Flag of Venezuela

Detail of The Battle of Carabobo (1887) by Martín Tovar y Tovar

The flag is essentially the one designed by Francisco de Miranda for his unsuccessful 1806 expedition to liberate Venezuela and later adopted by the National Congress of 1811. It consisted of three equal horizontal stripes of yellow, blue and red. Miranda's flag is also the inspiration for the flags of Colombia and Ecuador. The flag of the short-lived Republic of Spanish Haiti was also based on Miranda's tricolore and resembles the current Venezuelan flag. This original design was first flown on 12 March 1806, at Jacmel, Haiti, as Miranda's expedition prepared to make the final leg of its voyage to Venezuela. The flag was first flown over Venezuelan soil at La Vela de Coro, on 3 August. Until 3 August 2006, Flag Day was celebrated in Venezuela on 12 March. Since 2006 it has been celebrated on 3 August.

Miranda gave at least two sources of inspiration for his flag. In a letter written to Count Semyon Vorontsov in 1792, Miranda stated that the colours were based on a theory of primary colours given to him by the German writer and philosopher Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. Miranda described a late-night conversation he had with Goethe at a party in Weimar during the winter of 1785. Fascinated with Miranda's account of his exploits in the United States Revolutionary War and his travels throughout the Americas and Europe, Goethe told him that, "Your destiny is to create in your land a place where primary colours are not distorted.” He proceeded to clarify what he meant by this:

"First he explained to me the way the iris transforms light into the three primary colours […] then he proved to me why yellow is the warmest, noble and closest to [white] light; why blue is that mix of excitement and serenity, a distance that evokes shadows; and why red is the exaltation of yellow and blue, the synthesis, the vanishing of light into shadow.

It is not that the world is made of yellows, blues, and reds; it is that in this manner, as if in an infinite combination of these three colours, we human beings see it. […] A country starts out from a name and a flag, and it then becomes them, just as a man fulfills his destiny."

After Miranda later designed his flag based on this conversation, he happily recalled seeing a fresco by Lazzaro Tavarone in the Palazzo Belimbau in Genoa that depicted Christopher Columbus unfurling a similar-coloured flag in Veragua during his fourth voyage.[1][2]

In his military diary, Miranda gave another source of inspiration: the yellow, blue and red standard of the Burgers' Guard (Bürgerwache) of Hamburg, which he also saw during his travels in Germany.[3] The idea of the flag is documented in his 1801 plan for an army to liberate Spanish America, which he submitted unsuccessfully to the British cabinet. In it Miranda requested the materials for "ten flags, whose colours shall be red, yellow and blue, in three zones."[4]

The symbolism traditionally ascribed to the colours is that the yellow band stands for the wealth of the land, the red for courage, and the blue for the independence from Spain, or "golden" America separated from bloody Spain by the deep blue sea.

According to the current interpretation, the colours signify:

•   Yellow: Represents the riches of the country, the wealth of Venezuelan soil, gold, sovereignty, harmony, justice and agriculture, as well as the Sun, the source of light.
•   Blue: Represents the Sea of the Caribbean that surrounds the country, as well as Venezuela's beaches.
•   Red: Represents the blood spilt in the battle of independence from Spain.

During the first half of the 19th century, seven stars were added to the flag to represent the seven signatories to the Venezuelan declaration of independence, being the provinces of Caracas, Cumaná, Barcelona, Barinas, Margarita, Mérida, and Trujillo.

• Historical flags
• 
  First Republic of Venezuela
  (1810–1812)
• 
  Second Republic of Venezuela
  (1813–1814)
• 
  Third Republic of Venezuela
  (1817–1819)
• 
  (1830–1836)
• 
  (1836–1859)
• 
  (1859)
• 
  (1859–1863)
• 
  United States of Venezuela
  (1863–1905)
• 
  State flag (1863–1905)
• 
  United States of Venezuela
  (1905–1930)
• 
  State flag (1905–1930)
• 
  Civil flag (1930–2006)
• 
  State flag (1930–1954)
• 
  State flag (1954–2006)
• 
  Civil flag (2006–present)
• 
  State flag (2006–present)

After the Guayana campaign, Simón Bolívar added the eighth star to the national flag (the so-called Flag of Angostura) in the representation of the newly freed province. Bolívar issued the following decree:

Simón Bolívar. Supreme Leader of the Republic and Captain-in-chief of the Armies of Venezuela and Nueva Granada. Since the number of provinces that compose the Republic of Venezuela has increased with the number of stars on that the Venezuelan national flag has one more star as a symbol of the province of Guayana, in this way, from now on there will be eight stars on the flag. Signed by me, and stamped with the country's official stamp in the government palace in the city of Angostura, 20 November 1817. Simón Bolívar.[5]

7-star Flag of Venezuela, in use 1930–1954.

The Law of the National Flag, Coat of Arms and Anthem added the Coat of arms to the flag on February 19, 1954. The coat of arms was not incorporated into the Civil or Maritime Flag, which is intended for non-governmental purposes, such as civilian use, merchant craft, and international sports competition.

Several opposition groups and Venezuelan exiles opposing the current government use the tricolor flag with seven stars adopted in 1954.

7-star Flag of Venezuela with a coat of arms, in use 1954–2006. Since 2006 it has been used by some of the opposition parties.

8-star flag in use at protest in 2014

In 2006 the President of Venezuela Hugo Chávez announced plans to add an eighth star to the flag of Venezuela to bring about a much-belated fulfillment to Bolívar's 1817 decree. The eighth star represents the Guayana Province, one of the Provinces of Venezuela at the time of the declaration of independence. The Coat of Arms was also changed to a white horse galloping left instead of cantering to the right, a bow and arrow, and a machete. Although the new flag was approved by the Venezuelan government, opposition spokesperson Óscar Pérez stated that they would not use the new flag.[6]

The new flag change is controversial for another reason, being that the eighth star represents two-thirds of modern-day Guyana, a country that Venezuela has ongoing tensions with over a border dispute of the entire region west of the Essequibo River, which was ruled in Guyana's favour by an international tribunal.[7][8]

As with most other national flags, the Venezuelan flag should be flown every day by the legally registered public institutions from 7 a.m. until 6 p.m. Private institutions, businesses, and citizens should fly the flag on national holidays or on days determined by the National Executive. Institutions which should fly the flag by obligation are:

• The Federal Legislative Palace, when the National Assembly is in session and buildings in which a legislative council is being held,
• Public national, state and municipal offices on national holidays and other days determined by special resolution of the relevant authorities,
• Embassies, legations, consulates, and other national agencies abroad, on national holidays or when required by the protocol of the host nation,
• Miraflores Palace, the residence and office building of the President of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, daily,
• Buildings of the Armed Forces, fortresses and other military buildings, as determined by the law and pertinent regulations,
• Venezuelan merchant ships, using the civil ensign, since they operate in a civil capacity.

There is currently no regulation as to the dimensions of the flag, its use inside private or public institutions or by the public in general, its form and protocol. The conventions that currently exist have been freely determined. Nevertheless, educational institutions currently follow a protocol modeled on the regulations issued for the armed forces for use in raising the flag on special days.

Out of respect for the flag, popular culture holds that upon raising the flag, the national anthem should be played and all civilians present should stand still, straight, with closed hands at the sides and without any headgear, while military and police personnel out of formation must salute.

The flag has its own anthem, which was composed in 1889 with music by Francisco Araldi and lyrics by Zolessi Geronimo, which reads:

Similarly, a Flag Oath has also been written for students to be said on 3 August, which is as follows:

This is followed by the following pledge for those in schools:

Versions of this oath and pledge are used for the National Armed Forces of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela and the Policia Nacional Bolivariana, but in this case, only the pledge is used during graduation and passing out parades.

• List of flags of Venezuela
• Flag of Gran Colombia

Wikimedia Commons has media related to National flag of Venezuela.

• Venezuela at Flags of the World
• Venezuela Historical flag
• Ley de Bandera, Escudo, e Himno Nacionales – Law of the National Flag, Coat of Arms and Anthem.
• BBC Report on change of flag