Romanians raid Kapuvár[94]
  • August 30 – Christian National Party founded

September
  • September 3 – National Smallholders and Agricultural Laborers' Party Party founded
  • September 8 – Friedrich visits Szombathely, negotiates with local forces[95]
  • September 9 – Pogrom in Tapolca and Diszel kills 15 people[96]
  • September 10 – Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Allies cede Burgerland to Austria
  • September 21–23 – Horthy visits Western Transdunabia, negotiates with local forces

October
  • October 2 –November 14 – Romanians withdraw from Transdunabia
  • October 5 – Harry Hill Bandholtz prevents the Romanian looting of the Hungarian National Museum.[97]
  • October 23 – Sir George Clerk arrives to Budapest
  • October 25 – Christian National Party and Christian Social and Economic Party unifies to form the Christian National Union Party (KNEP)

November
  • November 1 – Horthy denounces violence against Jews committed by the National Army[98]
  • November 5 – Negotiations lead by George Clerk, an agreement is reached that Miklós Horthy will enter Budapest. Horthy promises not to establish military dictatorship or start a pogrom in Budapest
  • November 7 – Paris Peace Council issues ultimatum to Romania to withdraw from Hungary.[99]
  • November 14 – Romanians leave Budapest
  • November 16 – Horthy's National Army ceremonially enter Budapest
  • November 17 – 5985. M.E. of 1919 s. decree re-affirms universal secret suffrage (from age 24, with literacy requirements for women)
  • November 21 – National Smallholders and Agricultural Laborers' Party and National 48-er Independence and Agricultural Laborers' Party unite to form the United Smallholders and Agricultural Laborers' Party (OKGFP)
  • November 23 – Romania finished withdrawal to the Tisza River
  • November 24 – Huszár Government formed with Clerk's supervision
  • November 27 – Border clash with Yugoslavia at Rédics. Hungarians march on Alsólendva but repulsed

December
  • December: Allies send provisional missions to Hungary, Thomas Hohler (UK), Maurice Fouchet (France), and Vittorio Cerruti (Italy)
  • December 1 – Hungary is invited to the Paris Peace Conference
  • December 8–18 – Czech forces withdraw from Balassagyarmat, Salgótarján, Ózd, Sátoraljaújhely, etc. to the future Trianon border

Births
  • 9 January – György Bulányi
  • 10 February – Juci Komlós
  • 10 February – Ferenc Bessenyei

Deaths
Further information: Category:1919 deaths and Deaths in 1919
  • 27 January – Endre Ady
  • 8 April – Loránd Eötvös
  • 6 June – Jenő Kvassay
  • 20 June – Tivadar Csontváry Kosztka
  • 2 August – Tibor Szamuely

References
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  2. Borsányi 1988, pp. 156-7
  3. https://mnl.gov.hu/mnl/nml/salgotarjani_januar
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