Overview

x

 >>> print "Hello World!"
Hello World!

PATH %PATH%;c:\python27
python -V

pacman -S python

pacman -S python2

$ python
Python 3.0b3 (r30b3:66303, Sep  8 2008, 14:01:02) [MSC v.1500 32 bit (Intel)] on win32
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>>
>>>
1+1
2
>>> 5
5
>>> print(5*7)
35
>>> "hello" * 4
'hellohellohellohello'
>>> "hello".__class__
<type 'str'>
if 1:
  print("True")
print("Done")

>>> if 1:
...   print("True")
... print("Done")
  File "<stdin>", line 3
    print("Done")
        ^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
if 1:
  print("True")

print("Done")

>>> if 1:
...   print("True")
...
True
>>> print("Done")
Done
>>>
python -i hello.py
help()      # Starts an interactive help
help("topics")  # Outputs the list of help topics
help("OPERATORS") # Shows help on the topic of operators
help("len")    # Shows help on len function
help("re")    # Shows help on re module
help("re.sub")  # Shows help on sub function from re module
help(len)     # Shows help on the object passed, the len function
help([].pop)   # Shows help on the pop function of a list
dir([])      # Outputs a list of attributes of a list, which includes functions
import re
help(re)     # Shows help on the help module
help(re.sub)   # Shows help on the sub function of re module
help(1)      # Shows help on int type
help([])     # Shows help on list type
help(def)     # Fails: def is a keyword that does not refer to an object
help("def")    # Shows help on function definitions

>>>help()
Welcome to Python 2.6! This is the online help utility.

If this is your first time using Python, you should definitely check out
the tutorial on the Internet at http://docs.python.org/tutorial/.

Enter the name of any module, keyword, or topic to get help on writing
Python programs and using Python modules. To quit this help utility and
return to the interpreter, just type "quit".

To get a list of available modules, keywords, or topics, type "modules",
"keywords", or "topics". Each module also comes with a one-line summary
of what it does; to list the modules whose summaries contain a given word
such as "spam", type "modules spam".
>>>
modules
keywords
topics
help("object")
print('Hello, World!')

print("Hello, World!")

input()

#! /usr/bin/python
print('Hello, world!')

Hello, world!
lucky = 7
print (lucky)
7

changing = 3                                   
print (changing)
3 

changing = 9
print (changing)
9

different = 12
print (different)
12
print (changing)
9

changing = 15
print (changing)
15

red = 5
blue = 10
print (red, blue)
5 10

yellow = red
print (yellow, red, blue)
5 5 10

red = blue
print (yellow, red, blue)
5 10 10

>>> print ('I am a single quoted string')
I am a single quoted string
>>> print ("I am a double quoted string")
I am a double quoted string
>>> print ("""I am a triple quoted string""")
I am a triple quoted string

>>> print ("So I said, \"You don't know me! You'll never understand me!\"")
So I said, "You don't know me! You'll never understand me!"
>>> print ('So I said, "You don\'t know me! You\'ll never understand me!"')
So I said, "You don't know me! You'll never understand me!"
>>> print ("""The double quotation mark (\") is used to indicate direct quotations.""")
The double quotation mark (") is used to indicate direct quotations.

>>> print ("This will result in only three backslashes: \\ \\ \\")
This will result in only three backslashes: \ \ \

>>> print("Hello, world!")
Hello, world!

>>> print ("Hello, " + "world!")
Hello, world!

>>> print ("bouncy " * 5)
bouncy bouncy bouncy bouncy bouncy 
>>> print ("bouncy " * 10)
bouncy bouncy bouncy bouncy bouncy bouncy bouncy bouncy bouncy bouncy

>>> print (len("Hello, world!"))
13

question = "What did you have for lunch?"
print (question)
What did you have for lunch?

question = "What did you have for lunch?"
print ("question")
question

question = "What did you have for lunch?"
print (question)
answer = raw_input() #You should use "input()" in python 3.x, because python 3.x doesn't have a function named "raw_input".

print ("You had " + answer + "! That sounds delicious!")

print ("Please give me a number: ")
number = raw_input()

plusTen = number + 10
print ("If we add 10 to your number, we get " + plusTen)

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "test.py", line 5, in <module>
    print "If we add 10 to your number, we get " + plusTen
TypeError: cannot concatenate 'str' and 'int' objects
print ("Please give me a number:",)
response = raw_input()

number = int(response) 
plusTen = number + 10

print ("If we add 10 to your number, we get " + str(plusTen))

pythonprogrammer@wikibook:~$ python -tt myscript.py

'bob'.upper

'bob'.upper()

dir()
Python 2.3.4 (#53, Oct 18 2004, 20:35:07) [MSC v.1200 32 bit (Intel)] on win32
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> dir()
['__builtins__', '__doc__', '__name__']

type()
>>> type(__builtins__)
<type 'module'>

dir()
>>> dir(__builtins__)
['ArithmeticError', ... 'copyright', 'credits', ... 'help', ... 'license', ... 'zip']
>>>

>>> dir()
['__builtins__', '__doc__', '__name__']
>>> name = "Bob"
>>> import math
>>> dir()
['__builtins__', '__doc__', '__name__', 'math', 'name']

>>> math
<module 'math' (built-in)>

>>> dir(math)
['__doc__', '__name__', 'acos', 'asin', 'atan', 'atan2', 'ceil', 'cos', 'cosh', 'degrees', 'e',
'exp', 'fabs', 'floor', 'fmod', 'frexp', 'hypot', 'ldexp', 'log', 'log10', 'modf', 'pi', 'pow',
'radians', 'sin', 'sinh', 'sqrt', 'tan', 'tanh']
>>>

__name__
math
>>> print (__name__)
__main__
>>> print (math.__name__)
math
>>> print (math.__doc__)
This module is always available.  It provides access to the
mathematical functions defined by the C standard.
>>> print (math.pi)
3.1415926535897931

>>> "Hello, world!"[0]
'H'
>>> "Hello, world!"[1]
'e'
>>> "Hello, world!"[2]
'l'
>>> "Hello, world!"[3]
'l'
>>> "Hello, world!"[4]
'o'

 H  e  l  l  o  ,  _  w  o  r  l  d  !
 0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10 11 12

>>> "Hello, world!"[-2]
'd'
>>> "Hello, world!"[-9]
'o'
>>> "Hello, world!"[-13]
'H'
>>> "Hello, world!"[-1]
'!'

>>> "Hello, world!"[3:9]
'lo, wo'
>>> string = "Hello, world!"
>>> string[:5]
'Hello'
>>> string[-6:-1]
'world'
>>> string[-9:]
'o, world!'
>>> string[:-8]
'Hello'
>>> string[:]
'Hello, world!'

spam = []

spam = ["bacon", "eggs", 42]

>>> spam
['bacon', 'eggs', 42]
>>> spam[0]
'bacon'
>>> spam[1]
'eggs'
>>> spam[2]
42

>>> spam[-1]
42
>>> spam[-2]
'eggs'
>>> spam[-3]
'bacon'

>>> len(spam)
3

>>> spam = ["bacon", "eggs", 42]
>>> spam
['bacon', 'eggs', 42]
>>> spam[1]
'eggs'
>>> spam[1] = "ketchup"
>>> spam
['bacon', 'ketchup', 42]

>>> spam[1:]
['eggs', 42]
>>> spam[:-1]
['bacon', 'eggs']

>>> spam.append(10)
>>> spam
['bacon', 'eggs', 42, 10]

>>> spam[4] = 10
IndexError: list assignment index out of range

>>> spam.insert(1, 'and')
>>> spam
['bacon', 'and', 'eggs', 42, 10]

>>> spam
['bacon', 'and', 'eggs', 42, 10]
>>> del spam[1]
>>> spam
['bacon', 'eggs', 42, 10]
>>> spam[0]
'bacon'
>>> spam[1]
'eggs'
>>> spam[2]
42
>>> spam[3]
10

>>> a=[2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> b=a
>>> del a[3]
>>> print a
[2, 3, 4]
>>> print b
[2, 3, 4]

unchanging = "rocks", 0, "the universe"

foo, bar = "rocks", 0, "the universe" # 3 elements here
foo, bar = "rocks", (0, "the universe") # 2 elements here because the second element is a tuple

>>> var = "me", "you", "us", "them"
>>> var = ("me", "you", "us", "them")

>>> print var 
('me', 'you', 'us', 'them')

>>> var = ("me", "you", ("us", "them"))
>>> print(var)
('me', 'you', ('us', 'them')) # A tuple of 3 elements, the last of which is itself a tuple.

>>> definitions = {"guava": "a tropical fruit", "python": "a programming language", "the answer": 42}
>>> definitions
{'python': 'a programming language', 'the answer': 42, 'guava': 'a tropical fruit'}
>>> definitions["the answer"]
42
>>> definitions["guava"]
'a tropical fruit'
>>> len(definitions)    
3

>>> definitions["new key"] = "new value"
>>> definitions
{'python': 'a programming language', 'the answer': 42, 'guava': 'a tropical fruit', 'new key': 'new value'}

>>> mind = set([42, 'a string', (23, 4)])
>>> mind
set([(23, 4), 42, 'a string'])

>>> mind = set([42, 'a string', 40, 41])
>>> mind
set([40, 41, 42, 'a string'])
>>> mind = set([42, 'a string', 40, 0])
>>> mind
set([40, 0, 42, 'a string'])
>>> mind.add('hello')
>>> mind
set([40, 0, 42, 'a string', 'hello'])

>>> mind.add('duplicate value')
>>> mind.add('duplicate value')
>>> mind
set([0, 'a string', 40, 42, 'hello', 'duplicate value'])

>>> frozen=frozenset(['life','universe','everything'])
>>> frozen
frozenset(['universe', 'life', 'everything'])

a = 1
s = 'abc'
l = ['a string', 456, ('a', 'tuple', 'inside', 'a', 'list')]

a
s
l
1
'abc'
['a string', 456, ('a', 'tuple', 'inside', 'a', 'list')]
a = 7
s = 'xyz'
l = ['a simpler list', 99, 10]

l[0] = 1
s[0] = 'a'
+=
a += 1
s += 'qwertz'
l += [1,2,3]
p = s
m = l
s += 'etc'
l += [9,8,7]
s
p
m
l
id()
def append_to_sequence (myseq):
    myseq += (9,9,9)
    return myseq

tuple1 = (1,2,3) # tuples are immutable
list1 = [1,2,3] # lists are mutable

tuple2 = append_to_sequence(tuple1)
list2 = append_to_sequence(list1)

print 'tuple1 = ', tuple1 # outputs (1, 2, 3)
print 'tuple2 = ', tuple2 # outputs (1, 2, 3, 9, 9, 9)
print 'list1 = ', list1 # outputs [1, 2, 3, 9, 9, 9]
print 'list2 = ', list2 # outputs [1, 2, 3, 9, 9, 9]

myseq
append_to_sequence
myseq
t
l
myseq
myseq
l
'foo' works, and
"moo" works as well,
     but
'bar" does not work, and
"baz' does not work either.
"quux'' is right out.
'''foo''' works, and
"""moo""" works as well,
     but
'"'bar'"' does not work, and
"""baz''' does not work either.
'"'quux"'" is right out.
(10, 'Mary had a little lamb')

10, 'whose fleece was as white as snow'

('this is a singleton tuple',)

['abc', 1,2,3]

{ 'hello': 'world', 'weight': 'African or European?' }

((((((((('bob',),['Mary', 'had', 'a', 'little', 'lamb']), { 'hello' : 'world' } ),),),),),),)

if item is None:
  ...
  another = None

if not item is None:
  ...

if item is not None: # Also possible
  ...

def log(message, type = None):
  ...

v1 = int(2.7) # 2
v2 = int(-3.9) # -3
v3 = int("2") # 2
v4 = int("11", 16) # 17, base 16
v5 = long(2)
v6 = float(2) # 2.0
v7 = float("2.7") # 2.7
v8 = float("2.7E-2") # 0.027
v9 = float(False) # 0.0
vA = float(True) # 1.0
vB = str(4.5) # "4.5"
vC = str([1, 3, 5]) # "[1, 3, 5]"
vD = bool(0) # False; bool fn since Python 2.2.1
vE = bool(3) # True
vF = bool([]) # False - empty list
vG = bool([False]) # True - non-empty list
vH = bool({}) # False - empty dict; same for empty tuple
vI = bool("") # False - empty string
vJ = bool(" ") # True - non-empty string
vK = bool(None) # False
vL = bool(len) # True
vM = set([1, 2])
vN = list(vM)
vO = list({1: "a", 2: "b"}) # dict -> list of keys
vP = tuple(vN)
vQ = list("abc") # ['a', 'b', 'c']
print v1, v2, v3, type(v1), type(v2), type(v3)

int1 = 4
float1 = int1 + 2.1 # 4 converted to float
# str1 = "My int:" + int1 # Error: no implicit type conversion from int to string
str1 = "My int:" + str(int1)
int2 = 4 + True # 5: bool is implicitly converted to int

/
>>> x = 5
>>> type(x)
<type 'int'>
>>> x = 187687654564658970978909869576453
>>> type(x)
<type 'long'>
>>> x = 1.34763
>>> type(x)
<type 'float'>
>>> x = 5 + 2j
>>> type(x)
<type 'complex'>

5/2
5/2.
5./2
from __future__ import division
>>> 5/2
2
>>> 5/2.
2.5
>>> 5./2
2.5
>>> from __future__ import division
>>> 5/2
2.5
>>> 5//2
2

str1 = "Hello"                # A new string using double quotes
str2 = 'Hello'                # Single quotes do the same
str3 = "Hello\tworld\n"       # One with a tab and a newline
str4 = str1 + " world"        # Concatenation
str5 = str1 + str(4)          # Concatenation with a number
str6 = str1[2]                # 3rd character
str6a = str1[-1]              # Last character
#str1[0] = "M"                # No way; strings are immutable
for char in str1: print char  # For each character
str7 = str1[1:]               # Without the 1st character
str8 = str1[:-1]              # Without the last character
str9 = str1[1:4]              # Substring: 2nd to 4th character
str10 = str1 * 3              # Repetition
str11 = str1.lower()          # Lowercase
str12 = str1.upper()          # Uppercase
str13 = str1.rstrip()         # Strip right (trailing) whitespace
str14 = str1.replace('l','h') # Replacement
list15 = str1.split('l')      # Splitting
if str1 == str2: print "Equ"  # Equality test
if "el" in str1: print "In"   # Substring test
length = len(str1)            # Length
pos1 = str1.find('llo')       # Index of substring or -1
pos2 = str1.rfind('l')        # Index of substring, from the right
count = str1.count('l')       # Number of occurrences of a substring

print str1, str2, str3, str4, str5, str6, str7, str8, str9, str10 
print str11, str12, str13, str14, list15
print length, pos1, pos2, count

>>> a = 'hello'; b = 'hello' # Assign 'hello' to a and b.
>>> a == b                   # check for equality
True
>>> a == 'hello'             #
True
>>> a == "hello"             # (choice of delimiter is unimportant)
True
>>> a == 'hello '            # (extra space)
False
>>> a == 'Hello'             # (wrong case)
False

>>> c = 'a'
>>> c + 'b'
'ab'
>>> c * 5
'aaaaa'

>>> x = 'hello'
>>> y = 'ell'
>>> x in y
False
>>> y in x
True

>>> s = "Xanadu"
>>> s[1]
'a'

>>> s[-4]
'n'

>>> s[1:4]
'ana'

>>> print s
>>> s[0] = 'J'
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in ?
TypeError: object does not support item assignment
>>> s[1:3] = "up"
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in ?
TypeError: object does not support slice assignment
>>> print s

Xanadu
Xanadu
>>> s[2:]
'nadu'
>>> s[:3]
'Xan'
>>> s[:]
'Xanadu'

>>> print s[-2:]
'du'

Element:     1     2     3     4
Index:    0     1     2     3     4
         -4    -3    -2    -1
>>> '2YK'.istitle()
False
>>> 'Y2K'.istitle()
True
>>> '2Y K'.istitle()
True

s = 'Hello, wOrLD'
print s              # 'Hello, wOrLD'
print s.title()      # 'Hello, World'
print s.swapcase()   # 'hELLO, WoRld'
print s.upper()      # 'HELLO, WORLD'
print s.lower()      # 'hello, world'
print s.capitalize() # 'Hello, world'

>>> s = 'Hello, world'
>>> s.count('o') # print the number of 'o's in 'Hello, World' (2)
2

>>> s = 'HELLO, WORLD'
>>> s.count('o') # print the number of lowercase 'o's in 'HELLO, WORLD' (0)
0

>>> s = '\t Hello, world\n\t '
>>> print s
         Hello, world

>>> print s.strip()
Hello, world
>>> print s.lstrip()
Hello, world
        # ends here
>>> print s.rstrip()
         Hello, world

import string
s = 'www.wikibooks.org'
print s
print s.strip('w')                 # Removes all w's from outside
print s.strip(string.lowercase)    # Removes all lowercase letters from outside
print s.strip(string.printable)    # Removes all printable characters

www.wikibooks.org
.wikibooks.org
.wikibooks.

>>> s = 'foo'
>>> s
'foo'
>>> s.ljust(7)
'foo    '
>>> s.rjust(7)
'    foo'
>>> s.center(7)
'  foo  '

>>> seq = ['1', '2', '3', '4', '5']
>>> ' '.join(seq)
'1 2 3 4 5'
>>> '+'.join(seq)
'1+2+3+4+5'

>>> seq = [1,2,3,4,5]
>>> ' '.join(map(str, seq))
'1 2 3 4 5'

>>> s = 'Hello, world'
>>> s.find('l')
2
>>> s[s.index('l'):]
'llo, world'
>>> s.rfind('l')
10
>>> s[:s.rindex('l')]
'Hello, wor'
>>> s[s.index('l'):s.rindex('l')]
'llo, wor'

>>> 'Hello, world'.replace('o', 'X')
'HellX, wXrld'

string = 'Hello, world'
newString = string.replace('o', 'X')
print string
print newString

Hello, world
HellX, wXrld
s = 'abcdefg\tabc\ta'
print s
print len(s)
t = s.expandtabs()
print t
print len(t)

abcdefg abc     a
13
abcdefg abc     a
17
v = s.expandtabs(4)
print v
print len(v)

abcdefg abc a
13
s = '\t\t'
print s.expandtabs().replace(' ', '*')
print len(s.expandtabs())

 ****************
 16
s = 'abc\tabc\tabc'
print s.expandtabs().replace(' ', '*')
print len(s.expandtabs())

 abc*****abc*****abc
 19
>>> s = 'Hello, world'
>>> s.split()
['Hello,', 'world']
>>> s.split('l')
['He', '', 'o, wor', 'd']

>>> s = """
... One line
... Two lines
... Red lines
... Blue lines
... Green lines
... """
>>> s.split('\n')
['', 'One line', 'Two lines', 'Red lines', 'Blue lines', 'Green lines', '']
>>> s.splitlines()
['', 'One line', 'Two lines', 'Red lines', 'Blue lines', 'Green lines']

txt = 'May the force be with you'
spl = txt.split('the')
print(spl)
# ['May ', ' force be with you']

list1 = []                      # A new empty list
list2 = [1, 2, 3, "cat"]        # A new non-empty list with mixed item types
list1.append("cat")             # Add a single member, at the end of the list
list1.extend(["dog", "mouse"])  # Add several members
list1.insert(0, "fly")          # Insert at the beginning
list1[0:0] = ["cow", "doe"]     # Add members at the beginning
doe = list1.pop(1)              # Remove item at index
if "cat" in list1:              # Membership test
  list1.remove("cat")           # Remove AKA delete
#list1.remove("elephant") - throws an error
for item in list1:              # Iteration AKA for each item
  print item
print "Item count:", len(list1) # Length AKA size AKA item count
list3 = [6, 7, 8, 9]
for i in range(0, len(list3)):  # Read-write iteration AKA for each item
  list3[i] += 1                 # Item access AKA element access by index
last = list3[-1]                # Last item
nextToLast = list3[-2]          # Next-to-last item
isempty = len(list3) == 0       # Test for emptiness
set1 = set(["cat", "dog"])      # Initialize set from a list
list4 = list(set1)              # Get a list from a set
list5 = list4[:]                # A shallow list copy
list4equal5 = list4==list5      # True: same by value
list4refEqual5 = list4 is list5 # False: not same by reference
list6 = list4[:]
del list6[:]                    # Clear AKA empty AKA erase
list7 = [1, 2] + [2, 3, 4]      # Concatenation
print list1, list2, list3, list4, list5, list6, list7
print list4equal5, list4refEqual5
print list3[1:3], list3[1:], list3[:2] # Slices
print max(list3 ), min(list3 ), sum(list3) # Aggregates

print [x for x in range(10)]    # List comprehension
print [x for x in range(10) if x % 2 == 1]
print [x for x in range(10) if x % 2 == 1 if x < 5]
print [x + 1 for x in range(10) if x % 2 == 1]
print [x + y for x in '123' for y in 'abc']

[ 1,2,3,"This is a list",'c',Donkey("kong") ]

a = 2
b = 3
myList = [a+b, b+a, len(["a","b"])]

listOfWords = ["this","is","a","list","of","words"]

>>> listOfWords = ["this","is","a","list","of","words"]
>>> items = [ word[0] for word in listOfWords ]
>>> print items
['t', 'i', 'a', 'l', 'o', 'w']

>>> item = [x+y for x in 'cat' for y in 'pot']
>>> print item
['cp', 'co', 'ct', 'ap', 'ao', 'at', 'tp', 'to', 'tt']

>>> print [x+y for x in 'cat' for y in 'pot']
['cp', 'co', 'ct', 'ap', 'ao', 'at', 'tp', 'to', 'tt']
>>> print [x+y for x in 'cat' for y in 'pot' if x != 't' and y != 'o' ]
['cp', 'ct', 'ap', 'at']
>>> print [x+y for x in 'cat' for y in 'pot' if x != 't' or y != 'o' ]
['cp', 'co', 'ct', 'ap', 'ao', 'at', 'tp', 'tt']

>>> print x, y                         #Input to python version 2
t t                                    #Output using python 2

>>> print x, y                         #Input to python version 3
NameError: name 'x' is not defined     #Python 3 returns an error because x and y were not leaked

>>> zeros=[0]*5
>>> print zeros
[0, 0, 0, 0, 0]

>>> foos=['foo']*3
>>> print foos
['foo', 'foo', 'foo']

listoflists=[ [0]*4 ] *5

>>> listoflists=[ [0]*4 ] *5
>>> print listoflists
[[0, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 0]]
>>> listoflists[0][2]=1
>>> print listoflists
[[0, 0, 1, 0], [0, 0, 1, 0], [0, 0, 1, 0], [0, 0, 1, 0], [0, 0, 1, 0]]

>>> innerlist=[0]*4
>>> listoflists=[innerlist]*5
>>> print listoflists
[[0, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 0]]
>>> innerlist[2]=1
>>> print listoflists
[[0, 0, 1, 0], [0, 0, 1, 0], [0, 0, 1, 0], [0, 0, 1, 0], [0, 0, 1, 0]]

>>> listoflists=[[0]*4 for i in range(5)]
>>> print listoflists
[[0, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 0]]
>>> listoflists[0][2]=1
>>> print listoflists
[[0, 0, 1, 0], [0, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 0]]

>>> len([1,2,3])
3
>>> a = [1,2,3,4]
>>> len( a )
4

>>> [1,2] + [3,4]
[1, 2, 3, 4]

>>> a = [1,2,3]
>>> b = [4,5,6]
>>> a.extend(b)
>>> print a
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

>>> p=[1,2]
>>> p.append([3,4])
>>> p
[1, 2, [3, 4]]
>>> # or
>>> print p
[1, 2, [3, 4]]

>>> list = [2, 4, "usurp", 9.0, "n"]
>>> list[2]
'usurp'
>>> list[3:]
[9.0, 'n']

>>> list[1] = 17
>>> list
[2, 17, 'usurp', 9.0, 'n']

>>> list[1:4] = ["opportunistic", "elk"]
>>> list
[2, 'opportunistic', 'elk', 'n']

>>> list[:0] = [3.14, 2.71]
>>> list
[3.14, 2.71, 2, 'opportunistic', 'elk', 'n']

>>> list[len(list):] = ['four', 'score']
>>> list
[3.14, 2.71, 2, 'opportunistic', 'elk', 'n', 'four', 'score']

>>> list[:] = ['new', 'list', 'contents']
>>> list
['new', 'list', 'contents']

>>> list[:2] = ('element',('t',),[])
>>> list
['element', ('t',), [], 'contents']

>>> original = [1, 'element', []]
>>> list_copy = original[:]
>>> list_copy
[1, 'element', []]
>>> list_copy.append('new element')
>>> list_copy
[1, 'element', [], 'new element']
>>> original
[1, 'element', []]

>>> list_copy[2].append('something')
>>> original
[1, 'element', ['something']]

>>> list = [i for i in range(10) ]
>>> list
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
>>> list[::2]
[0, 2, 4, 6, 8]
>>> list[1:7:2]
[1, 3, 5]

>>> [1,2] == [1,2]
True
>>> [1,2] == [3,4]
False

>>> [1,2] < [2,1]
True
>>> [2,2] < [2,1]
False
>>> ["a","b"] < ["b","a"]
True

list1 = [2, 3, 1, 'a', 'B']
list1.sort()                                   # list1 gets modified, case sensitive
list2 = sorted(list1)                          # list1 is unmodified; since Python 2.4
list3 = sorted(list1, key=lambda x: x.lower()) # case insensitive ; will give error as not all elements of list are strings and .lower() is not applicable
list4 = sorted(list1, reverse=True)            # Reverse sorting order: descending
print list1, list2, list3, list4

>>> list1 = [2, 3, 1, 'a', 'b']
>>> list1.sort()
>>> list1
[1, 2, 3, 'a', 'b']

>>> list1 = [5, 2, 3, 'q', 'p']
>>> sorted(list1)
[2, 3, 5, 'p', 'q']
>>> list1
[5, 2, 3, 'q', 'p']

list1 = [1, 2, 3, 4]
for item in list1:
  print item

list1 = [1, 2, 3, 4]
for i in range(0, len(list1)):
  list1[i]+=1 # Modify the item at an index as you see fit
print list

for i in range(1, 13+1, 3): # For i=1 to 13 step 3
  print i
for i in range(10, 5-1, -1): # For i=10 to 5 step -1
  print i

for item in list:
  if not condition(item):
    continue
  print item

list1 = [1, 2, 3, 4]
list1.pop() # Remove the last item
list1.pop(0) # Remove the first item , which is the item at index 0
print list1

list1 = [1, 2, 3, 4]
del list1[1] # Remove the 2nd element; an alternative to list.pop(1)
print list1

list1 = ["a", "a", "b"]
list1.remove("a") # Removes only the 1st occurrence of "a"
print list1

list1 = [1, 2, 3, 4]
newlist = [item for item in list1 if item > 2]
print newlist

list1 = [1, 2, 3, 4]
sameList = list1
list1[:] = [item for item in list1 if item > 2]
print sameList, sameList is list1

list1 = [1, 2, 3, 4]
def keepingCondition(item):
  return item > 2
sameList = list1
list1[:] = [item for item in list1 if keepingCondition(item)]
print sameList, sameList is list1

list1 = [1, 2, 3, 4]
index = len(list1)
while index > 0:
  index -= 1
  if not list1[index] < 2:
    list1.pop(index)

list = [1, 2, 3, 4]
print max(list), min(list), sum(list)
average = sum(list) / float(len(list)) # Provided the list is non-empty
# The float above ensures the division is a float one rather than integer one.
print average

list = ["aa", "ab"]
print max(list), min(list) # Prints "ab aa"

list1= [1, 'element']
list2 = list1[:] # Copy using "[:]"
list2[0] = 2 # Only affects list2, not list1
print list1[0] # Displays 1

# By contrast
list1 = [1, 'element']
list2 = list1
list2[0] = 2 # Modifies the original list
print list1[0] # Displays 2

list1 = [1, [2, 3]] # Notice the second item being a nested list
list2 = list1[:] # A shallow copy
list2[1][0] = 4 # Modifies the 2nd item of list1 as well
print list1[1][0] # Displays 4 rather than 2

import copy
list1 = [1, [2, 3]] # Notice the second item being a nested list
list2 = copy.deepcopy(list1) # A deep copy
list2[1][0] = 4 # Leaves the 2nd item of list1 unmodified
print list1[1][0] # Displays 2

del list1[:] # Clear a list
list1 = []   # Not really clear but rather assign to a new empty list

def workingClear(ilist):
  del ilist[:]
def brokenClear(ilist):
  ilist = [] # Lets ilist point to a new list, losing the reference to the argument list
list1=[1, 2]; workingClear(list1); print list1
list1=[1, 2]; brokenClear(list1); print list1

list1 = [1, 4, 4, 5, 3, 2, 3, 2, 1]
seen = {}
list1[:] = [seen.setdefault(e, e) for e in list1 if e not in seen]

list1 = [1, 4, 4, 5, 3, 2, 3, 2, 1]
seen = set()
for i in range(len(list1) - 1, -1, -1):
  if list1[i] in seen:
    list1.pop(i)
  seen.add(list1[i])

list1 = [1, 4, 4, ["a", "b"], 5, ["a", "b"], 3, 2, 3, 2, 1]
seen = []
for i in range(len(list1) - 1, -1, -1):
  if list1[i] in seen:
    list1.pop(i)
  seen.append(list1[i])

list1 = [1, 4, 4, 5, 3, 2, 3, 2, 1]
list1[:] = list(set(list1))  # Modify list1
list2 = list(set(list1))

>>> list = [1, 2, 3]
>>> list.append(4)
>>> list
[1, 2, 3, 4]

>>> list = [1, 2, 3, 4]
>>> a = list.pop(0)
>>> list
[2, 3, 4]
>>> a
1
>>> b = list.pop()
>>>list
[2, 3]
>>> b
4

>>> list = [1, 2, 3, 4]
>>> if 3 in list:
>>>    ....
>>> l = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
>>> 3 in l
True
>>> 18 in l
False
>>>for x in l:
>>>    print x
0
1
2
3
4

a = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 4]
b = [1, 2, 3, 4, 4, 5]
print [item for item in a if item not in b]
# [0]

a = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 4]
b = [1, 2, 3, 4, 4, 5]
dif = [item for item in a if item not in b]
print [item for item in a if item not in dif]
# [1, 2, 3, 4, 4]

List1 = [a + b for a in 'ab' for b in 'bcd']
print(List1)
>>> ['ab', 'ac', 'ad', 'bb', 'bc', 'bd']
List2 = List1[::2]
print(List2)
>>> ['ab', 'ad', 'bc']
List3 = [a + b for a in '1234' for b in 'a']
print(List3)
>>> ['1a', '2a', '3a', '4a']
print(List3.pop(List3.index('3a')))
print(List3)
>>> 3a
>>> ['1a', '2a', '4a']
List4 = List3[:]
List4.insert(2, '3a')
print(List4)
>>> ['1a', '2a', '3a', '4a']
List5 = [a + b + c for a in 'ab' for b in 'bcd' for c in 'ef']
print(List5)
>>> ['abe', 'abf', 'ace', 'acf', 'ade', 'adf', 'bbe', 'bbf', 'bce', 'bcf', 'bde', 'bdf']
tup1  = (1, 'a')
tup2  = 1, 'a'                # Brackets not needed
tup3  = (1,)                  # Singleton
tup4  = 1,                    # Singleton without brackets
tup5 = ()                     # Empty tuple
list1 = [1, 'a']
it1, it2 = tup1               # Assign items
print tup1 == tup2            # True
print tup1 == list1           # False
print tup1 == tuple(list1)    # True
print list(tup1) == list1     # True
print tup1[0]                 # First member
for item in tup1: print item  # Iteration
print (1, 2) + (3, 4)         # (1, 2, 3, 4)
tup1 += (3,)
print tup1                    # (1, 'a', 3), despite immutability
print len(tup1)               # Length AKA size AKA item count
print 3 in tup1               # Membership - true
return r1, r2                 # Return multiple values
r1, r2 = myfun()              # Receive multiple values
tup6 = ([1,2],)
tup6[0][0]=3
print tup6                    # The list within is mutable
set1 = set( (1,2) )           # Can be placed into a set
#set1 = set( ([1,2], 2) )     # Error: The list within makes it unhashable

>>> l = [1, 'a', [6, 3.14]]
>>> t = (1, 'a', [6, 3.14])
>>> t
(1, 'a', [6, 3.14])
>>> tuple(l)
(1, 'a', [6, 3.14])
>>> t == tuple(l)
True
>>> t == l
False

>>> t = ('A single item tuple',)
>>> t
('A single item tuple',)

>>> t = 'A', 'tuple', 'needs', 'no', 'parens'
>>> t
('A', 'tuple', 'needs', 'no', 'parens')

>>> article, noun, verb, adjective, direct_object = t   #t is defined above
>>> noun
'tuple'

>>> a, b = 1, 2
>>> b
2

>>> a = (1, 2)
>>> b = (3, 4)
>>> a + b
(1, 2, 3, 4)
>>> a
(1, 2)
>>> b
(3, 4)
>>> a.append(3)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in ?
AttributeError: 'tuple' object has no attribute 'append'
>>> a
(1, 2)
>>> a[0] = 0
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in ?
TypeError: object does not support item assignment
>>> a
(1, 2)

>>> a = [1, 2]
>>> b = [3, 4]
>>> a + b
[1, 2, 3, 4]
>>> a
[1, 2]
>>> b
[3, 4]
>>> a.append(3)
>>> a
[1, 2, 3]
>>> a[0] = 0
>>> a
[0, 2, 3]

>>> len( ( 1, 2, 3) )
3
>>> a = ( 1, 2, 3, 4 )
>>> len( a )
4

>>> l = [4, 5, 6]
>>> tuple(l)
(4, 5, 6)

>>> t = (4, 5, 6)
>>> list(t)
[4, 5, 6]

>>> d = {'a': 1, 'b': 2}
>>> tuple(d.items())
(('a', 1), ('b', 2))

def func(x, y):
    # code to compute x and y
    return x, y

x, y = func(1, 2)

def double(T):
    'double() - return a tuple with each tuple element (e) doubled.'
    return tuple( [ e * 2 for e in T ] )

dict1 = {}                     # Create an empty dictionary
dict2 = dict()                 # Create an empty dictionary 2
dict2 = {"r": 34, "i": 56}     # Initialize to non-empty value
dict3 = dict([("r", 34), ("i", 56)])      # Init from a list of tuples
dict4 = dict(r=34, i=56)       # Initialize to non-empty value 3
dict1["temperature"] = 32      # Assign value to a key
if "temperature" in dict1:     # Membership test of a key AKA key exists
  del dict1["temperature"]     # Delete AKA remove
equalbyvalue = dict2 == dict3
itemcount2 = len(dict2)        # Length AKA size AKA item count
isempty2 = len(dict2) == 0     # Emptiness test
for key in dict2:              # Iterate via keys
  print (key, dict2[key])        # Print key and the associated value
  dict2[key] += 10             # Modify-access to the key-value pair
for key in sorted(dict2):      # Iterate via keys in sorted order of the keys
  print (key, dict2[key])        # Print key and the associated value
for value in dict2.values():   # Iterate via values
  print (value)
for key, value in dict2.items(): # Iterate via pairs
  print (key, value)
dict5 = {} # {x: dict2[x] + 1 for x in dict2 } # Dictionary comprehension in Python 2.7 or later
dict6 = dict2.copy()             # A shallow copy
dict6.update({"i": 60, "j": 30}) # Add or overwrite; a bit like list's extend
dict7 = dict2.copy()
dict7.clear()                  # Clear AKA empty AKA erase
sixty = dict6.pop("i")         # Remove key i, returning its value
print (dict1, dict2, dict3, dict4, dict5, dict6, dict7, equalbyvalue, itemcount2, sixty)

{}
>>> d = {'city':'Paris', 'age':38, (102,1650,1601):'A matrix coordinate'}
>>> seq = [('city','Paris'), ('age', 38), ((102,1650,1601),'A matrix coordinate')]
>>> d
{'city': 'Paris', 'age': 38, (102, 1650, 1601): 'A matrix coordinate'}
>>> dict(seq)
{'city': 'Paris', 'age': 38, (102, 1650, 1601): 'A matrix coordinate'}
>>> d == dict(seq)
True

>>> seq1 = ('a','b','c','d')
>>> seq2 = [1,2,3,4]
>>> d = dict(zip(seq1,seq2))
>>> d
{'a': 1, 'c': 3, 'b': 2, 'd': 4}

>>> d = {'a':1,'b':2, 'cat':'Fluffers'}
>>> d.keys()
['a', 'b', 'cat']
>>> d.values()
[1, 2, 'Fluffers']
>>> d['a']
1
>>> d['cat'] = 'Mr. Whiskers'
>>> d['cat']
'Mr. Whiskers'
>>> 'cat' in d
True
>>> 'dog' in d
False

>>> d = {'apples': 1, 'oranges': 3, 'pears': 2}
>>> ud = {'pears': 4, 'grapes': 5, 'lemons': 6}
>>> d.update(ud)
>>> d
{'grapes': 5, 'pears': 4, 'lemons': 6, 'apples': 1, 'oranges': 3}
>>>

del dictionaryName[membername]

set
set1 = set()                   # A new empty set
set1.add("cat")                # Add a single member
set1.update(["dog", "mouse"])  # Add several members, like list's extend
set1 |= set(["doe", "horse"])  # Add several members 2, like list's extend
if "cat" in set1:              # Membership test
  set1.remove("cat")
#set1.remove("elephant") - throws an error
set1.discard("elephant")       # No error thrown
print set1
for item in set1:              # Iteration AKA for each element
  print item
print "Item count:", len(set1) # Length AKA size AKA item count
#1stitem = set1[0]             # Error: no indexing for sets
isempty = len(set1) == 0       # Test for emptiness
set1 = {"cat", "dog"}          # Initialize set using braces; since Python 2.7
#set1 = {}                     # No way; this is a dict
set1 = set(["cat", "dog"])     # Initialize set from a list
set2 = set(["dog", "mouse"])
set3 = set1 & set2             # Intersection
set4 = set1 | set2             # Union
set5 = set1 - set3             # Set difference
set6 = set1 ^ set2             # Symmetric difference
issubset = set1 <= set2        # Subset test
issuperset = set1 >= set2      # Superset test
set7 = set1.copy()             # A shallow copy
set7.remove("cat")
print set7.pop()               # Remove an arbitrary element
set8 = set1.copy()
set8.clear()                   # Clear AKA empty AKA erase
set9 = {x for x in range(10) if x % 2} # Set comprehension; since Python 2.7
print set1, set2, set3, set4, set5, set6, set7, set8, set9, issubset, issuperset

>>> set([0, 1, 2, 3])
set([0, 1, 2, 3])
>>> set("obtuse")
set(['b', 'e', 'o', 's', 'u', 't'])

>>> s = set([12, 26, 54])
>>> s.add(32)
>>> s
set([32, 26, 12, 54])

>>> s.update([26, 12, 9, 14])
>>> s
set([32, 9, 12, 14, 54, 26])

>>> s2 = s.copy()
>>> s2
set([32, 9, 12, 14, 54, 26])

>>> 32 in s
True
>>> 6 in s
False
>>> 6 not in s
True

>>> s.issubset(set([32, 8, 9, 12, 14, -4, 54, 26, 19]))
True
>>> s.issuperset(set([9, 12]))
True

>>> s.issuperset([32, 9])
True

>>> set([4, 5, 7]) <= set([4, 5, 7, 9])
True
>>> set([9, 12, 15]) >= set([9, 12])
True

>>> s = set([1,2,3,4,5,6])
>>> s.pop()
1
>>> s
set([2,3,4,5,6])

>>> s.remove(3)
>>> s
set([2,4,5,6])

>>> s.remove(9)
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in ?
KeyError: 9

>>> s.clear()
>>> s
set([])

>>> s = set("blerg")
>>> for n in s:
...     print n,
...
r b e l g

>>> s1 = set([4, 6, 9])
>>> s2 = set([1, 6, 8])
>>> s1.intersection(s2)
set([6])
>>> s1 & s2
set([6])
>>> s1.intersection_update(s2)
>>> s1
set([6])

>>> s1 = set([4, 6, 9])
>>> s2 = set([1, 6, 8])
>>> s1.union(s2)
set([1, 4, 6, 8, 9])
>>> s1 | s2
set([1, 4, 6, 8, 9])

>>> s1 = set([4, 6, 9])
>>> s2 = set([1, 6, 8])
>>> s1.symmetric_difference(s2)
set([8, 1, 4, 9])
>>> s1 ^ s2
set([8, 1, 4, 9])
>>> s1.symmetric_difference_update(s2)
>>> s1
set([8, 1, 4, 9])

>>> s1 = set([4, 6, 9])
>>> s2 = set([1, 6, 8])
>>> s1.difference(s2)
set([9, 4])
>>> s1 - s2
set([9, 4])
>>> s1.difference_update(s2)
>>> s1
set([9, 4])

>>> s1 = set([3, 6, 7, 9])
>>> s2 = set([6, 7, 9, 10])
>>> s3 = set([7, 9, 10, 11])
>>> set.intersection(s1, s2, s3)
set([9, 7])

>>> fs = frozenset([2, 3, 4])
>>> s1 = set([fs, 4, 5, 6])
>>> s1
set([4, frozenset([2, 3, 4]), 6, 5])
>>> fs.intersection(s1)
frozenset([4])
>>> fs.add(6)
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
AttributeError: 'frozenset' object has no attribute 'add'

mass_kg = int(input("What is your mass in kilograms?" ))
mass_stone = mass_kg * 2.2 / 14
print("You weigh", mass_stone, "stone.")

mass_stone = mass_kg * 2.2 / 14

 >>> print(0.6/0.2)
 3.0
 >>> print(0.6//0.2)
 2.0

 >>> 0.6 == 0.2 * ( 0.6 // 0.2 ) + 0.6 % 0.2
 True
 >>> 0.6 // 0.2
 2.0
 >>> 0.6 % 0.2
 0.19999999999999996

 >>> print(0.6 / 0.2)
 3.0
 >>> 0.6 / 0.2
 2.9999999999999996
 >>> 2.0 + ( 0.6 % 0.2 ) / 0.2
 3.0
 >>> 0.6 / 0.2 == ( 0.6 // 0.2 ) + ( 0.6 % 0.2 ) / 0.2
 False
 >>> round( 0.6 / 0.2 ) == ( 0.6 // 0.2 ) + ( 0.6 % 0.2 ) / 0.2
 True

What is your mass in kilograms? 65
You weigh 10.2142857143 stone.
>>> print (round(3.14159265, 2))
3.14
print ("You weigh", round(mass_stone, 2), "stone.")

twoSigFigs = round(mass_stone, 2)
numToString = str(twoSigFigs)
print ("You weigh " + numToString + " stone.")

>>> x = 2
>>> y = 3
>>> z = 5
>>> x * y
6
>>> x + y
5
>>> x * y + z
11
>>> (x + y) * z
25

>>> 2**8
256

>>> x = 5
>>> float(x)
5.0

>>> print 0.6/0.2
3.0
>>> print 0.6//0.2
2.0
>>> 10%7
3
>>> -10%7
4

>>> x = 5
>>> -x
-5

>>> 2 == 3
False
>>> 3 == 3
True
>>> 3 == '3'
False
>>> 2 < 3
True
>>> "a" < "aa"
True

>>> [1,2,3] == [1,2,3]
True
>>> [1,2,3] is [1,2,3]
False

print 8 is 8            # True
print "str" is "str"    # True
print (1, 2) is (1, 2)  # False - whyever, it is immutable
print [1, 2] is [1, 2]  # False
print id(8) == id(8)    # True
int1 = 8
print int1 is 8         # True
oldid = id(int1)
int1 += 2
print id(int1) == oldid # False

>>> x = 2
>>> x # 2
2
>>> x *= 3
>>> x # 2 * 3
6
>>> x += 4
>>> x # 2 * 3 + 4
10
>>> x /= 5
>>> x # (2 * 3 + 4) / 5
2
>>> x **= 2
>>> x # ((2 * 3 + 4) / 5) ** 2
4
>>> x %= 3
>>> x # ((2 * 3 + 4) / 5) ** 2 % 3
1

>>> x = 'repeat this  '
>>> x  # repeat this
repeat this
>>> x *= 3  # fill with x repeated three times
>>> x
repeat this  repeat this  repeat this

if a or b:
    do_this
else:
    do_this

if a and b:
    do_this
else:
    do_this

if not a:
    do_this
else:
    do_this

1 and "cat" or "dog"
0 and "cat" or "dog"

x = -6                              # Branching
if x > 0:                           # If
  print "Positive"
elif x == 0:                        # Else if AKA elseif
  print "Zero"
else:                               # Else
  print "Negative"
list1 = [100, 200, 300]
for i in list1: print i             # A for loop
for i in range(0, 5): print i       # A for loop from 0 to 4
for i in range(5, 0, -1): print i   # A for loop from 5 to 1
for i in range(0, 5, 2): print i    # A for loop from 0 to 4, step 2
list2 = [(1, 1), (2, 4), (3, 9)]
for x, xsq in list2: print x, xsq   # A for loop with a two-tuple as its iterator
l1 = [1, 2]; l2 = ['a', 'b']
for i1, i2 in zip(l1, l2): print i1, i2 # A for loop iterating two lists at once.
i = 5
while i > 0:                        # A while loop
  i -= 1
list1 = ["cat", "dog", "mouse"]
i = -1 # -1 if not found
for item in list1:
  i += 1
  if item=="dog":
    break                           # Break; also usable with while loop
print "Index of dog:",i             
for i in range(1,6):
  if i <= 4:
    continue                        # Continue; also usable with while loop
  print "Greater than 4:", i

x = [100,200,300]
for i in x:
      print (i)   #these parenthesis are needed for the code to get executed in higher versions of Python

100
200
300
l = range(100, 301,100)
for i in l:
    print (i)

for i in range(5, 0, -1):
    print (i)

5
4
3
2
1
for i in range(10, 0, -2):
    print (i)

10
8
6
4
2
l = [(1, 1), (2, 4), (3, 9), (4, 16), (5, 25)]
for x, xsquared in l:
    print x, ':', xsquared

1 : 1
2 : 4
3 : 9
4 : 16
5 : 25
x = 5
while x > 0:
    print (x)  #all the print statement must be in parenthesis for version 3.4.0
    x = x - 1  #the algebra need not be done within the parenthesis

5
4
3
2
1
x = 5
y = x
while y > 0:
    print (y)
    y = y - 1
else:
    print (x)

5
4
3
2
1
5
x = 5
while x > 0:
    print x
    break
    x -= 1
    print x

5
l = [5,6,7]
for x in l:
    continue
    print x

l = range(1,100)
for x in l:
    if x == 100:
        print x
        break
    else:
        print x," is not 100"
else:
    print "100 not found in range"

expected_str = "melon"
received_str = "apple"
basket = ["banana", "grapes", "strawberry", "melon", "orange"]
x = 0
step = int(raw_input("Input iteration step: "))

while(received_str != expected_str):
    if(x >= len(basket)): print "No more fruits left on the basket."; break
    received_str = basket[x]
    x += step # Change this to 3 to make the while statement
              # evaluate to false, avoiding the break statement, using the else clause.
    if(received_str==basket[2]): print "I hate",basket[2],"!"; break
    if(received_str != expected_str): print "I am waiting for my ",expected_str,"."
else:
    print "Finally got what I wanted! my precious ",expected_str,"!"
print "Going back home now !"

Input iteration step: 2
I am waiting for my  melon .
I hate strawberry !
Going back home now !

for i in [0, 1]:
    for j in ["a","b"]:
        print("1")
    print("2")

for i in [0, 1]:
    for j in ["a","b"]:
        print("1")
        print("2")

>>> x = 10
>>> if x > 0:
...    print "Positive"
...
Positive
>>> if x < 0:
...    print "Negative"
...

>>> x = -6
>>> if x > 0:
...    print "Positive"
... elif x == 0:
...    print "Zero"
... else:
...    print "Negative"
...
'Negative'

1 2 3 
2 4 6 
3 6 9

  1 2 3 
 ------
1|1 2 3 
2|2 4 6 
3|3 6 9

a = 6
b = 7
c = 42
print (1, a == 6)
print (2, a == 7)
print (3, a == 6 and b == 7)
print (4, a == 7 and b == 7)
print (5, not a == 7 and b == 7)
print (6, a == 7 or b == 7)
print (7, a == 7 or b == 6)
print (8, not (a == 7 and b == 6))
print (9, not a == 7 and b == 6)

1 True
2 False
3 True
4 False
5 True
6 True
7 False
8 True
9 False

print
print
print (1, a == 6)
print (2, a == 7)

print (3, a == 6 and b == 7)
 and
print (4, a == 7 and b == 7)
 and
 and
print (5, not a == 7 and b == 7)
not
not
print (5, a != 7 and b == 7)
print (6, a == 7 or b == 7)
print (7, a == 7 or b == 6)
 or
 or
 or
print (8, not (a == 7 and b == 6))
print (9, not a == 7 and b == 6)
 not
 a == 7
list = ["Life","The Universe","Everything","Jack","Jill","Life","Jill"]

# Make a copy of the list.
copy = list[:]
# Sort the copy
copy.sort()
prev = copy[0]
del copy[0]

count = 0

# Go through the list searching for a match
while count < len(copy) and copy[count] != prev:
    prev = copy[count]
    count = count + 1

# If a match was not found then count can't be < len
# since the while loop continues while count is < len
# and no match is found
if count < len(copy):
    print ("First Match:",prev)

First Match: Jill

 while count < len(copy) and copy[count] != prev
 count
 copy
 and
 if
 while
 and
 and
 count >= len(copy)
 count < len(copy)
 and
 count < len(copy)
 count
 copy
 count < len(copy) and copy[count] != prev
 copy[count] != prev and count < len(copy)
## This programs asks a user for a name and a password.
# It then checks them to make sure that the user is allowed in.
# Note that this is a simple and insecure example,
# real password code should never be implemented this way.

name = raw_input("What is your name? ")
password = raw_input("What is the password? ")
if name == "Josh" and password == "Friday":
    print ("Welcome Josh")
elif name == "Fred" and password == "Rock":
    print ("Welcome Fred")
else:
    print ("I don't know you.")

What is your name? Josh
What is the password? Friday
Welcome Josh

What is your name? Bill
What is the password? Saturday
I don't know you.

absoval.py
n = input("Integer? ")#Pick an integer. And remember, if raw_input is not supported by your OS, use input()
n = int(n)#Defines n as the integer you chose. (Alternatively, you can define n yourself)
if n < 0:
    print ("The absolute value of",n,"is",-n)
else:
    print ("The absolute value of",n,"is",n)

Integer? -34
The absolute value of -34 is 34

Integer? 1
The absolute value of 1 is 1

n = input("Integer? ")
if n < 0:
 n
print ("The absolute value of",n,"is",-n)
print ("The absolute value of",n,"is",n)
 n < 0
 if
 if
 else
<
<=
>
>=
==
!=
 if
 elif 
 if
 elif
elif
a = 0
while a < 10:
    a = a + 1
    if a > 5:
        print (a,">",5)
    elif a <= 7:
        print (a,"<=",7)
    else:
        print ("Neither test was true")

1 <= 7
2 <= 7
3 <= 7
4 <= 7
5 <= 7
6 > 5
7 > 5
8 > 5
9 > 5
10 > 5

 elif a <= 7
 if
 elif
High_low.py
# Plays the guessing game higher or lower
# (originally written by Josh Cogliati, improved by Quique, now improved
# by Sanjith, further improved by VorDd, with continued improvement from
# the various Wikibooks contributors.)

# This should actually be something that is semi random like the
# last digits of the time or something else, but that will have to
# wait till a later chapter.  (Extra Credit, modify it to be random
# after the Modules chapter)

# This is for demonstration purposes only.
# It is not written to handle invalid input like a full program would.

answer = 23
question = 'What number am I thinking of?  '
print ('Let\'s play the guessing game!')

while True:
    guess = int(input(question))

    if guess < answer:
        print ('Little higher')
    elif guess > answer:
        print ('Little lower')
    else: # guess == answer
        print ('MINDREADER!!!')
        break

Let's play the guessing game!
What number am I thinking of?  22
Little higher
What number am I thinking of?  25
Little Lower
What number am I thinking of?  23
MINDREADER!!!

while
while True:
	inp = input(question)
	try:
		guess = int(inp)
	except ValueError:
		print('Your guess should be a number')
	else:
		if guess < answer:
			print ('Little higher')
		elif guess > answer:
			print ('Little lower')
		else: # guess == answer
			print ('MINDREADER!!!')
			break

even.py
#Asks for a number.
#Prints if it is even or odd

print ("Input [x] for exit.")

while True:
	inp = input("Tell me a number: ")
	if inp == 'x':
		break
	# catch any resulting ValueError during the conversion to float
	try:
		number = float(inp)
	except ValueError:
		print('I said: Tell me a NUMBER!')
	else:
		test = number % 2
		if test == 0:
			print (int(number),"is even.")
		elif test == 1:
			print (int(number),"is odd.")
		else:
			print (number,"is very strange.")

Tell me a number: 3
3 is odd.

Tell me a number: 2
2 is even.

Tell me a number: 3.14159
3.14159 is very strange.

average1.py
#Prints the average value.

print ("Welcome to the average calculator program")
print ("NOTE- THIS PROGRAM ONLY CALCULATES AVERAGES FOR 3 NUMBERS")
x = int(input("Please enter the first number "))
y = int(input("Please enter the second number "))
z = int(input("Please enter the third number "))
str = x+y+z
print (float (str/3.0))
#MADE BY SANJITH sanrubik@gmail.com

Welcome to the average calculator program
NOTE- THIS PROGRAM ONLY CALCULATES AVERAGES FOR 3 NUMBERS
Please enter the first number 7
Please enter the second number 6
Please enter the third number 4
5.66666666667

average2.py
#keeps asking for numbers until count have been entered.
#Prints the average value.

sum = 0.0

print ("This program will take several numbers, then average them.")
count = int(input("How many numbers would you like to sum:  "))
current_count = 0

while current_count < count:
	print ("Number",current_count)
	number = float(input("Enter a number:  "))
	sum = sum + number
	current_count += 1

print("The average was:",sum/count)

This program will take several numbers, then average them.
How many numbers would you like to sum:  2
Number 0
Enter a number:  3
Number 1
Enter a number:  5
The average was: 4.0

This program will take several numbers, then average them.
How many numbers would you like to sum:  3
Number 0
Enter a number:  1
Number 1
Enter a number:  4
Number 2
Enter a number:  3
The average was: 2.66666666667

average3.py
#Continuously updates the average as new numbers are entered.

print ("Welcome to the Average Calculator, please insert a number")
currentaverage = 0
numofnums = 0
while True:
    newnumber = int(input("New number "))
    numofnums = numofnums + 1
    currentaverage = (round((((currentaverage * (numofnums - 1)) + newnumber) / numofnums), 3))
    print ("The current average is " + str((round(currentaverage, 3))))

Welcome to the Average Calculator, please insert a number
New number 1
The current average is 1.0
New number 3
The current average is 2.0
New number 6
The current average is 3.333
New number 6
The current average is 4.0
New number

##   Password guessing program using if statement and while statement only
###  source by zain

guess_count = 0

correct_pass = 'dee234'

while True:
	pass_guess = input("Please enter your password: ")

	guess_count += 1

	if pass_guess == correct_pass:
		print ('You have successfully logged in.')
		break

	elif pass_guess != correct_pass:
		if guess_count >= 3:
			print ("You have been denied access.")
			break

def mard():
    for i in range(1,4):
        a = input("enter a password:  ") # to ask password
        b = "sefinew" # the password
        if a == b: # if the password entered and the password are the same to print.
            print("You have successfully logged in")
            exit()# to terminate the program.  Using 'break' instead of 'exit()' will allow your shell or idle to dump the block and continue to run.
        else: # if the password entered and the password are not the same to print.
            print("Sorry the password is wrong ")
            if i == 3:
                print("You have been denied access")
                exit() # to terminate the program

mard()

#Source by Vanchi
import time
import getpass

password = getpass.getpass("Please enter your password")

print ("Waiting for 3 seconds")
time.sleep(3)
got_it_right = False
for number_of_tries in range(1,4):
    reenter_password = getpass.getpass("Please reenter your password")
    if password == reenter_password:
        print ("You are Logged in! Welcome User :)")
        got_it_right = True
        break

if not got_it_right:
    print ("Access Denied!!")

int in= ; // read from program input

// a normal conditional assignment
int res;
if(number < 0)
  res = -number;
else
  res = number;

number = int(input("Enter a number to get its absolute value:"))
res = (-number, number)[number > 0]

number = int(input("Enter a number to get its absolute value:"))
res = (lambda: number, lambda: -number)[number < 0]()

number = int(input("Enter a number to get its absolute value:"))
res = -number if number < 0 else number

x = 1

def hello():
  print ("Hello")

def bye():
  print ("Bye")

def hola():
  print ("Hola is Spanish for Hello")

def adios():
  print ("Adios is Spanish for Bye")

# Notice that our switch statement is a regular variable, only that we added the function's name inside
# and there are no quotes
menu = [hello,bye,hola,adios]

# To call our switch statement, we simply make reference to the array with a pair of parentheses
# at the end to call the function
menu[3]()   # calls the adios function since is number 3 in our array.

menu[0]()   # Calls the hello function being our first element in our array.

menu[x]()   # Calls the bye function as is the second element on the array x = 1

go = "y"
x = 0
def hello():
  print ("Hello")

def bye():
  print ("Bye")

def hola():
  print ("Hola is Spanish for Hello")

def adios():
  print ("Adios is Spanish for Bye")

menu = [hello, bye, hola, adios]

while x < len(menu) :
    print ("function", menu[x].__name__, ", press " , "[" + str(x) + "]")
    x += 1

while go != "n":
    c = int(input("Select Function: "))
    menu[c]()
    go = input("Try again? [y/n]: ")

print ("\nBye!")

#end

if x == 0:
    hello()
elif x == 1:
    bye()
elif x == 2:
    hola()
else:
    adios()

result = {
  'a': lambda x: x * 5,
  'b': lambda x: x + 7,
  'c': lambda x: x - 2
}[value](x)

a = 0
while a < 5:
    a += 1 # Same as a = a + 1 
    print (a)

1
2
3
4
5

 a = 0
 while a < 5:
 a < 5
 while
a = 1
s = 0
print ('Enter Numbers to add to the sum.')
print ('Enter 0 to quit.')
while a != 0:
    print ('Current Sum: ', s)
    a = input('Number? ') #raw_input() will not work anymore.
    a = float(a)
    s += a
print ('Total Sum = ',s)

Enter Numbers to add to the sum.
Enter 0 to quit.
Current Sum: 0
Number? 200
Current Sum: 200
Number? -15.25
Current Sum: 184.75
Number? -151.85
Current Sum: 32.9
Number? 10.00
Current Sum: 42.9
Number? 0
Total Sum = 42.9

 print 'Total Sum =',s
 while
 !=
 while a != 0 :
while 1 == 1:
    print ("Help, I'm stuck in a loop.")

 Help, I'm stuck in a loop.
#This program calculates the Fibonacci sequence
a = 0
b = 1
count = 0
max_count = 20
while count < max_count:
    count = count + 1
    #we need to keep track of a since we change it
    old_a = a
    old_b = b
    a = old_b
    b = old_a + old_b
    #Notice that the , at the end of a print statement keeps it
    # from switching to a new line
    print (old_a),

0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377 610 987 1597 2584 4181

# Waits until a password has been entered.  Use control-C to break out without
# the password.

# Note that this must not be the password so that the 
# while loop runs at least once.
password = "foobar"

#note that != means not equal
while password != "unicorn":
    password = input("Password: ")
print ("Welcome in")

Password:auo
Password:y22
Password:password
Password:open sesame
Password:unicorn
Welcome in

for
for
__iterable__
Set
List
onetoten = range(1,11)
for count in onetoten:
    print (count)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

 range
 range
 range(start,finish)
 start
 finish
for count in range(1,11):
    print (count)

 range
>>> range(1,10)
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
>>> range(-32, -20)
[-32, -31, -30, -29, -28, -27, -26, -25, -24, -23, -22, -21]
>>> range(5,21)
[5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20]
>>> range(21,5)
[]

range()
for
for a in range(10):
    print (a)

for a in range(0, 10):
    print (a)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

for
for count in onetoten:
 for
 for
 for variable in list:
 list
 for
 variable
 variable
demolist = ['life',42, 'the universe', 6,'and',7,'everything']
for item in demolist:
    print ("The Current item is: %s" % item)

The Current item is: life
The Current item is: 42
The Current item is: the universe
The Current item is: 6
The Current item is: and
The Current item is: 7
The Current item is: everything

 print
 for
list = [2,4,6,8]
sum = 0
for num in list:
    sum = sum + num
print ("The sum is: %d" % sum)

The sum is:  20

list = [4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 1,0,7,10]
list.sort()
prev = list[0]
del list[0]
for item in list:
    if prev == item:
        print ("Duplicate of ",prev," Found")
    prev = item

Duplicate of  7  Found

l = [4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 1,0,7,10]
print ("l = [4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 1,0,7,10]","\tl:",l)
l.sort()
print ("l.sort()","\tl:",l)
prev = l[0]
print ("prev = l[0]","\tprev:",prev)
del l[0]
print ("del l[0]","\tl:",l)
for item in l:
    if prev == item:
        print ("Duplicate of ",prev," Found")
    print ("if prev == item:","\tprev:",prev,"\titem:",item)
    prev = item
    print ("prev = item","\t\tprev:",prev,"\titem:",item)

l = [4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 1,0,7,10]   l: [4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 1, 0, 7, 10]
l.sort()        l: [0, 1, 4, 5, 7, 7, 8, 9, 10]
prev = l[0]     prev: 0
del l[0]        l: [1, 4, 5, 7, 7, 8, 9, 10]
if prev == item:        prev: 0         item: 1
prev = item             prev: 1         item: 1
if prev == item:        prev: 1         item: 4
prev = item             prev: 4         item: 4
if prev == item:        prev: 4         item: 5
prev = item             prev: 5         item: 5
if prev == item:        prev: 5         item: 7
prev = item             prev: 7         item: 7
if prev == item:        prev: 7         item: 7
Duplicate of  7  Found
prev = item             prev: 7         item: 7
if prev == item:        prev: 7         item: 8
prev = item             prev: 8         item: 8
if prev == item:        prev: 8         item: 9
prev = item             prev: 9         item: 9
if prev == item:        prev: 9         item: 10
prev = item             prev: 10        item: 10

 print
a = 1
b = 1
for c in range(1,10):
    print (a)
    n = a + b
    a = b
    b = n
print ("")

1
1
2
3
5
8
13
21
34

 for
 while
 for
for i in xrange(0, 1000000) :
    print(i)
#end for

found = False # initial assumption
for value in values_to_check():
    if is_what_im_looking_for(value):
        found = True
        break
    #end if
#end for
# ... found is True on success, False on failure

values = iter(values_to_check())
while True:
    value = next(values, None)
    if value is None:
        found = False
        break
    #end if
    if is_what_im_looking_for(value):
        found = True
        break
    #end if
#end while
# ... found is True on success, False on failure

def functionname(arg1, arg2, ...):
    statement1
    statement2
    ...

>>> def functionname(arg1,arg2):
...     return arg1+arg2
...
>>> t = functionname(24,24) # Result: 48

def functionname():
    statement1
    statement2
    ...

def square(x):
    return x*x

def first2items(list1):
  return list1[0], list1[1]
a, b = first2items(["Hello", "world", "hi", "universe"])
print a + " " + b

>>> def find_max(a,b):
   if(a > b):
      return str(a) + " is greater than " + str(b)
   elif(b > a):
      return str(b) + " is greater than " + str(a)
>>> find_max(30, 45)  #Here (30, 45) are the arguments passing for finding max between this two numbers
The output will be: 45 is greater than 30

>>> def display_message(message, truncate_after=4):
...     print message[:truncate_after]
...
>>> display_message("message")
mess
>>> display_message("message", 6)
messag

def function(first,second,*remaining):
    statement1
    statement2
    ...

>>> def print_tail(first,*tail):
...     print tail
...
>>> print_tail(1, 5, 2, "omega")
(5, 2, 'omega')

def make_dictionary(max_length=10, **entries):
    return dict([(key, entries[key]) for i, key in enumerate(entries.keys()) if i < max_length])

>>> make_dictionary(max_length=2, key1=5, key2=7, key3=9)
{'key3': 9, 'key2': 7}

def appendItem(ilist, item):
  ilist.append(item) # Modifies ilist in a way visible to the caller

def replaceItems(ilist, newcontentlist):
  del ilist[:]                 # Modification visible to the caller
  ilist.extend(newcontentlist) # Modification visible to the caller
  ilist = [5, 6] # No outside effect; lets the local ilist point to a new list object,
                 # losing the reference to the list object passed as an argument
def clearSet(iset):
  iset.clear()

def tryToTouchAnInteger(iint):
  iint += 1 # No outside effect; lets the local iint to point to a new int object,
            # losing the reference to the int object passed as an argument
  print "iint inside:",iint # 4 if iint was 3 on function entry 

list1 = [1, 2]
appendItem(list1, 3)
print list1 # [1, 2, 3]
replaceItems(list1, [3, 4])
print list1 # [3, 4]
set1 = set([1, 2])
clearSet(set1 )
print set1 # set([])
int1 = 3
tryToTouchAnInteger(int1)
print int1 # 3

def evil_get_length(ilist):
  length = len(ilist)
  del ilist[:] # Muhaha: clear the list
  return length

list1 = [1, 2]
print evil_get_length(list1[:]) # Pass a copy of list1
print list1 # list1 = [1, 2]
print evil_get_length(list1) # list1 gets cleared
print list1 # list1 = []

foo()
square(3)
bar(5, x)

x = foo()
y = bar(5,x)

def display_message(message, start=0, end=4):
   print message[start:end]

display_message("message", end=3)

display_message(end=5, start=1, "my message")

def outside():
  outsideList = [1, 2]
  def nested():
    outsideList.append(3)
  nested()
  print outsideList

def outside():
  def nested():
    outsideList.append(3)
  outsideList = [1, 2]
  nested()
  print outsideList

def adder(outer_argument): # outer function
  def adder_inner(inner_argument): # inner function, nested function
    return outer_argument + inner_argument # Notice outer_argument
  return adder_inner
add5 = adder(5) # a function that adds 5 to its argument
add7 = adder(7) # a function that adds 7 to its argument
print add5(3) # prints 8
print add7(3) # prints 10

>>> def add(a, b):
...    return a + b
...
>>> add(4, 3)
7

>>> print ((lambda a, b: a + b)(4, 3))
7

>>> sorted([[3, 4], [3, 5], [1, 2], [7, 3]], key=lambda x: x[1])
[[1, 2], [7, 3], [3, 4], [3, 5]]

>>> def attribution(name):
...    return lambda x: x + ' -- ' + name
...
>>> pp = attribution('John')
>>> pp('Dinner is in the fridge')
'Dinner is in the fridge -- John'

def concat(a, b):
    return a + b

print concat([5, 4, 3], ["a", "b", "c"])
# prints [5, 4, 3, 'a', 'b', 'c']

def concat(a, b):
    for i in a:
        yield i
    for i in b:
        yield i

for i in concat(xrange(0, 1000000), xrange(1000000, 2000000))
    print i

def foo():
    def bar():
        x = 5 # x is now in scope
        return x + y # y is defined in the enclosing scope later
    y = 10
    return bar() # now that y is defined, bar's scope includes y

>>> foo()
15
>>> bar()
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<pyshell#26>", line 1, in -toplevel-
    bar()
NameError: name 'bar' is not defined

>>> for x in range(10):
         y.append(x) # append is an attribute of lists

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<pyshell#46>", line 2, in -toplevel-
    y.append(x)
NameError: name 'y' is not defined

for x in [1, 2, 3]:
  inner = x
print inner # 3 rather than an error

count1 = 1
count2 = 1
list1 = []
list2 = []

def test1():
  print count1    # Read access is unproblematic, referring to the global

def test2():
  try:
    print count1  # This print would be unproblematic, but it throws an error ...
    count1 += 1   # ... since count1 += 1 causes count1 to be local.
  except UnboundLocalError as error:
    print "Error caught:", error

def test3():
  list1 = [2]     # No outside effect; this rebinds list1 to be a local variable

def test4():
  global count2, list2
  print count1    # Read access is unproblematic, referring to the global
  count2 += 1     # We can modify count2 via assignment
  list1.append(1) # Impacts the global list1 even without global declaration
  list2 = [2]     # Impacts the global list2

test1()
test2()
test3()
test4()

print "count1:", count1  # 1
print "count2:", count2  # 2
print "list1:", list1    # [1]
print "list2:", list2    # [2]

# Requires Python 3
def outer():
  outerint = 0
  outerint2 = 10
  def inner():
    nonlocal outerint
    outerint = 1 # Impacts outer's outerint only because of the nonlocal declaration
    outerint2 = 1 # No impact
  inner()
  print(outerint)
  print(outerint2)

outer()

def outer():
  outerint = [1]           # Technique 1: Store int in a list
  class outerNL: pass      # Technique 2: Store int in a class
  outerNL.outerint2 = 11
  def inner():
    outerint[0] = 2        # List members can be modified
    outerNL.outerint2 = 12 # Class members can be modified
  inner()
  print outerint[0]
  print outerNL.outerint2

outer()

int1 = 1
def test1():
  int1 = 2
  globals()["int1"] = 3  # Write access seems possible
  print locals()["int1"] # 2

test1()

print int1               # 3

   global x
   print("x is", x) 
   x=20
   print("global changed x", x) 
print raw_input('What is your name? ')

What is your name? <user input data here>

x = raw_input('What is your name?')

print 'Your name is ' + x

Your name is Simon

[1,2,3]

x = input('What are the first 10 perfect squares? ')

map(lambda x: x*x, range(10))

x = None
while not x:
    try:
        x = int(raw_input())
    except ValueError:
        print 'Invalid Number'

f = file('test.txt', 'r')

f = open('test.txt', 'r')
for line in f:
    print line[0]
f.close()

with open("test.txt", "r") as txt:
    for line in txt:
        print line

for line in open('test.txt', 'r'):
    print line[0]

c = f.read(1)
while len(c) > 0:
    if len(c.strip()) > 0: print c,
    c = f.read(1)

f.seek(0)

import sys

import sys
for line in sys.stdin:
    print line,

import sys
for arg in sys.argv[1:]:
  print arg

import sys
option_f = False
option_p = False
option_p_argument = ""
i = 1
while i < len(sys.argv):
  if sys.argv[i] == "-f":
    option_f = True
    sys.argv.pop(i)
  elif sys.argv[i] == "-p":
    option_p = True
    sys.argv.pop(i)
    option_p_argument = sys.argv.pop(i)
  else:
    i += 1

print 'Hello, world'

print 'Hello,', 'World'

Hello, World
print 1,2,0xff,0777,(10+5j),-0.999,map,sys

1 2 255 511 (10+5j) -0.999 <built-in function map> <module 'sys' (built-in)>
for i in range(10):
    print i,

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
for i in range(10):
    print i,
print
for i in range(10,20):
    print i,

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
print >> f, 'Hello, world'

print str(1)+str(2)+str(0xff)+str(0777)+str(10+5j)+str(-0.999)+str(map)+str(sys)

12255511(10+5j)-0.999<built-in function map><module 'sys' (built-in)>
import sys
write = sys.stdout.write
write('20')
write('05\n')

2005
file1 = open("TestFile.txt","w")
for i in range(1,10+1):
  print >>file1, i
file1.close()

file1 = open("TestFile.txt","w")
for i in range(1,10+1):
  if i>1:
    file1.write("-")
  file1.write(str(i))
file1.close()

file1 = open("TestFile.txt","a")

v1 = "Int: %i" % 4               # 4
v2 = "Int zero padded: %03i" % 4 # 004
v3 = "Int space padded: %3i" % 4 #   4
v4 = "Hex: %x" % 31              # 1f
v5 = "Hex 2: %X" % 31            # 1F - capitalized F
v6 = "Oct: %o" % 8               # 10
v7 = "Float: %f" % 2.4           # 2.400000
v8 = "Float: %.2f" % 2.4         # 2.40
v9 = "Float in exp: %e" % 2.4    # 2.400000e+00
vA = "Float in exp: %E" % 2.4    # 2.400000E+00
vB = "List as string: %s" % [1, 2, 3]
vC = "Left padded str: %10s" % "cat"
vD = "Right padded str: %-10s" % "cat"
vE = "Truncated str: %.2s" % "cat"
vF = "Dict value str: %(age)s" % {"age": 20}
vG = "Char: %c" % 65             # A
vH = "Char: %c" % "A"            # A

v1 = "Arg 0: {0}".format(31)     # 31
v2 = "Args 0 and 1: {0}, {1}".format(31, 65)
v3 = "Args 0 and 1: {}, {}".format(31, 65)
v4 = "Arg indexed: {0[0]}".format(["e1", "e2"])
v5 = "Arg named: {a}".format(a=31)
v6 = "Hex: {0:x}".format(31)     # 1f
v7 = "Hex: {:x}".format(31)      # 1f - arg 0 is implied
v8 = "Char: {0:c}".format(65)    # A
v9 = "Hex: {:{h}}".format(31, h="x") # 1f - nested evaluation

int1 = 31; int2 = 41; str1="aaa"; myhex = "x"
v1 = f"Two ints: {int1} {int2}"
v2 = f"Int plus 1: {int1+1}"      # 32 - expression evaluation
v3 = f"Str len: {len(str1)}"      # 3 - expression evaluation
v4 = f"Hex: {int1:x}"             # 1f
v5 = f"Hex: {int1:{myhex}}"       # 1f - nested evaluation

inputFileText = open("testit.txt", "r").read()
print(inputFileText)

inputFileText = open("testit.txt", "r").read(123)
print(inputFileText)

>>> f=open("/proc/cpuinfo","r")
>>> f.tell()
0L
>>> f.read(10)
'processor\t'
>>> f.read(10)
': 0\nvendor'
>>> f.tell()
20L
>>> f.seek(10)
>>> f.tell()
10L
>>> f.read(10)
': 0\nvendor'
>>> f.close()
>>> f
<closed file '/proc/cpuinfo', mode 'r' at 0xb7d79770>

for line in open("testit.txt", "r"):
    print line

outputFileText = "Here's some text to save in a file"
open("testit.txt", "w").write(outputFileText)

outputFileText = "Here's some text to add to the existing file."
open("testit.txt", "a").write(outputFileText)

with open("input.txt") as file1:
  data = file1.read()
  # process the data

with open("input.txt") as file1:
  for line in file1:
    print line

import os
os.path.exists('<path string>')

import os
os.path.exists('C:\\windows\\example\\path')

import os
os.path.exists(r'C:\windows\example\path')

>>> import os
>>> os.path.isfile("/")
False
>>> os.path.isfile("/proc/cpuinfo")
True
>>> os.path.isdir("/")
True
>>> os.path.isdir("/proc/cpuinfo")
False
>>> os.path.ismount("/")
True
>>> os.path.islink("/")
False
>>> os.path.islink("/vmlinuz")
True
>>> os.path.realpath("/vmlinuz")
'/boot/vmlinuz-2.6.24-21-generic'

import shutil
shutil.move("originallocation.txt","newlocation.txt")
shutil.copy("original.txt","copy.txt")

import shutil
shutil.copytree("dir1","dir2")
shutil.rmtree("dir1")

import os
os.remove("file.txt")

glob.glob('*.txt') # Finds files in the current directory ending in dot txt 
glob.glob('*\\*.txt') # Finds files in any of the direct subdirectories
                      # of the currect directory ending in dot txt 
glob.glob('C:\\Windows\\*.exe')
for fileName in glob.glob('C:\\Windows\\*.exe'):
  print fileName
glob.glob('C:\\Windows\\**.exe', recursive=True) # Py 3.5: ** allows recursive nesting

filesAndDirectories=os.listdir('.')
for item in filesAndDirectories:
  if os.path.isfile(item) and item.endswith('.txt'):
    print "Text file: " + item
  if os.path.isdir(item):
    print "Directory: " + item

for root, directories, files in os.walk('/user/Joe Hoe'):
  print "Root: " + root                          # e.g. /user/Joe Hoe/Docs
  for dir1 in directories:
    print "Dir.: " + dir1                        # e.g. Fin
    print "Dir. 2: " + os.path.join(root, dir1)  # e.g. /user/Joe Hoe/Docs/Fin
  for file1 in files:
    print "File: " + file1                       # e.g. MyFile.txt
    print "File 2: " + os.path.join(root, file1) # e.g. /user/Joe Hoe/Docs/MyFile.txt

files = [os.path.join(r, f) for r, d, fs in os.walk(".") for f in fs
         if f.endswith(".txt")]
# As iterator
files = (os.path.join(r, f) for r, d, fs in os.walk(".") for f in fs
         if f.endswith(".txt"))

os.getcwd()

os.chdir('C:\\')

>>> len("Hello Wikibooks!")
16
>>> "Hello Wikibooks!"[0:5]
'Hello'
>>> "Hello Wikibooks!"[5:11]
' Wikib'
>>> "Hello Wikibooks!"[:5] #equivalent of [0:5]
'Hello'

>>> ord('h')
104
>>> ord('a')
97
>>> ord('^')
94
>>> chr(104)
'h'
>>> chr(97)
'a'
>>> chr(94)
'^'
# Add each character, and it's ordinal, of user's text input, to two lists
s = input("Enter value: ")  # this line requires Python 3.x, use raw_input() instead of input() in Python 2.x
l1 = [] 
l2 = []
for c in s:   # in Python, a string is just a sequence, so we can iterate over it!
    l1.append(c) 
    l2.append(ord(c))
print(l1)
print(l2)

for
# Add each character, and it's ordinal, of user's text input, to two lists
s = input("Enter value: ")  # this line requires Python 3.x, use raw_input() instead of input() in Python 2.x

l1=[c for c in s]   # in Python, a string is just a sequence, so we can iterate over it!
l2=[ord(c) for c in s]

print(l1)
print(l2)

Enter value: string
['s', 't', 'r', 'i', 'n', 'g']
[115, 116, 114, 105, 110, 103]

Enter value: Hello, Wikibooks!
['H', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', ',', ' ', 'W', 'i', 'k', 'i', 'b', 'o', 'o', 'k', 's', '!']
[72, 101, 108, 108, 111, 44, 32, 87, 105, 107, 105, 98, 111, 111, 107, 115, 33]

import math
print math.sqrt(10)

import math as Mathematics
print Mathematics.sqrt(10)

from math import sqrt
print sqrt(10)

from math import cos as cosine
print cosine(10)

import os, sys, re

def sqrtTen():
  import math
  print math.sqrt(10)

from math import *
print sqrt(10)

def sqrtTen():
  from math import *
  print sqrt(10)

try:
  import custommodule
except ImportError:
  pass

if "re" in sys.modules:
  print "Regular expression module is ready for use."

class Object1:
        def __init__(self):
                self.name = 'object 1'

import mymod
myobject = mymod.Object1()
from mymod import *
myobject = Object1()

from Object1 import *
from Object2 import *
from Object3 import *

__all__ = ["Object1", "Object2", "Object3"]

from . import *

class Object2:
        def __init__(self):
                self.name = 'object 2'
                self.otherObject = Object1()

def reusable_function(x, y):
  return x + y

def main():
  pass
  # Any code you like

if __name__ == '__main__':
  main()

from mymodule import reusable_function
my_result = reusable_function(4, 5)

import sys
sys.path.append("/My/Path/To/Module/Directory")
from ModuleFileName import my_function

print sys.builtin_module_names
print "_sre" in sys.builtin_module_names # True
print "math" in sys.builtin_module_names # True
import math
class MyComplex:
  """A complex number"""       # Class documentation
  classvar = 0.0               # A class attribute, not an instance one
  def phase(self):             # A method
    return math.atan2(self.imaginary, self.real)
  def __init__(self):          # A constructor
    """A constructor"""
    self.real = 0.0            # An instance attribute
    self.imaginary = 0.0
c1 = MyComplex()
c1.real = 3.14                 # No access protection
c1.imaginary = 2.71
phase = c1.phase()             # Method call
c1.undeclared = 9.99           # Add an instance attribute
del c1.undeclared              # Delete an instance attribute

print vars(c1)                 # Attributes as a dictionary
vars(c1)["undeclared2"] = 7.77 # Write access to an attribute
print c1.undeclared2           # 7.77, indeed

MyComplex.classvar = 1         # Class attribute access
print c1.classvar == 1         # True; class attribute access, not an instance one
print "classvar" in vars(c1)   # False
c1.classvar = -1               # An instance attribute overshadowing the class one
MyComplex.classvar = 2         # Class attribute access
print c1.classvar == -1        # True; instance attribute acccess
print "classvar" in vars(c1)   # True

class MyComplex2(MyComplex):   # Class derivation or inheritance
  def __init__(self, re = 0, im = 0):
    self.real = re             # A constructor with multiple arguments with defaults
    self.imaginary = im
  def phase(self):
    print "Derived phase"
    return MyComplex.phase(self) # Call to a base class; "super"
c3 = MyComplex2()
c4 = MyComplex2(1, 1)
c4.phase()                     # Call to the method in the derived class

class Record: pass             # Class as a record/struct with arbitrary attributes
record = Record()
record.name = "Joe"
record.surname = "Hoe"

class ClassName:
    "Here is an explanation about your class"
    pass

class Foo:
    "Foo is our new toy."
    pass

f = Foo()

>>> class Foo:
...     def setx(self, x):
...         self.x = x
...     def bar(self):
...         print self.x

>>> f = Foo()
>>> f.setx(5)
>>> f.bar()

5
>>> Foo.setx(f,5)
>>> Foo.bar(f)

>>> del f.x
>>> f.bar()

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in ?
  File "<stdin>", line 5, in bar
AttributeError: Foo instance has no attribute 'x'
>>> Foo.y = 10
>>> g = Foo()
>>> g.y
10

>>> vars(g)
{}

>>> vars(Foo)
{'y': 10, 'bar': <function bar at 0x4d6a3c>, '__module__': '__main__',
 'setx': <function setx at 0x4d6a04>, '__doc__': None}

>>> g.setx(5)
>>> vars(g)
{'x': 5}

>>> g.y = 9
>>> vars(g)
{'y': 9, 'x': 5}
>>> vars(Foo)
{'y': 10, 'bar': <function bar at 0x4d6a3c>, '__module__': '__main__',
 'setx': <function setx at 0x4d6a04>, '__doc__': None}

>>> g.y
9
>>> Foo.y
10

>>> g.__dict__
{'y': 9, 'x': 5}

>>> g.__dict__['z'] = -4
>>> g.z
-4

f = Foo()
f.setx(324)
f.boo()
g = Foo()
g.setx(100)
g.boo()

>>> class ClassicFoo:
...     def __init__(self):
...         pass

>>> class NewStyleFoo(object):
...     def __init__(self):
...         pass

>>> class SpamWithProperties(object):
...     def __init__(self):
...         self.__egg = "MyEgg"
...     def get_egg(self):
...         return self.__egg
...     def set_egg(self, egg):
...         self.__egg = egg
...     egg = property(get_egg, set_egg)

>>> sp = SpamWithProperties()
>>> sp.egg
'MyEgg'
>>> sp.egg = "Eggs With Spam"
>>> sp.egg
'Eggs With Spam'
>>>

>>> class SpamWithProperties(object):
...     def __init__(self):
...         self.__egg = "MyEgg"
...     @property
...     def egg(self):
...         return self.__egg
...     @egg.setter
...     def egg(self, egg):
...         self.__egg = egg

>>> class StaticSpam(object):
...     def StaticNoSpam():
...         print "You can't have have the spam, spam, eggs and spam without any spam... that's disgusting"
...     NoSpam = staticmethod(StaticNoSpam)

>>> StaticSpam.NoSpam()
You can't have have the spam, spam, eggs and spam without any spam... that's disgusting

>>> class StaticSpam(object):
...     @staticmethod
...     def StaticNoSpam():
...         print "You can't have have the spam, spam, eggs and spam without any spam... that's disgusting"

class ClassName(BaseClass1, BaseClass2, BaseClass3,...):
    ...

>>> class Foo:
...     def bar(self):
...         print "I'm doing Foo.bar()"
...     x = 10
...
>>> class Bar(Foo):
...     def bar(self):
...         print "I'm doing Bar.bar()"
...         Foo.bar(self)
...     y = 9
...
>>> g = Bar()
>>> Bar.bar(g)
I'm doing Bar.bar()
I'm doing Foo.bar()
>>> g.y
9
>>> g.x
10

>>> vars(g)
{}
>>> vars(Bar)
{'y': 9, '__module__': '__main__', 'bar': <function bar at 0x4d6a04>,
 '__doc__': None}
>>> vars(Foo)
{'x': 10, '__module__': '__main__', 'bar': <function bar at 0x4d6994>,
 '__doc__': None}

class ClassName(BaseClass1, BaseClass2, BaseClass3):
    pass

class A:
    def __init__(self):
        print 'A.__init__()'
a = A()

A.__init__()
class Foo:
    def __init__ (self, printme):
        print printme
foo = Foo('Hi!')

Hi!
class Foo:
    def __init__ (self, x):
         print x
foo = Foo('Hi!')
class Foo2:
    def setx(self, x):
        print x
f = Foo2()
Foo2.setx(f,'Hi!')

Hi!
Hi!
class ConstructorsDestructors:
    def __init__(self):
        print 'init'

    def __del__(self):
        print 'del'

    def __enter__(self):
        print 'enter'

    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback):
        print 'exit'

with ConstructorsDestructors():
    pass

init
enter
exit
del
class Bar:
    def __init__ (self, iamthis):
        self.iamthis = iamthis
    def __str__ (self):
        return self.iamthis
bar = Bar('apple')
print bar

apple
class Bar:
    def __init__ (self, iamthis):
        self.iamthis = iamthis
    def __repr__(self):
        return "Bar('%s')" % self.iamthis
bar = Bar('apple')
bar

Bar('apple')
>>> class Unchangable:
...    def __setattr__(self, name, value):
...        print "Nice try"
...
>>> u = Unchangable()
>>> u.x = 9
Nice try
>>> u.x

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in ?
AttributeError: Unchangable instance has no attribute 'x'
>>> class HiddenMembers:
...     def __getattr__(self, name):
...         return "You don't get to see " + name
...
>>> h = HiddenMembers()
>>> h.anything
"You don't get to see anything"

>>> class Permanent:
...     def __delattr__(self, name):
...         print name, "cannot be deleted"
...
>>> p = Permanent()
>>> p.x = 9
>>> del p.x
x cannot be deleted
>>> p.x
9

>>> class FakeNumber:
...     n = 5
...     def __add__(A,B):
...         return A.n + B.n
...
>>> c = FakeNumber()
>>> d = FakeNumber()
>>> d.n = 7
>>> c + d
12

>>> c.__imul__ = lambda B: B.n - 6
>>> c *= d
>>> c
1

>>> c = FakeNumber()
>>> c += d
>>> c
12

>>> FakeNumber.__neg__ = lambda A : A.n + 6
>>> -d
13

>>> class FakeList:
...     def __getitem__(self,index):
...         return index * 2
...
>>> f = FakeList()
>>> f['a']
'aa'

>>> class FakeList:
...     def __setitem__(self,index,value):
...         self.string = index + " is now " + value
...
>>> f = FakeList()
>>> f['a'] = 'gone'
>>> f.string
'a is now gone'

>>> class FakeList:
...     def __getslice___(self,start,end):
...         return str(start) + " to " + str(end)
...
>>> f = FakeList()
>>> f[1:4]
'1 to 4'

>> f[:]
'0 to 2147483647'

>>> class Documented:
...     """This is a docstring"""
...     def explode(self):
...         """
...         This method is documented, too! The coder is really serious about
...         making this class usable by others who don't know the code as well
...         as he does.
...
...         """
...         print "boom"
>>> d = Documented()
>>> d.__doc__
'This is a docstring'

class Spam:
  def __init__(self):
    self.myeggs = 5

def cook(self):
  print "cooking %s eggs" % self.myeggs

Spam.cook = cook   #add the function to the class Spam
eggs = Spam()      #NOW create a new instance of Spam
eggs.cook()        #and we are ready to cook!

cooking 5 eggs
class Spam:
  def __init__(self):
    self.myeggs = 5

eggs = Spam()

def cook(self):
  print "cooking %s eggs" % self.myeggs

import types
f = types.MethodType(cook, eggs, Spam)
eggs.cook = f

eggs.cook()

cooking 5 eggs
def attach_method(fxn, instance, myclass):
  f = types.MethodType(fxn, instance, myclass)
  setattr(instance, fxn.__name__, f)

attach_method(cook, eggs, Spam)

instance.fxn = f
import random
try:
  ri = random.randint(0, 2)
  if ri == 0:
    infinity = 1/0
  elif ri == 1:
    raise ValueError("Message")
    #raise ValueError, "Message" # Deprecated
  elif ri == 2:
    raise ValueError # Without message
except ZeroDivisionError:
  pass
except ValueError as valerr:
# except ValueError, valerr: # Deprecated?
  print valerr
  raise # Raises the exception just caught
except: # Any other exception
  pass
finally: # Optional
  pass # Clean up

class CustomValueError(ValueError): pass # Custom exception
try:
  raise CustomValueError
  raise TypeError
except (ValueError, TypeError): # Value error catches custom, a derived class, as well
  pass                          # A tuple catches multiple exception classes

>>> 1 / 0
Traceback (most recent call last):
    File "<stdin>", line 1, in ?
ZeroDivisionError: integer division or modulo by zero

try:
    print 1/0
except ZeroDivisionError:
    print "You can't divide by zero!"

def f(x):
    return g(x) + 1

def g(x):
    if x < 0: raise ValueError, "I can't cope with a negative number here."
    else: return 5

try:
    print f(-6)
except ValueError:
    print "That value was invalid."

try:
    the_file = open("the_parrot")
except IOError, (ErrorNumber, ErrorMessage):
    if ErrorNumber == 2: # file not found
        print "Sorry, 'the_parrot' has apparently joined the choir invisible."
    else:
        print "Congratulation! you have managed to trip a #%d error" % ErrorNumber
        print ErrorMessage

class CustomException(Exception):
    def __init__(self, value):
        self.parameter = value
    def __str__(self):
        return repr(self.parameter)

try:
    raise CustomException("My Useful Error Message")
except CustomException, (instance):
    print "Caught: " + instance.parameter

try:
    result = None
    try:
        result = x/y
    except ZeroDivisionError:
        print "division by zero!"
    print "result is ", result
finally:
    print "executing finally clause"

try:
    result = x / y
except ZeroDivisionError:
    print "division by zero!"
else:
    print "result is", result
finally:
    print "executing finally clause"

if hasattr(self, 'items'):
    self.items.extend(new_items)
else:
    self.items = list(new_items)

try:
    self.items.extend(new_items)
except AttributeError:
    self.items = list(new_items)

#Counting Sheep
#Goal: Print number of sheep up until 101.
sheep_count=1
while sheep_count<100:
    print("%i Sheep"%sheep_count)

try
import urllib2
url = 'http://www.example.com'
try:
    req = urllib2.Request(url)
    response = urllib2.urlopen(req)
    the_page = response.read()
    print the_page
except:
    print "We have a problem."

try:
    age = int(raw_input("Enter your age: "))
    print "You must be {0} years old.".format(age)
except ValueError:
    print "Your age must be numeric."

Enter your age: 5
Your age must be 5 years old.

ValueError
int()
except
Enter your age: five
Your age must be numeric.

try
while
valid = False
while valid == False:
    try:
        age = int(raw_input("Enter your age: "))
        valid = True     # This statement will only execute if the above statement executes without error.
        print "You must be {0} years old.".format(age)
    except ValueError:
        print "Your age must be numeric."

Enter your age: five
Your age must be numeric.
Enter your age: abc10
Your age must be numeric.
Enter your age: 15
You must be 15 years old.

f=raw_input("enter the name of the file:")
l=raw_input("enter the name of the link:")
try:
    os.symlink(f,l)
except OSError as e:
    print "an error occurred linking %s to %s: %s\n error no %d"%(f,l,e.args[1],e.args[0])

enter the name of the file:file1.txt
enter the name of the link:AlreadyExists.txt
an error occurred linking file1.txt to AlreadyExists.txt: File exists
 error no 17

enter the name of the file:file1.txt
enter the name of the link:/Cant/Write/Here/file1.txt
an error occurred linking file1.txt to /Cant/Write/Here/file1.txt: Permission denied
 error no 13

#!/usr/bin/env python
# commentexample.py

# Display the knights that come after Scene 24
print("The Knights Who Say Ni!")
# print("I will never see the light of day!")

x = x + 1  # Increment x

x = x + 1  # Compensate for border

#!/usr/bin/env python
# docstringexample.py

"""Example of using documentation strings."""

class Knight:
    """
    An example class.

    Call spam to get bacon.
    """

    def spam(eggs="bacon"):
        """Prints the argument given."""
        print(eggs)

import module_with_very_long_name as vl
vl.f()  # easier than module_with_very_long_name.f, but still robust

from p import sm  # completely fine
sm.f()

b, a = a, b

a and a.x
a and a.f()

match and match.group(0)

for i, x in enumerate(l):
    # ...

for i in range(len(l)):
    x = l[i]  # why did you go from list to numbers back to the list?
    # ...

try:
    x = next(i for i, n in enumerate(l) if n > 0)
except StopIteration:
    print('No positive numbers')
else:
    print('The index of the first positive number is', x)

try:
    x = next(n for n in l if n > 0)
except StopIteration:
    print('No positive numbers')
else:
    print('The first positive number is', x)

del l[j:]
del l[:i]

l = l[:j]
l = l[i:]

m = l
l = l[i:j]  # why not m = l[i:j] ?

s = {1, 'a', ...}
l = sorted(s)
d = {'a': 1, ...}
l = sorted(d)

def valid_sign(sign):
    return sign in '+-'  # wrong, returns true for sign == '+-'

def valid_sign(sign):
    return sign in ('+', '-')

s = ''
for x in l:
    # this makes a new string every iteration, because strings are immutable
    s += x

# ...
# l.append(x)
s = ''.join(l)

s = ''.join(f(x) for x in l)

# Iterate over keys
for k in d:
    ...

# Iterate over values, Python 3
for v in d.values():
    ...

# Iterate over values, Python 2
# In Python 2, dict.values() returns a copy
for v in d.itervalues():
    ...

# Iterate over keys and values, Python 3
for k, v in d.items():
    ...

# Iterate over values, Python 2
# In Python 2, dict.items() returns a copy
for k, v in d.iteritems():
    ...

for k, _ in d.items():  # instead: for k in d:
    ...
for _, v in d.items():  # instead: for v in d.values()
    ...

if 'k' in d:
    # ... d['k']

v = d.get('k')
if v is not None:
    # ... v

match = re.match(r, s)
return match and match.group(0)

def multiply(a, b):
    result = a * b
    log("multiply has been called")
    return result

def add(a, b):
    result = a + b
    log("add has been called")
    return result

>>> class Foo(object):
...     @property
...     def bar(self):
...         return 'baz'
...
>>> F = Foo()
>>> print F.bar
baz

>>> class Foo(object):
...     def bar(self):
...         return 'baz'
...     bar = property(bar)
...
>>> F = Foo()
>>> print F.bar
baz

>>> def decorator(f):
...     def called(*args, **kargs):
...         print 'A function is called somewhere'
...         return f(*args, **kargs)
...     return called
...
>>> class Foo(object):
...     @decorator
...     def bar(self):
...         return 'baz'
...
>>> F = Foo()
>>> print F.bar()
A function is called somewhere
baz

#define the Trace class that will be 
#invoked using decorators
class Trace(object):
    def __init__(self, f):
        self.f =f

    def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        print "entering function " + self.f.__name__
        i=0
        for arg in args:
            print "arg {0}: {1}".format(i, arg)
            i =i+1

        return self.f(*args, **kwargs)

@Trace
def sum(a, b):
    print "inside sum"
    return a + b

>>> sum(3,2)
entering function sum
arg 0: 3
arg 1: 2
inside sum

def Trace(f):
    def my_f(*args, **kwargs):
        print "entering " +  f.__name__
        result= f(*args, **kwargs)
        print "exiting " +  f.__name__
        return result
    my_f.__name = f.__name__
    my_f.__doc__ = f.__doc__
    return my_f

#An example of the trace decorator
@Trace
def sum(a, b):
    print "inside sum"
    return a + b

#if you run this you should see
>>> sum(3,2)
entering sum
inside sum
exiting sum
5

f = open(filename)
# ...
f.close()

f = open(filename)
try:
    # ...
finally:
    f.close()

with open(filename) as f:
    # ...

with A() as a:
    ...

a_cm = A()
with a_cm as a:
   ...

@contextmanager
def FileName(*args, **kwargs):
   with File(*args, **kwargs) as f:
       yield f.name

with open(filename) as f:
    lines = (line.rstrip('\n') for line in f)

with open(filename) as f:
    lines = [line.rstrip('\n') for line in f]

def stripped_lines(filename):
    with open(filename) as f:
        for line in f:
            yield line.rstrip('\n')

from contextlib import closing

with closing(stripped_lines(filename)) as lines:
    # ...

class Plant: pass                        # Dummy class
class Tree(Plant): pass                  # Dummy class derived from Plant
tree = Tree()                            # A new instance of Tree class
print isinstance(tree, Tree)             # True
print isinstance(tree, Plant)            # True
print isinstance(tree, object)           # True
print type(tree) is Tree                 # False
print type(tree).__name__ == "instance"  # True
print tree.__class__.__name__ == "Tree"  # True

class Plant: pass                        # Dummy class
class Tree(Plant): pass                  # Dummy class derived from Plant
tree = Tree()                            # A new instance of Tree class
print issubclass(Tree, Plant)            # True
print issubclass(Tree, object)           # False in Python 2
print issubclass(int, object)            # True
print issubclass(bool, int)              # True
print issubclass(int, int)               # True
print issubclass(tree, Plant)            # Error - tree is not a class

import keyword
pykeywords = keyword.kwlist
print keyword.iskeyword("if")      # True
print keyword.iskeyword("True")    # False

print dir(__builtins__)           # Output the list
print type(__builtins__.list)     # = <type 'type'>
print type(__builtins__.open)     # = <type 'builtin_function_or_method'>
print list is __builtins__.list   # True
print open is __builtins__.open   # True

>>> type(object)
<type 'type'>
>>> type(int)
<type 'type'>
>>> type(list)
<type 'type'>

>>> type(type)
<type 'type'>

>>> class MyClass(BaseClass):
...     attribute = 42

>>> MyClass = type("MyClass", (BaseClass,), {'attribute' : 42})

class CustomMetaclass(type):
    def __init__(cls, name, bases, dct):
        print "Creating class %s using CustomMetaclass" % name
        super(CustomMetaclass, cls).__init__(name, bases, dct)

class BaseClass(metaclass=CustomMetaclass):
    pass

class Subclass1(BaseClass):
    pass

Creating class BaseClass using CustomMetaclass
Creating class Subclass1 using CustomMetaclass
print "Spam" + " eggs" + " and" + " spam"               # DON'T DO THIS
print " ".join(["Spam","eggs","and","spam"])            # Much faster/more
                                                        # common Python idiom
print "%s %s %s %s" % ("Spam", "eggs", "and", "spam")   # Also a pythonic way of
                                                        # doing it - very fast

import cPickle as pickle

try:
  import cPickle as pickle
except ImportError:
  import pickle

directory = os.listdir(os.getcwd())       # Gets a list of files in the
                                          # directory the program runs from
filesInDir = [item for item in directory] # Normal For Loop rules apply, you
                                          # can add "if condition" to make a
                                          # more narrow search.

[a - b for (a,b) in zip((1,2,3), (1,2,3))]  # will return [0, 0, 0]

list1 = [{'a': 1, 'b': 2}, {'c': 3, 'd': 4}, {'e': 5, 'f': 6}]
list2 = [{'e': 5, 'f': 6}, {'g': 7, 'h': 8}, {'i': 9, 'j': 10}]

common = []
for entry in list1:
    if entry in list2:
        common.append(entry)

set1 = set([tuple(entry.items()) for entry in list1])
set2 = set([tuple(entry.items()) for entry in list2])
common = set1.intersection(set2)
common = [dict(entry) for entry in common]

def flatten(seq, list = None):
    """flatten(seq, list = None) -> list

    Return a flat version of the iterator `seq` appended to `list`
    """
    if list == None:
        list = []
    try:                          # Can `seq` be iterated over?
        for item in seq:          # If so then iterate over `seq`
            flatten(item, list)      # and make the same check on each item.
    except TypeError:             # If seq isn't iterable
        list.append(seq)             # append it to the new list.
    return list

print 'Hit Enter to exit'
raw_input()

[on_true] if [expression] else [on_false]

x, y = 50, 25

small = x if x < y else y

b = 1==1
name = "I am %s" % ["John","Doe"][b]
#returns I am Doe

import re

import re
if re.search("l+","Hello"):        print 1  # Substring match suffices
if not re.match("ell.","Hello"):   print 2  # The beginning of the string has to match
if re.match(".el","Hello"):        print 3
if re.match("he..o","Hello",re.I): print 4  # Case-insensitive match
print re.sub("l+", "l", "Hello")            # Prints "Helo"; replacement AKA substitution
print re.sub(r"(.*)\1", r"\1", "HeyHey")    # Prints "Hey"; backreference
print re.sub("EY", "ey", "HEy", flags=re.I) # Prints "Hey"; case-insensitive sub
print re.sub(r"(?i)EY", r"ey", "HEy")       # Prints "Hey"; case-insensitive sub
for match in re.findall("l+.", "Hello Dolly"):
  print match                               # Prints "llo" and then "lly"
for match in re.findall("e(l+.)", "Hello Dolly"):
  print match                               # Prints "llo"; match picks group 1
for match in re.findall("(l+)(.)", "Hello Dolly"):
  print match[0], match[1]                  # The groups end up as items in a tuple
match = re.match("(Hello|Hi) (Tom|Thom)","Hello Tom Bombadil")
if match:                                 # Equivalent to if match is not None
  print match.group(0)                    # Prints the whole match disregarding groups
  print match.group(1) + match.group(2)   # Prints "HelloTom"

>>> import re
>>> foo = re.compile(r'foo(.{,5})bar', re.I+re.S)
>>> st1 = 'Foo, Bar, Baz'
>>> st2 = '2. foo is bar'
>>> search1 = foo.search(st1)
>>> search2 = foo.search(st2)
>>> match1 = foo.match(st1)
>>> match2 = foo.match(st2)

>>> search3 = re.search('oo.*ba', st1, re.I)

>>> match3 = foo.match(st2, 3)

>>> str3 = 'foo, Bar Foo. BAR FoO: bar'
>>> foo.findall(str3)
[', ', '. ', ': ']
>>> for match in foo.finditer(str3):
...     match.group(1)
...
', '
'. '
': '

>>> search1.group()
'Foo, Bar'
>>> search1.group(1)
', '

>>> search1.start()
0
>>> search1.end()
8
>>> search1.start(1)
3
>>> search1.end(1)
5

>>> import re
>>> mystring = 'This string has a q in it'
>>> pattern = re.compile(r'(a[n]? )(\w) ')
>>> newstring = pattern.sub(r"\1'\2' ", mystring)
>>> newstring
"This string has a 'q' in it"

>>> subresult = pattern.subn(r"\1'\2' ", mystring)
>>> subresult
("This string has a 'q' in it", 1)

>>> result = re.sub(r"b.*d","z","abccde")
>>> result
'aze'

>>> import re
>>> mystring = '1. First part 2. Second part 3. Third part'
>>> re.split(r'\d\.', mystring)
['', ' First part ', ' Second part ', ' Third part']

>>> re.escape(r'This text (and this) must be escaped with a "\" to use in a regexp.')
'This\\ text\\ \\(and\\ this\\)\\ must\\ be\\ escaped\\ with\\ a\\ \\"\\\\\\"\\ to\\ use\\ in\\ a\\ regexp\\.'

import re
foo = re.compile(r'foo(.{,5})bar', re.I+re.S)

import os
os.system("dir")
os.system("echo Hello")
exitCode = os.system("echotypo")

subprocess.call(["echo", "Hello"])
exitCode = subprocess.call(["dir", "nonexistent"])

import popen2
readStream, writeStream, errorStream = popen2.popen3("dir")
# allLines = readStream.readlines()
for line in readStream:
  print line.rstrip()
readStream.close()
writeStream.close()
errorStream.close()

import subprocess
process = subprocess.Popen(["echo","Hello"], stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
for line in process.stdout:
   print line.rstrip()

import xml.sax.handler as saxhandler
import xml.sax as saxparser

class MyReport:
    def __init__(self):
        self.Y = 1

class MyCH(saxhandler.ContentHandler):
    def __init__(self, report):
        self.X = 1
        self.report = report

    def startDocument(self):
        print 'startDocument'

    def startElement(self, name, attrs):
        print 'Element:', name

report = MyReport()          #for future use
ch = MyCH(report)

xml = """\
<collection>
  <comic title=\"Sandman\" number='62'>
     <writer>Neil Gaiman</writer>
     <penciller pages='1-9,18-24'>Glyn Dillon</penciller>
     <penciller pages="10-17">Charles Vess</penciller>
  </comic>
</collection>
"""

print xml

saxparser.parseString(xml, ch)

from xml.dom import minidom as dom
import urllib2

def fetchPage(url):
    a = urllib2.urlopen(url)
    return ''.join(a.readlines())

def extract(page):
    a = dom.parseString(page)
    item = a.getElementsByTagName('item')
    for i in item:
        if i.hasChildNodes():
            t = i.getElementsByTagName('title')[0].firstChild.wholeText
            l = i.getElementsByTagName('link')[0].firstChild.wholeText
            d = i.getElementsByTagName('description')[0].firstChild.wholeText
            print t, l, d

if __name__=='__main__':
    page = fetchPage("http://rss.slashdot.org/Slashdot/slashdot")
    extract(page)

import smtplib
server = smtplib.SMTP('smtp.gmail.com', 587)

server.ehlo()
server.starttls()
server.ehlo()

server.login("youremailusername", "password")

msg = "\nHello!" # The /n separates the message from the headers (which we ignore for this example)
server.sendmail("you@gmail.com", "target@example.com", msg)

from email.mime.text import MIMEText
from email.mime.multipart import MIMEMultipart

fromaddr = "you@gmail.com"
toaddr = "target@example.com"
msg = MIMEMultipart()
msg['From'] = fromaddr
msg['To'] = toaddr
msg['Subject'] = "Python email"

body = "Python test mail"
msg.attach(MIMEText(body, 'plain'))

import smtplib
server = smtplib.SMTP('smtp.gmail.com', 587)
server.ehlo()
server.starttls()
server.ehlo()
server.login("youremailusername", "password")
text = msg.as_string()
server.sendmail(fromaddr, toaddr, text)

>>> print text
Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary="===============1893313573=="
MIME-Version: 1.0
From: you@gmail.com
To: target@example.com
Subject: Python email

--===============1893313573==
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii"
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit

Python test mail
--===============1893313573==--

import threading
import time

def loop1_10():
    for i in range(1, 11):
        time.sleep(1)
        print(i)

threading.Thread(target=loop1_10).start()

#!/usr/bin/env python

import threading
import time

class MyThread(threading.Thread):
    def run(self):                                         # Default called function with mythread.start()
        print("{} started!".format(self.getName()))        # "Thread-x started!"
        time.sleep(1)                                      # Pretend to work for a second
        print("{} finished!".format(self.getName()))       # "Thread-x finished!"

def main():
    for x in range(4):                                     # Four times...
        mythread = MyThread(name = "Thread-{}".format(x))  # ...Instantiate a thread and pass a unique ID to it
        mythread.start()                                   # ...Start the thread, run method will be invoked
        time.sleep(.9)                                     # ...Wait 0.9 seconds before starting another

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

Thread-0 started!
Thread-1 started!
Thread-0 finished!
Thread-2 started!
Thread-1 finished!
Thread-3 started!
Thread-2 finished!
Thread-3 finished!
import socket
s = socket.socket()
s.connect(('localhost', 80))
s.send('GET / HTTP/1.1\nHost:localhost\n\n')
s.recv(40000) # receive 40000 bytes

ntpps       picoseconds portion of time
ntps        seconds portion of time
ntpms       milliseconds portion of time
ntpt        64-bit ntp time, seconds in upper 32-bits, picoseconds in lower 32-bits
from Tkinter import *
root = Tk()
frame = Frame(root)
frame.pack()
label = Label(frame, text="Hey there.")
label.pack()
quitButton = Button(frame, text="Quit", command=frame.quit)
quitButton.pack()
root.mainloop()

from PyQt4.QtCore import *
from PyQt4.QtGui import *

class App(QApplication):
    def __init__(self, argv):
        super(App, self).__init__(argv)
        self.msg = QLabel("Hello, World!")
        self.msg.show()

if __name__ == "__main__":
    import sys
    app = App(sys.argv)
    sys.exit(app.exec_())

import wx

class test(wx.App):
    def __init__(self):
        wx.App.__init__(self, redirect=False)

    def OnInit(self):
        frame = wx.Frame(None, -1,
                         "Test",
                         pos=(50,50), size=(100,40),
                         style=wx.DEFAULT_FRAME_STYLE)
        button = wx.Button(frame, -1, "Hello World!", (20, 20))
        self.frame = frame
        self.frame.Show()
        return True

if __name__ == '__main__':
        app = test()
        app.MainLoop()

import dabo
dabo.ui.loadUI("wx")

class TestForm(dabo.ui.dForm):
	def afterInit(self):
		self.Caption = "Test"
		self.Position = (50, 50)
		self.Size = (100, 40)
		self.btn = dabo.ui.dButton(self, Caption="Hello World",
		      OnHit=self.onButtonClick)
		self.Sizer.append(self.btn, halign="center", border=20)

	def onButtonClick(self, evt):
		dabo.ui.info("Hello World!")

if __name__ == '__main__':
        app = dabo.ui.dApp()
        app.MainFormClass = TestForm
        app.start()

from fltk import *

window = Fl_Window(100, 100, 200, 90)
button = Fl_Button(9,20,180,50)
button.label("Hello World")
window.end()
window.show()
Fl.run()

from Tkinter import *
root = Tk()
frame = Frame(root)
frame.pack()
label = Label(frame, text="Hey there.")
label.pack()
quitButton = Button(frame, text="Quit", command=frame.quit)
quitButton.pack()
root.mainloop()

from Tkinter import *
root = Tk()
frame = Frame(root)
frame.pack()
Label(frame, text="Hey there.").pack()
Button(frame, text="Quit", command=frame.quit).pack()
root.mainloop()

from Tkinter import *

class App(Frame):
  def __init__(self, master):
    Frame.__init__(self)
    self.label = Label(master, text="Hey there.")
    self.label.pack()    
    self.quitButton = Button(master, text="Quit", command=self.quit)
    self.quitButton.pack()

if __name__ == '__main__':
  root = Tk()
  app = App(root)
  root.mainloop()

import Tkinter, tkMessageBox
Tkinter.Tk().withdraw() # Workaround: Hide the window
answer = tkMessageBox.askokcancel("Confirmation", "File not saved. Discard?")
answer = tkMessageBox.askyesno("Confirmation", "Do you really want to delete the file?")
# Above, "OK" and "Yes" yield True, and "Cancel" and "No" yield False
tkMessageBox.showwarning("Warning", "Timeout has elapsed.")
tkMessageBox.showwarning("Warning", "Timeout has elapsed.", icon=tkMessageBox.ERROR)
tkMessageBox.showerror("Warning", "Timeout has elapsed.")

import Tkinter, tkFileDialog
Tkinter.Tk().withdraw() # Workaround: Hide the window
filename1 = tkFileDialog.askopenfilename()
filename2 = tkFileDialog.askopenfilename(initialdir=r"C:\Users")
filename3 = tkFileDialog.asksaveasfilename()
filename4 = tkFileDialog.asksaveasfilename(initialdir=r"C:\Users")
if filename1 <> "":
  for line in open(filename1): # Dummy reading of the file
    dummy = line.rstrip()

from Tkinter import *
master = Tk()  
choices = [("Apple", "a"), ("Orange", "o"), ("Pear", "p")]
defaultChoice = "a"
userchoice = StringVar()
userchoice.set(defaultChoice)
def cancelAction(): userchoice.set("");master.quit()
Label(master, text="Choose a fruit:").pack()
for text, key in choices: 
  Radiobutton(master, text=text, variable=userchoice, value=key).pack(anchor=W)
Button(master, text="OK", command=master.quit).pack(side=LEFT, ipadx=10)
Button(master, text="Cancel", command=cancelAction).pack(side=RIGHT, ipadx=10)
mainloop()
if userchoice.get() <>"":
  print userchoice.get() # "a", or "o", or "p"
else:
  print "Choice canceled."

from Tkinter import *
import os
buttons = [("Users", r"C:\Users"),
           ("Windows", r"C:\Windows"),
           ("Program Files", r"C:\Program Files")]
master = Tk()
def open(filePath):
  def openInner():
    os.chdir(filePath) # Cross platform
    #os.system('start "" "'+filePath+'') # Windows
    master.quit()
  return openInner
Label(master, text="Choose a fruit:").pack()
for buttonLabel, filePath in buttons:
  Button(master, text=buttonLabel, command=open(filePath)).pack(anchor=W)
mainloop()

from Tkinter import *
master = Tk()  
choices = ["Apple", "Orange", "Pear"]
canceled = BooleanVar()
def cancelAction(): canceled.set(True); master.quit()
Label(master, text="Choose a fruit:").pack()
listbox = Listbox(master, selectmode=EXTENDED) # Multiple options can be chosen
for text in choices: 
  listbox.insert(END, text)
listbox.pack()    
Button(master, text="OK", command=master.quit).pack(side=LEFT, ipadx=10)
Button(master, text="Cancel", command=cancelAction).pack(side=RIGHT, ipadx=10)
mainloop()
if not canceled.get():
  print listbox.curselection() # A tuple of choice indices starting with 0
  # The above is a tuple even if selectmode=SINGLE
  if "0" in listbox.curselection(): print "Apple chosen."
  if "1" in listbox.curselection(): print "Orange chosen."
  if "2" in listbox.curselection(): print "Pear chosen."  
else:
  print "Choice canceled."

from Tkinter import *
root = Tk()
checkbuttonState = IntVar()
Checkbutton(root, text="Recursive", variable=checkbuttonState).pack()
mainloop()
print checkbuttonState.get() # 1 = checked; 0 = unchecked

from Tkinter import *
root = Tk()
Label(text="Enter your first name:").pack()
entryContent = StringVar()
Entry(root, textvariable=entryContent).pack()
mainloop()
print entryContent.get()

from Tkinter import *
root = Tk()
def mycommand(): print "Chosen."
menubar = Menu(root)

menu1 = Menu(menubar, tearoff=0)
menu1.add_command(label="New", command=mycommand)
menu1.add_command(label="Clone", command=mycommand)
menu1.add_separator()
menu1.add_command(label="Exit", command=root.quit)
menubar.add_cascade(label="Project", menu=menu1)

menu2 = Menu(menubar, tearoff=0)
menu2.add_command(label="Oval", command=mycommand)
menu2.add_command(label="Rectangle", command=mycommand)
menubar.add_cascade(label="Shapes", menu=menu2)

root.config(menu=menubar)

mainloop()

from Tkinter import *
root = Tk()
Label(text="Bus").pack()
frame = LabelFrame(root, text="Fruits") # text is optional
frame.pack()
Label(frame, text="Apple").pack()
Label(frame, text="Orange").pack()
mainloop()

from Tkinter import *
root = Tk()
Message(text="Lazy brown fox jumped. " * 5, width=100).pack() # width is optional
mainloop()

from Tkinter import *
root = Tk()
options = ["Apple", "Orange", "Pear"]
selectedOption = StringVar()
selectedOption.set("Apple") # Default
OptionMenu(root, selectedOption, *options).pack()  
mainloop()
print selectedOption.get() # The text in the options list

import Tkinter
print Tkinter.TclVersion # Up to 8.5
print Tkinter.TkVersion # Up to 8.5

AddHandler cgi-script .py
Options +ExecCGI
#!C:\Program Files (x86)\Python\python.exe
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
print "Content-type: text/html; charset=utf-8\n\n"
print "<html><head><title>Local directory</title></head><body>"
import cgitb
cgitb.enable()
import os
print "The CGI file is located into:"
print os.path.dirname(__file__)
print "</body></html>"

#!C:\Program Files (x86)\Python\python.exe
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
print "Content-type: text/html; charset=utf-8\n\n"
print "<html><head><title>DB CGI</title></head><body>"
print "<h1>MySQL extraction</h1>"
print "<ul>"
import cgitb
cgitb.enable()
import cgi, MySQLdb
form = cgi.FieldStorage()
if form.getvalue('name') == None:
	print "<h2>Research a name</h2>"
	print '''
	<form action="CGI_MySQL.py" method="post">
	<input type="text" name="name" />
	<input type="submit"></form>
		'''
else:
	print "<h2>Result</h2>"
	print "List for " + form.getvalue('name') + " :"
	connection = MySQLdb.connect(user='login1', passwd='passwd1', db='base1')
	cursor = connection.cursor()
	cursor.execute("SELECT page_title FROM page WHERE name ='"+form.getvalue('name')+"'")
	for row in cursor.fetchall():
		print "<li>%s</li>" % row[0]
	connection.close()
print "</ul>"
print "</body></html>"

import urllib.request as urllib
pageText = urllib.urlopen("http://www.spam.org/eggs.html").read()
print pageText

import urllib.request as urllib
params = urllib.urlencode({"plato":1, "socrates":10, "sophokles":4, "arkhimedes":11})

# Using GET method
pageText = urllib.urlopen("http://international-philosophy.com/greece?%s" % params).read()
print pageText

# Using POST method
pageText = urllib.urlopen("http://international-philosophy.com/greece", params).read()
print pageText

import urllib2
data = urllib2.urlopen("http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikibooks/en/9/91/Python_Programming.pdf", "pythonbook.pdf").read() # not recommended as if you are downloading 1gb+ file, will store all data in ram.
file =  open('Python_Programming.pdf','wb')
file.write(data)
file.close()

>>> plain_text = "This isn't suitable for putting in a URL"
>>> print urllib.quote(plain_text)
This%20isn%27t%20suitable%20for%20putting%20in%20a%20URL
>>> print urllib.quote_plus(plain_text)
This+isn%27t+suitable+for+putting+in+a+URL

import smtplib
from email.mime.text import MIMEText

msg = MIMEText( 
"""Hi there,

This is a test email message.

Greetings""")

me  = 'sender@example.com'
you = 'receiver@example.com'
msg['Subject'] = 'Hello!'
msg['From'] =  me
msg['To'] =  you
s = smtplib.SMTP()
s.connect()
s.sendmail(me, [you], msg.as_string())
s.quit()

import socket, sys
sock = socket.socket ( socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM )
sock.connect ( ( "google.com", 80 ) )

sock.send('GET / HTTP/1.1\r\n')
sock.send('User-agent: Mozilla/5.0 (wikibooks test)\r\n\r\n')
print sock.recv(4096)

import math

print math.sin(10)       # sine
print math.cos(10)       # cosine
print math.tan(10)       # tangent 

print math.asin(10)      # arc sine
print math.acos(10)      # arc cosine
print math.atan(10)      # arc tangent

print math.sinh(10)      # hyperbolic sine    
print math.cosh(10)      # hyperbolic cosine
print math.tanh(10)      # hyperbolic tangent

print math.pow(2, 4)     # 2 raised to 4
print math.exp(4)        # e ^ 4
print math.sqrt(10)      # square root
print math.pow(5, 1/3.0) # cubic root of 5
print math.log(3)        # ln; natural logarithm
print math.log(100, 10)  # base 10

print math.ceil(2.3)    # ceiling
print math.floor(2.7)   # floor

print math.pi
print math.e

import random
print random.random()     # Uniformly distributed random float >= 0.0 and < 1.0.
print random.random()*10  # Uniformly distributed random float >= 0.0 and < 10.0
print random.randint(0,9) # Uniformly distributed random int >= 0 and <=9
li=[1, 2, 3]; random.shuffle(li); print li # Randomly shuffled list

import decimal
plainFloat = 1/3.0
print plainFloat # 0.3333333333333333
decFloat = decimal.Decimal("0.33333333333333333333333333333333333333")
print decFloat   # Decimal('0.33333333333333333333333333333333333333')
decFloat2 = decimal.Decimal(plainFloat)
print decFloat2  # Decimal('0.333333333333333314829616256247390992939472198486328125')

from fractions import Fraction
oneThird = Fraction(1, 3)
floatOneThird = 1/3.0
print Fraction(0.25)                  # 1/4
print Fraction(floatOneThird)         # 6004799503160661/18014398509481984
print Fraction(1, 3) * Fraction(2, 5) # 2/15

import statistics as stats
print stats.mean([1, 2, 3, 100]) # 26.5
print stats.median([1, 2, 3, 100]) # 2.5
print stats.mode([1, 1, 2, 3]) # 1
print stats.pstdev([1, 1, 2, 3]) # 0.82915...; population standard deviation
print stats.pvariance([1, 1, 2, 3]) # 0.6875; population variance

import MySQLdb
db = MySQLdb.connect("host machine", "dbuser", "password", "dbname")
cursor = db.cursor()
query = """SELECT * FROM sampletable"""
lines = cursor.execute(query)
data = cursor.fetchall()
db.close()

MySQLdb
query
lines
sampletable
data
sampletable
row = cursor.fetchone()
  #first 5 lines are the same as above
  while True:
    row = cursor.fetchone()
    if row == None: break
    #do something with this row of data
  db.close()

fetchone()
import MySQLdb
db = MySQLdb.connect(read_default_file="~/.my.cnf")
...

import sqlite3
db = sqlite3.connect("/path/to/file")
cursor = db.cursor()
query = """SELECT * FROM sampletable"""
lines = cursor.execute(query)
data = cursor.fetchall()
db.close()

import sqlite3
db = sqlite3.connect("/path/to/file")
cursor = db.cursor()
query = """INSERT INTO sampletable (value1, value2) VALUES (1,'test')"""
cursor.execute(query)
db.commit()
db.close()

import psycopg2
conn = psycopg2.connect("dbname=test")
cursor = conn.cursor()
cursor.execute("select * from test");
for i in cursor.next():
    print i
conn.close()

import firebirdsql
conn = firebirdsql.connect(dsn='localhost/3050:/var/lib/firebird/2.5/test.fdb', user='alice', password='wonderland')
cur = conn.cursor()
cur.execute("select * from baz")
for c in cur.fetchall():
    print(c)
conn.close()

# Do not do this!
result = db.execute("SELECT name FROM employees WHERE location = '" + location + "'")

result = db.execute("SELECT name FROM employees WHERE location = ?", [location])

criteria = [("company", company)] # list of tuples (fieldname, value)
if department != None :
    criteria.append(("department", department))
#end if
# ... append other optional criteria as appropriate ...

result = db.execute \
  (
        "SELECT name FROM employees WHERE "
    +
        " and ".join
          (
            "%s = %s" % (criterion[0], MySQLdb.escape_string(criterion[1]))
            for criterion in criteria
          )
  )

def db_iter(db, cmd, mapfn = lambda x : x) :
    "executes cmd on a new cursor from connection db and yields the results in turn."
    cu = db.cursor()
    result = cu.execute(cmd)
    while True :
        yield mapfn(next(result))
    #end while
#end db_iter

for \
    artist, publisher \
in \
    db_iter \
      (
        db = db,
        cmd =
                "SELECT artist, publisher FROM artists WHERE location = %s"
            %
                 apsw.format_sql_value(location)
      ) \
:
    print(artist, publisher)
#end for

for \
    location \
in \
    db_iter \
      (
        db = db,
        cmd = "SELECT DISTINCT location FROM artists",
        mapfn = lambda x : x[0]
      ) \
:
    print(location)
#end for

result = db.execute("select * from employees")

employees
result = db.execute("select name, address, department, location from employees")

rows = db_iter \
  (
    db = db,
    cmd =
        "select employees.name, sales.amount, sales.date from"
        " employees left join sales on employees.id = sales.employee_id"
        " order by employees.name, sales.date"
  )
prev_employee_name = None
while True :
    row = next(rows, None)
    if row != None :
        employee_name, amount, date = row
    #end if
    if row == None or employee_name != prev_employee_name :
         if prev_employee_name != None :
              # done stats for this employee
              report(prev_employee_name, employee_stats)
         #end if
         if row == None :
              break
         # start stats for a new employee
         prev_employee_name = employee_name
         employee_stats = {"total_sales" : 0, "number_of_sales" : 0}
         if date != None :
               employee_stats["earliest_sale"] = date
         #end if
    #end if
    # another row of stats for this employee
    if amount != None :
         employee_stats["total_sales"] += amount
         employee_stats["number_of_sales"] += 1
    #end if
    if date != None :
         employee_stats["latest_sale"] = date
    #end if
#end while

sales
import MySQLdb
db = MySQLdb.connect("host machine", "dbuser", "password", "dbname")
cursor = db.cursor()
query = """SELECT * FROM sampletable"""
lines = cursor.execute(query)
data = cursor.fetchall()
db.close()

MySQLdb
query
lines
sampletable
data
sampletable
row = cursor.fetchone()
  #first 5 lines are the same as above
  while True:
    row = cursor.fetchone()
    if row == None: break
    #do something with this row of data
  db.close()

fetchone()
import MySQLdb
db = MySQLdb.connect(read_default_file="~/.my.cnf")
...

import sqlite3
db = sqlite3.connect("/path/to/file")
cursor = db.cursor()
query = """SELECT * FROM sampletable"""
lines = cursor.execute(query)
data = cursor.fetchall()
db.close()

import sqlite3
db = sqlite3.connect("/path/to/file")
cursor = db.cursor()
query = """INSERT INTO sampletable (value1, value2) VALUES (1,'test')"""
cursor.execute(query)
db.commit()
db.close()

import psycopg2
conn = psycopg2.connect("dbname=test")
cursor = conn.cursor()
cursor.execute("select * from test");
for i in cursor.next():
    print i
conn.close()

import firebirdsql
conn = firebirdsql.connect(dsn='localhost/3050:/var/lib/firebird/2.5/test.fdb', user='alice', password='wonderland')
cur = conn.cursor()
cur.execute("select * from baz")
for c in cur.fetchall():
    print(c)
conn.close()

# Do not do this!
result = db.execute("SELECT name FROM employees WHERE location = '" + location + "'")

result = db.execute("SELECT name FROM employees WHERE location = ?", [location])

criteria = [("company", company)] # list of tuples (fieldname, value)
if department != None :
    criteria.append(("department", department))
#end if
# ... append other optional criteria as appropriate ...

result = db.execute \
  (
        "SELECT name FROM employees WHERE "
    +
        " and ".join
          (
            "%s = %s" % (criterion[0], MySQLdb.escape_string(criterion[1]))
            for criterion in criteria
          )
  )

def db_iter(db, cmd, mapfn = lambda x : x) :
    "executes cmd on a new cursor from connection db and yields the results in turn."
    cu = db.cursor()
    result = cu.execute(cmd)
    while True :
        yield mapfn(next(result))
    #end while
#end db_iter

for \
    artist, publisher \
in \
    db_iter \
      (
        db = db,
        cmd =
                "SELECT artist, publisher FROM artists WHERE location = %s"
            %
                 apsw.format_sql_value(location)
      ) \
:
    print(artist, publisher)
#end for

for \
    location \
in \
    db_iter \
      (
        db = db,
        cmd = "SELECT DISTINCT location FROM artists",
        mapfn = lambda x : x[0]
      ) \
:
    print(location)
#end for

result = db.execute("select * from employees")

employees
result = db.execute("select name, address, department, location from employees")

rows = db_iter \
  (
    db = db,
    cmd =
        "select employees.name, sales.amount, sales.date from"
        " employees left join sales on employees.id = sales.employee_id"
        " order by employees.name, sales.date"
  )
prev_employee_name = None
while True :
    row = next(rows, None)
    if row != None :
        employee_name, amount, date = row
    #end if
    if row == None or employee_name != prev_employee_name :
         if prev_employee_name != None :
              # done stats for this employee
              report(prev_employee_name, employee_stats)
         #end if
         if row == None :
              break
         # start stats for a new employee
         prev_employee_name = employee_name
         employee_stats = {"total_sales" : 0, "number_of_sales" : 0}
         if date != None :
               employee_stats["earliest_sale"] = date
         #end if
    #end if
    # another row of stats for this employee
    if amount != None :
         employee_stats["total_sales"] += amount
         employee_stats["number_of_sales"] += 1
    #end if
    if date != None :
         employee_stats["latest_sale"] = date
    #end if
#end while

sales
python setup.py install
import numpy
mydata = [numpy.random.normal(0,1) for i in range(10000) ]
h, n = numpy.histogram( mydata , 100, (-5,5) )

>>> import PyQt4
 #!/usr/bin/env python

 import sys
 from PyQt4 import Qt

 # We instantiate a QApplication passing the arguments of the script to it:
 a = Qt.QApplication(sys.argv)

 # Add a basic widget to this application:
 # The first argument is the text we want this QWidget to show, the second
 # one is the parent widget. Since Our "hello" is the only thing we use (the 
 # so-called "MainWidget", it does not have a parent.
 hello = Qt.QLabel("Hello, World")

 # ... and that it should be shown.
 hello.show()

 # Now we can start it.
 a.exec_()

#!/usr/bin/env python

import sys
from PyQt4 import Qt

a = Qt.QApplication(sys.argv)

# Our function to call when the button is clicked
def sayHello():
    print ("Hello, World!")

# Instantiate the button
hellobutton = Qt.QPushButton("Say 'Hello world!'")

# And connect the action "sayHello" to the event "button has been clicked"
hellobutton.clicked.connect(sayHello)

# The rest is known already...
#a.setMainWidget(hellobutton)
hellobutton.show()
a.exec_()

#!/usr/bin/env python

import sys
from PyQt4 import Qt

class HelloApplication(Qt.QApplication):
    def __init__(self, args):
        """ In the constructor we're doing everything to get our application
            started, which is basically constructing a basic QApplication by 
            its __init__ method, then adding our widgets and finally starting 
            the exec_loop."""
        Qt.QApplication.__init__(self, args)
        self.addWidgets()

    def addWidgets(self):
        """ In this method, we're adding widgets and connecting signals from 
            these widgets to methods of our class, the so-called "slots" 
        """
        self.hellobutton = Qt.QPushButton("Say 'Hello world!'")
        self.hellobutton.clicked.connect(self.slotSayHello)
        self.hellobutton.show()

    def slotSayHello(self):
        """ This is an example slot, a method that gets called when a signal is 
            emitted """
        print ("Hello, World!")

# Only actually do something if this script is run standalone, so we can test our 
# application, but we're also able to import this program without actually running
# any code.
if __name__ == "__main__":
    app = HelloApplication(sys.argv)
    app.exec_()

pyuic4 testapp_ui.ui -o testapp_ui.py
#!/usr/bin/env python

from testapp_ui import TestAppUI
from qt import *
import sys

class HelloApplication(QApplication):
    def __init__(self, args):
        """ In the constructor we're doing everything to get our application
            started, which is basically constructing a basic QApplication by 
            its __init__ method, then adding our widgets and finally starting 
            the exec_loop."""
        QApplication.__init__(self, args)

        # We pass None since it's the top-level widget, we could in fact leave 
        # that one out, but this way it's easier to add more dialogs or widgets.
        self.maindialog = TestApp(None)

        self.setMainWidget(self.maindialog)
        self.maindialog.show()
        self.exec_loop()     

class TestApp(TestAppUI):
    def __init__(self, parent):
        # Run the parent constructor and connect the slots to methods.
        TestAppUI.__init__(self, parent)
        self._connectSlots()

        # The listview is initially empty, so the deletebutton will have no effect,
        # we grey it out.
        self.deletebutton.setEnabled(False)

    def _connectSlots(self):
        # Connect our two methods to SIGNALS the GUI emits.
        self.addbutton.clicked.connect(self._slotAddClicked)
        self.deletebutton.clicked.connect(self._slotDeleteClicked)

    def _slotAddClicked(self):
        # Read the text from the lineedit,
        text = self.lineedit.text()
        # if the lineedit is not empty,
        if len(text):
            # insert a new listviewitem ...
            lvi = QListViewItem(self.listview)
            # with the text from the lineedit and ...
            lvi.setText(0,text)
            # clear the lineedit.
            self.lineedit.clear()

            # The deletebutton might be disabled, since we're sure that there's now
            # at least one item in it, we enable it.
            self.deletebutton.setEnabled(True)

    def _slotDeleteClicked(self):
        # Remove the currently selected item from the listview.
        self.listview.takeItem(self.listview.currentItem())

        # Check if the list is empty - if yes, disable the deletebutton.
        if self.listview.childCount() == 0:
            self.deletebutton.setEnabled(False)

if __name__ == "__main__":
    app = HelloApplication(sys.argv)

#!/usr/bin/env python
# Copyright (c) 2008-10 Qtrac Ltd. All rights reserved.
# This program or module is free software: you can redistribute it and/or
# modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published
# by the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
# version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. It is
# provided for educational purposes and is distributed in the hope that
# it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied
# warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See
# the GNU General Public License for more details.
#
#
#   Versions
#
# 1.0.1 Fixed bug reported by Brian Downing where paths that contained
#       spaces were not handled correctly.
# 1.0.2 Fixed bug reported by Ben Thompson that if the UIC program
#       fails, no problem was reported; I try to report one now.
# 1.1.0 Added Remember path option; if checked the program starts with
#       the last used path, otherwise with the current directory, unless
#       overridden on the command line
# 1.1.1 Changed default path on Windows to match PyQt 4.4
# 1.2.1 Changed import style + bug fixes
# 1.2.2 Added stderr to error message output as per Michael Jackson's
#       suggestion
# 1.2.3 Tried to make the paths work on Mac OS X
# 1.2.4 Added more options
# 1.2.5 Use "new-style" connections (src.signal.connect(target.slot) instead of
#       src.connect(src, SIGNAL("signal()"), target.slot)) and improve PEP-8
#       compliance

from __future__ import division
from __future__ import print_function
from __future__ import unicode_literals
from future_builtins import *

import os
import platform
import stat
import sys
from PyQt4.QtCore import *
from PyQt4.QtGui import *

__version__ = "1.2.5"

Windows = sys.platform.lower().startswith(("win", "microsoft"))

class OptionsForm(QDialog):
    def __init__(self, parent=None):
        super(OptionsForm, self).__init__(parent)

        settings = QSettings()
        if sys.platform.startswith("darwin"):
            pyuic4Label = QLabel("pyuic4 (pyuic.py)")
        else:
            pyuic4Label = QLabel("pyuic4")
        self.pyuic4Label = QLabel(settings.value("pyuic4",
                QVariant(PYUIC4)).toString())
        self.pyuic4Label.setFrameStyle(QFrame.StyledPanel|
                                       QFrame.Sunken)
        pyuic4Button = QPushButton("py&uic4...")
        pyrcc4Label = QLabel("pyrcc4")
        self.pyrcc4Label = QLabel(settings.value("pyrcc4",
                QVariant(PYRCC4)).toString())
        self.pyrcc4Label.setFrameStyle(QFrame.StyledPanel|
                                       QFrame.Sunken)
        pyrcc4Button = QPushButton("p&yrcc4...")
        pylupdate4Label = QLabel("pylupdate4")
        self.pylupdate4Label = QLabel(settings.value("pylupdate4",
                QVariant(PYLUPDATE4)).toString())
        self.pylupdate4Label.setFrameStyle(QFrame.StyledPanel|
                                           QFrame.Sunken)
        pylupdate4Button = QPushButton("&pylupdate4...")
        lreleaseLabel = QLabel("lrelease")
        self.lreleaseLabel = QLabel(settings.value("lrelease",
                QVariant("lrelease")).toString())
        self.lreleaseLabel.setFrameStyle(QFrame.StyledPanel|
                                         QFrame.Sunken)
        lreleaseButton = QPushButton("&lrelease...")
        toolPathGroupBox = QGroupBox("Tool Paths")

        pathsLayout = QGridLayout()
        pathsLayout.addWidget(pyuic4Label, 0, 0)
        pathsLayout.addWidget(self.pyuic4Label, 0, 1)
        pathsLayout.addWidget(pyuic4Button, 0, 2)
        pathsLayout.addWidget(pyrcc4Label, 1, 0)
        pathsLayout.addWidget(self.pyrcc4Label, 1, 1)
        pathsLayout.addWidget(pyrcc4Button, 1, 2)
        pathsLayout.addWidget(pylupdate4Label, 2, 0)
        pathsLayout.addWidget(self.pylupdate4Label, 2, 1)
        pathsLayout.addWidget(pylupdate4Button, 2, 2)
        pathsLayout.addWidget(lreleaseLabel, 3, 0)
        pathsLayout.addWidget(self.lreleaseLabel, 3, 1)
        pathsLayout.addWidget(lreleaseButton, 3, 2)
        toolPathGroupBox.setLayout(pathsLayout)

        resourceModuleNamesGroupBox = QGroupBox(
                "Resource Module Names")
        qrcFiles = bool(int(settings.value("qrc_resources", "1").toString()))
        self.qrcRadioButton = QRadioButton("&qrc_file.py")
        self.qrcRadioButton.setChecked(qrcFiles)
        self.rcRadioButton = QRadioButton("file_&rc.py")
        self.rcRadioButton.setChecked(not qrcFiles)

        radioLayout = QHBoxLayout()
        radioLayout.addWidget(self.qrcRadioButton)
        radioLayout.addWidget(self.rcRadioButton)
        resourceModuleNamesGroupBox.setLayout(radioLayout)

        self.pyuic4xCheckBox = QCheckBox("Run pyuic4 with -&x "
                " to make forms stand-alone runable")
        x = bool(int(settings.value("pyuic4x", "0").toString()))
        self.pyuic4xCheckBox.setChecked(x)

        buttonBox = QDialogButtonBox(QDialogButtonBox.Ok|
                                     QDialogButtonBox.Cancel)

        layout = QVBoxLayout()
        layout.addWidget(toolPathGroupBox)
        layout.addWidget(resourceModuleNamesGroupBox)
        layout.addWidget(self.pyuic4xCheckBox)
        layout.addWidget(buttonBox)
        self.setLayout(layout)

        pyuic4Button.clicked.connect(lambda: self.setPath("pyuic4"))
        pyrcc4Button.clicked.connect(lambda: self.setPath("pyrcc4"))
        pylupdate4Button.clicked.connect(lambda: self.setPath("pylupdate4"))
        lreleaseButton.clicked.connect(lambda: self.setPath("lrelease"))
        buttonBox.accepted.connect(self.accept)
        buttonBox.rejected.connect(self.reject)

        self.setWindowTitle("Make PyQt - Options")

    def accept(self):
        settings = QSettings()
        settings.setValue("pyuic4", QVariant(self.pyuic4Label.text()))
        settings.setValue("pyrcc4", QVariant(self.pyrcc4Label.text()))
        settings.setValue("pylupdate4",
                QVariant(self.pylupdate4Label.text()))
        settings.setValue("lrelease", QVariant(self.lreleaseLabel.text()))
        settings.setValue("qrc_resources",
                "1" if self.qrcRadioButton.isChecked() else "0")
        settings.setValue("pyuic4x",
                "1" if self.pyuic4xCheckBox.isChecked() else "0")
        QDialog.accept(self)

    def setPath(self, tool):
        if tool == "pyuic4":
            label = self.pyuic4Label
        elif tool == "pyrcc4":
            label = self.pyrcc4Label
        elif tool == "pylupdate4":
            label = self.pylupdate4Label
        elif tool == "lrelease":
            label = self.lreleaseLabel
        path = QFileDialog.getOpenFileName(self,
                "Make PyQt - Set Tool Path", label.text())
        if path:
            label.setText(QDir.toNativeSeparators(path))

class Form(QMainWindow):
    def __init__(self):
        super(Form, self).__init__()

        pathLabel = QLabel("Path:")
        settings = QSettings()
        rememberPath = settings.value("rememberpath",
                QVariant(True if Windows else False)).toBool()
        if rememberPath:
            path = (unicode(settings.value("path").toString()) or
                    os.getcwd())
        else:
            path = (sys.argv[1] if len(sys.argv) > 1 and
                    QFile.exists(sys.argv[1]) else os.getcwd())
        self.pathLabel = QLabel(path)
        self.pathLabel.setFrameStyle(QFrame.StyledPanel|
                                     QFrame.Sunken)
        self.pathLabel.setToolTip("The relative path; all actions will "
                "take place here,<br>and in this path's subdirectories "
                "if the Recurse checkbox is checked")
        self.pathButton = QPushButton("&Path...")
        self.pathButton.setToolTip(self.pathLabel.toolTip().replace(
                "The", "Sets the"))
        self.recurseCheckBox = QCheckBox("&Recurse")
        self.recurseCheckBox.setToolTip("Clean or build all the files "
                "in the path directory,<br>and all its subdirectories, "
                "as deep as they go.")
        self.transCheckBox = QCheckBox("&Translate")
        self.transCheckBox.setToolTip("Runs <b>pylupdate4</b> on all "
                "<tt>.py</tt> and <tt>.pyw</tt> files in conjunction "
                "with each <tt>.ts</tt> file.<br>Then runs "
                "<b>lrelease</b> on all <tt>.ts</tt> files to produce "
                "corresponding <tt>.qm</tt> files.<br>The "
                "<tt>.ts</tt> files must have been created initially by "
                "running <b>pylupdate4</b><br>directly on a <tt>.py</tt> "
                "or <tt>.pyw</tt> file using the <tt>-ts</tt> option.")
        self.debugCheckBox = QCheckBox("&Dry Run")
        self.debugCheckBox.setToolTip("Shows the actions that would "
                "take place but does not do them.")
        self.logBrowser = QTextBrowser()
        self.logBrowser.setLineWrapMode(QTextEdit.NoWrap)
        self.buttonBox = QDialogButtonBox()
        menu = QMenu(self)
        optionsAction = menu.addAction("&Options...")
        self.rememberPathAction = menu.addAction("&Remember path")
        self.rememberPathAction.setCheckable(True)
        self.rememberPathAction.setChecked(rememberPath)
        aboutAction = menu.addAction("&About")
        moreButton = self.buttonBox.addButton("&More",
                QDialogButtonBox.ActionRole)
        moreButton.setMenu(menu)
        moreButton.setToolTip("Use <b>More-&gt;Tool paths</b> to set the "
                "paths to the tools if they are not found by default")
        self.buildButton = self.buttonBox.addButton("&Build",
                QDialogButtonBox.ActionRole)
        self.buildButton.setToolTip("Runs <b>pyuic4</b> on all "
                "<tt>.ui</tt> "
                "files and <b>pyrcc4</b> on all <tt>.qrc</tt> files "
                "that are out-of-date.<br>Also runs <b>pylupdate4</b> "
                "and <b>lrelease</b> if the Translate checkbox is "
                "checked.")
        self.cleanButton = self.buttonBox.addButton("&Clean",
                QDialogButtonBox.ActionRole)
        self.cleanButton.setToolTip("Deletes all <tt>.py</tt> files that "
                "were generated from <tt>.ui</tt> and <tt>.qrc</tt> "
                "files,<br>i.e., all files matching <tt>qrc_*.py</tt>, "
                "<tt>*_rc.py</tt> and <tt>ui_*.py.")
        quitButton = self.buttonBox.addButton("&Quit",
                QDialogButtonBox.RejectRole)

        topLayout = QHBoxLayout()
        topLayout.addWidget(pathLabel)
        topLayout.addWidget(self.pathLabel, 1)
        topLayout.addWidget(self.pathButton)
        bottomLayout = QHBoxLayout()
        bottomLayout.addWidget(self.recurseCheckBox)
        bottomLayout.addWidget(self.transCheckBox)
        bottomLayout.addWidget(self.debugCheckBox)
        bottomLayout.addStretch()
        bottomLayout.addWidget(self.buttonBox)
        layout = QVBoxLayout()
        layout.addLayout(topLayout)
        layout.addWidget(self.logBrowser)
        layout.addLayout(bottomLayout)
        widget = QWidget()
        widget.setLayout(layout)
        self.setCentralWidget(widget)

        aboutAction.triggered.connect(self.about)
        optionsAction.triggered.connect(self.setOptions)
        self.pathButton.clicked.connect(self.setPath)
        self.buildButton.clicked.connect(self.build)
        self.cleanButton.clicked.connect(self.clean)
        quitButton.clicked.connect(self.close)

        self.setWindowTitle("Make PyQt")

    def closeEvent(self, event):
        settings = QSettings()
        settings.setValue("rememberpath",
                QVariant(self.rememberPathAction.isChecked()))
        settings.setValue("path", QVariant(self.pathLabel.text()))
        event.accept()

    def about(self):
        QMessageBox.about(self, "About Make PyQt",
                """<b>Make PyQt</b> v {0}
                <p>Copyright &copy; 2007-10 Qtrac Ltd. 
                All rights reserved.
                <p>This application can be used to build PyQt
                applications.
                It runs pyuic4, pyrcc4, pylupdate4, and lrelease as
                required, although pylupdate4 must be run directly to
                create the initial .ts files.
                <p>Python {1} - Qt {2} - PyQt {3} on {4}""".format(
                __version__, platform.python_version(),
                QT_VERSION_STR, PYQT_VERSION_STR,
                platform.system()))

    def setPath(self):
        path = QFileDialog.getExistingDirectory(self,
                "Make PyQt - Set Path", self.pathLabel.text())
        if path:
            self.pathLabel.setText(QDir.toNativeSeparators(path))

    def setOptions(self):
        dlg = OptionsForm(self)
        dlg.exec_()

    def build(self):
        self.updateUi(False)
        self.logBrowser.clear()
        recurse = self.recurseCheckBox.isChecked()
        path = unicode(self.pathLabel.text())
        self._apply(recurse, self._build, path)
        if self.transCheckBox.isChecked():
            self._apply(recurse, self._translate, path)
        self.updateUi(True)

    def clean(self):
        self.updateUi(False)
        self.logBrowser.clear()
        recurse = self.recurseCheckBox.isChecked()
        path = unicode(self.pathLabel.text())
        self._apply(recurse, self._clean, path)
        self.updateUi(True)

    def updateUi(self, enable):
        for widget in (self.buildButton, self.cleanButton,
                self.pathButton, self.recurseCheckBox,
                self.transCheckBox, self.debugCheckBox):
            widget.setEnabled(enable)
        if not enable:
            QApplication.setOverrideCursor(QCursor(Qt.WaitCursor))
        else:
            QApplication.restoreOverrideCursor()
            self.buildButton.setFocus()

    def _apply(self, recurse, function, path):
        if not recurse:
            function(path)
        else:
            for root, dirs, files in os.walk(path):
                for dir in sorted(dirs):
                    function(os.path.join(root, dir))

    def _make_error_message(self, command, process):
        err = ""
        ba = process.readAllStandardError()
        if not ba.isEmpty():
            err = ": " + str(QString(ba))
        return "<font color=red>FAILED: %s%s</font>" % (command, err)

    def _build(self, path):
        settings = QSettings()
        pyuic4 = unicode(settings.value("pyuic4",
                                        QVariant(PYUIC4)).toString())
        pyrcc4 = unicode(settings.value("pyrcc4",
                                        QVariant(PYRCC4)).toString())
        prefix = unicode(self.pathLabel.text())
        pyuic4x = bool(int(settings.value("pyuic4x", "0").toString()))
        if not prefix.endswith(os.sep):
            prefix += os.sep
        failed = 0
        process = QProcess()
        for name in os.listdir(path):
            source = os.path.join(path, name)
            target = None
            if source.endswith(".ui"):
                target = os.path.join(path,
                                    "ui_" + name.replace(".ui", ".py"))
                command = pyuic4
            elif source.endswith(".qrc"):
                if bool(int(settings.value("qrc_resources", "1").toString())):
                    target = os.path.join(path,
                                        "qrc_" + name.replace(".qrc", ".py"))
                else:
                    target = os.path.join(path, name.replace(".qrc", "_rc.py"))
                command = pyrcc4
            if target is not None:
                if not os.access(target, os.F_OK) or (
                   os.stat(source)[stat.ST_MTIME] >
                   os.stat(target)[stat.ST_MTIME]):
                    args = ["-o", target, source]
                    if command == PYUIC4 and pyuic4x:
                        args.insert(0, "-x")
                    if (sys.platform.startswith("darwin") and
                        command == PYUIC4):
                        command = sys.executable
                        args = [PYUIC4] + args
                    msg = ("converted <font color=darkblue>" + source +
                           "</font> to <font color=blue>" + target +
                           "</font>")
                    if self.debugCheckBox.isChecked():
                        msg = "<font color=green># " + msg + "</font>"
                    else:
                        process.start(command, args)
                        if (not process.waitForFinished(2 * 60 * 1000) or
                            not QFile.exists(target)):
                            msg = self._make_error_message(command,
                                                           process)
                            failed += 1
                    self.logBrowser.append(msg.replace(prefix, ""))
                else:
                    self.logBrowser.append("<font color=green>"
                            "# {0} is up-to-date</font>".format(
                            source.replace(prefix, "")))
                QApplication.processEvents()
        if failed:
            QMessageBox.information(self, "Make PyQt - Failures",
                    "Try manually setting the paths to the tools "
                    "using <b>More-&gt;Options</b>")

    def _clean(self, path):
        prefix = unicode(self.pathLabel.text())
        if not prefix.endswith(os.sep):
            prefix += os.sep
        deletelist = []
        for name in os.listdir(path):
            target = os.path.join(path, name)
            source = None
            if (target.endswith(".py") or target.endswith(".pyc") or
                target.endswith(".pyo")):
                if name.startswith("ui_") and not name[-1] in "oc":
                    source = os.path.join(path, name[3:-3] + ".ui")
                elif name.startswith("qrc_"):
                    if target[-1] in "oc":
                        source = os.path.join(path, name[4:-4] + ".qrc")
                    else:
                        source = os.path.join(path, name[4:-3] + ".qrc")
                elif name.endswith(("_rc.py", "_rc.pyo", "_rc.pyc")):
                    if target[-1] in "oc":
                        source = os.path.join(path, name[:-7] + ".qrc")
                    else:
                        source = os.path.join(path, name[:-6] + ".qrc")
                elif target[-1] in "oc":
                    source = target[:-1]
                if source is not None:
                    if os.access(source, os.F_OK):
                        if self.debugCheckBox.isChecked():
                            self.logBrowser.append("<font color=green>"
                                    "# delete {0}</font>".format(
                                    target.replace(prefix, "")))
                        else:
                            deletelist.append(target)
                    else:
                        self.logBrowser.append("<font color=darkred>"
                                "will not remove "
                                "'{0}' since `{1}' not found</font>"
                                .format(target.replace(prefix, ""),
                                source.replace(prefix, "")))
        if not self.debugCheckBox.isChecked():
            for target in deletelist:
                self.logBrowser.append("deleted "
                        "<font color=red>{0}</font>".format(
                        target.replace(prefix, "")))
                os.remove(target)
                QApplication.processEvents()

    def _translate(self, path):
        prefix = unicode(self.pathLabel.text())
        if not prefix.endswith(os.sep):
            prefix += os.sep
        files = []
        tsfiles = []
        for name in os.listdir(path):
            if name.endswith((".py", ".pyw")):
                files.append(os.path.join(path, name))
            elif name.endswith(".ts"):
                tsfiles.append(os.path.join(path, name))
        if not tsfiles:
            return
        settings = QSettings()
        pylupdate4 = unicode(settings.value("pylupdate4",
                             QVariant(PYLUPDATE4)).toString())
        lrelease = unicode(settings.value("lrelease",
                           QVariant(LRELEASE)).toString())
        process = QProcess()
        failed = 0
        for ts in tsfiles:
            qm = ts[:-3] + ".qm"
            command1 = pylupdate4
            args1 = files + ["-ts", ts]
            command2 = lrelease
            args2 = ["-silent", ts, "-qm", qm]
            msg = "updated <font color=blue>{0}</font>".format(
                    ts.replace(prefix, ""))
            if self.debugCheckBox.isChecked():
                msg = "<font color=green># {0}</font>".format(msg)
            else:
                process.start(command1, args1)
                if not process.waitForFinished(2 * 60 * 1000):
                    msg = self._make_error_message(command1, process)
                    failed += 1
            self.logBrowser.append(msg)
            msg = "generated <font color=blue>{0}</font>".format(
                    qm.replace(prefix, ""))
            if self.debugCheckBox.isChecked():
                msg = "<font color=green># {0}</font>".format(msg)
            else:
                process.start(command2, args2)
                if not process.waitForFinished(2 * 60 * 1000):
                    msg = self._make_error_message(command2, process)
                    failed += 1
            self.logBrowser.append(msg)
            QApplication.processEvents()
        if failed:
            QMessageBox.information(self, "Make PyQt - Failures",
                    "Try manually setting the paths to the tools "
                    "using <b>More-&gt;Options</b>")

app = QApplication(sys.argv)
PATH = unicode(app.applicationDirPath())
if Windows:
    PATH = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(sys.executable),
                        "Lib/site-packages/PyQt4")
    if os.access(os.path.join(PATH, "bin"), os.R_OK):
        PATH = os.path.join(PATH, "bin")
if sys.platform.startswith("darwin"):
    i = PATH.find("Resources")
    if i > -1:
        PATH = PATH[:i] + "bin"
PYUIC4 = os.path.join(PATH, "pyuic4")
if sys.platform.startswith("darwin"):
    PYUIC4 = os.path.dirname(sys.executable)
    i = PYUIC4.find("Resources")
    if i > -1:
        PYUIC4 = PYUIC4[:i] + "Lib/python2.6/site-packages/PyQt4/uic/pyuic.py"
PYRCC4 = os.path.join(PATH, "pyrcc4")
PYLUPDATE4 = os.path.join(PATH, "pylupdate4")
LRELEASE = "lrelease"
if Windows:
    PYUIC4 = PYUIC4.replace("/", "\\") + ".bat"
    PYRCC4 = PYRCC4.replace("/", "\\") + ".exe"
    PYLUPDATE4 = PYLUPDATE4.replace("/", "\\") + ".exe"
app.setOrganizationName("Qtrac Ltd.")
app.setOrganizationDomain("qtrac.eu")
app.setApplicationName("Make PyQt")
if len(sys.argv) > 1 and sys.argv[1] == "-c":
    settings = QSettings()
    settings.setValue("pyuic4", QVariant(PYUIC4))
    settings.setValue("pyrcc4", QVariant(PYRCC4))
    settings.setValue("pylupdate4", QVariant(PYLUPDATE4))
    settings.setValue("lrelease", QVariant(LRELEASE))
form = Form()
form.show()
app.exec_()

import dbus

sys_bus = dbus.SystemBus()

proxy_for_cell_a2 = sys_bus.get_object('com.mycorp.CalcProgram', '/spreadsheet1/cells/a2')

cell_a2 = dbus.Interface(proxy_for_cell_a2, 'com.mycorp.CalcProgram.SpreadsheetCell')

cell_a2.getContents()

import dbus

bus = dbus.SystemBus()
hal_manager_object = bus.get_object('org.freedesktop.Hal', '/org/freedesktop/Hal/Manager')
hal_manager_interface = dbus.Interface(hal_manager_object, 'org.freedesktop.Hal.Manager')

# calling method upon interface
print hal_manager_interface.GetAllDevices()

# accessing a method through 'get_dbus_method' through proxy object by specifying interface
method = hal_manager_object.get_dbus_method('GetAllDevices', 'org.freedesktop.Hal.Manager')
print method()

# calling method upon proxy object by specifying the interface to use
print hal_manager_object.GetAllDevices(dbus_interface='org.freedesktop.Hal.Manager')

import dbus

bus = dbus.SystemBus()
hal_manager_object = bus.get_object(
    'org.freedesktop.Hal',          # service
    '/org/freedesktop/Hal/Manager'  # published object
)

introspection_interface = dbus.Interface(
    hal_manager_object,
    dbus.INTROSPECTABLE_IFACE,
)

# Introspectable interfaces define a property 'Introspect' that
# will return an XML string that describes the object's interface
interface = introspection_interface.Introspect()
print interface

import dbus

sys_bus = dbus.SystemBus()

# get an object called / in org.freedesktop.Avahi to talk to
raw_server = sys_bus.get_object('org.freedesktop.Avahi', '/')

# objects support interfaces. get the org.freedesktop.Avahi.Server interface to our org.freedesktop.Avahi object.
server = dbus.Interface(raw_server, 'org.freedesktop.Avahi.Server')

# The so-called documentation is at /usr/share/avahi/introspection/Server.introspect
print server
print server.GetVersionString()
print server.GetHostName()

from pydbus import SystemBus

bus = SystemBus()
systemd = bus.get(
    '.systemd1' # service name - names starting with . automatically get org.freedesktop prepended.
    # no object path - it'll be set to the service name transformed to the path format (/org/freedesktop/systemd1)
)

for unit in systemd.ListUnits()[0]:
    print(unit)

from pydbus import SystemBus

bus = SystemBus()
systemd = bus.get('.systemd1')

# Introspectable interfaces define a property 'Introspect' that
# will return an XML string that describes the object's interface
print(systemd.Introspect()[0])

# Introspection data is automatically converted to Python's help system data
help(systemd)

from pydbus import SystemBus

bus = SystemBus()

# get an object called / in org.freedesktop.Avahi to talk to
avahi = bus.get('.Avahi', '/')

# See the object's API
help(avahi)

print(avahi.GetVersionString())
print(avahi.GetHostName())

from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
data = [x * x for x in range(20)]
plt.plot(data)
plt.show()

from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
datax = range(20)
datax.reverse()
datay = [x * x for x in range(20)]
plt.plot(datax, datay)
plt.show()

from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
data = [x * x for x in range(20)]
plt.ylim(-500, 500) # Set limits of y-axis
plt.plot(data)
plt.show()

import xlrd
workbook = xlrd.open_workbook("MySpreadsheet.xls")
#for sheet in workbook.sheets(): # Loads all the sheets, unlike workbook.sheet_names()
for sheetName in workbook.sheet_names(): # Sheet iteration by name
  print "Sheet name:", sheetName
  sheet = workbook.sheet_by_name(sheetName)
  for rowno in range(sheet.nrows):
    for colno in range(sheet.ncols):
      cell = sheet.cell(rowno, colno)
      print str(cell.value) # Output as a string
      if cell.ctype == xlrd.XL_CELL_DATE:
        dateTuple = xlrd.xldate_as_tuple(cell.value, workbook.datemode)
        print dateTuple # E.g. (2017, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0)
        mydate = xlrd.xldate.xldate_as_datetime(cell.value, workbook.datemode)
        print mydate # In xlrd 0.9.3
      print

for sheetno in range(workbook.nsheets): # Sheet iteration by index
  sheet = workbook.sheet_by_index(sheetno)
  print "Sheet name:", sheet.name
  for notekey in sheet.cell_note_map: # In xlrd 0.7.2
    print "Note AKA comment text:", sheet.cell_note_map[notekey].text

print xlrd.formula.colname(1) # Column name such as A or AD, here 'B'

from openpyxl import load_workbook
workbook = load_workbook("MyNewWorkbook.xlsx")
for worksheet in workbook.worksheets:
  print "==%s==" % worksheet.title
  for row in worksheet: # For each cell in each row
    for cell in row:
      print cell.row, cell.column, cell.value # E.g. 1 A Value
  for cell in worksheet["A"]: # For each cell in column A
    print cell.value
  print worksheet["A1"].value # A single cell
  print worksheet.cell(column=1, row=1).value # A1 value as well

from openpyxl import Workbook
workbook = Workbook()
worksheet = workbook.worksheets[0]
worksheet['A1'] = 'String value'
worksheet['A2'] = 42 # Numerical value
worksheet.cell(row=3, column=1).value = "New A3 Value"
workbook.save("MyNewWorkbook.xlsx") # Overrides if it exists

from openpyxl import load_workbook
workbook_name = 'MyWorkbook.xlsx'
workbook = load_workbook(workbook_name)
worksheet = workbook.worksheets[0]
worksheet['A1'] = "String value"
workbook.save(workbook_name)

import win32com.client
wordapp = win32com.client.gencache.EnsureDispatch("Word.Application")
# wordapp.Visible = False
worddoc = wordapp.Documents.Open(r"C:\MyFile.doc")
wdFormatHTML = 8
worddoc.SaveAs(r"C:\MyFile.html", FileFormat=wdFormatHTML)
worddoc.ActiveWindow.Close()
# wordapp.Application.Quit(-1) - No need to quit; Word quits when its last window is closed

#include <Python.h>

static PyObject*
say_hello(PyObject* self, PyObject* args)
{
    const char* name;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "s", &name))
        return NULL;

    printf("Hello %s!\n", name);

    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}

static PyMethodDef HelloMethods[] =
{
     {"say_hello", say_hello, METH_VARARGS, "Greet somebody."},
     {NULL, NULL, 0, NULL}
};

PyMODINIT_FUNC
inithello(void)
{
     (void) Py_InitModule("hello", HelloMethods);
}

from distutils.core import setup, Extension

module1 = Extension('hello', sources = ['hellomodule.c'])

setup (name = 'PackageName',
        version = '1.0',
        description = 'This is a demo package',
        ext_modules = [module1])

$ sudo apt install python-dev

$ sudo zypper install python-devel

$ python setup.py build

hello.so
build/lib.linux-i686-x.y
gcc
python setup.py build -cmingw32
hello.pyd
build\lib.win32-x.y
cmd.exe
gcc -c  hellomodule.c -I/PythonXY/include
gcc -shared hellomodule.o -L/PythonXY/libs -lpythonXY -o hello.dll
cl /LD hellomodule.c /Ic:\Python24\include c:\Python24\libs\python24.lib /link/out:hello.dll
>>> import hello
>>> hello.say_hello("World")
Hello World!
#include <Python.h>

int
_fib(int n)
{
    if (n < 2)
        return n;
    else
        return _fib(n-1) + _fib(n-2);
}

static PyObject*
fib(PyObject* self, PyObject* args)
{
    int n;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "i", &n))
        return NULL;

    return Py_BuildValue("i", _fib(n));
}

static PyMethodDef FibMethods[] = {
    {"fib", fib, METH_VARARGS, "Calculate the Fibonacci numbers."},
    {NULL, NULL, 0, NULL}
};

PyMODINIT_FUNC
initfib(void)
{
    (void) Py_InitModule("fib", FibMethods);
}

from distutils.core import setup, Extension

module1 = Extension('fib', sources = ['fibmodule.c'])

setup (name = 'PackageName',
        version = '1.0',
        description = 'This is a demo package',
        ext_modules = [module1])

>>> import fib
>>> fib.fib(10)
55
$ sudo apt-get install swig
$ sudo apt-get install python-dev
#include <stdio.h>

void say_hello(const char* name) {
    printf("Hello %s!\n", name);
}

%module hello
extern void say_hello(const char* name);

swig -python hello.i
gcc -fpic -c hellomodule.c hello_wrap.c -I/usr/include/python2.4/
gcc -shared hellomodule.o hello_wrap.o -o _hello.so -lpython
>>> import hello
>>> hello.say_hello("World")
Hello World!
$ sudo apt-get install libboost-python-dev 
$ sudo apt-get install python-dev
#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

void say_hello(const char* name) {
    cout << "Hello " <<  name << "!\n";
}

#include <boost/python/module.hpp>
#include <boost/python/def.hpp>
using namespace boost::python;

BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(hello)
{
    def("say_hello", say_hello);
}

#!/usr/bin/env python

from distutils.core import setup
from distutils.extension import Extension

setup(name="PackageName",
    ext_modules=[
        Extension("hello", ["hellomodule.cpp"],
        libraries = ["boost_python"])
    ])

python setup.py build
>>> import hello
>>> hello.say_hello("World")
Hello World!
// test.cpp
using namespace std;

/* PYTHON */
#include <boost/python.hpp>
#include <boost/python/module.hpp>
#include <boost/python/def.hpp>
namespace python = boost::python;

/* CGAL */
#include <CGAL/Cartesian.h>
#include <CGAL/Range_segment_tree_traits.h>
#include <CGAL/Range_tree_k.h>

typedef CGAL::Cartesian<double> K;
typedef CGAL::Range_tree_map_traits_2<K, char> Traits;
typedef CGAL::Range_tree_2<Traits> Range_tree_2_type;

typedef Traits::Key Key;
typedef Traits::Interval Interval;

Range_tree_2_type *Range_tree_2 = new Range_tree_2_type;

void create_tree()   {

  typedef Traits::Key Key;                
  typedef Traits::Interval Interval;    

  std::vector<Key> InputList, OutputList;
  InputList.push_back(Key(K::Point_2(8,5.1), 'a'));
  InputList.push_back(Key(K::Point_2(1.0,1.1), 'b'));
  InputList.push_back(Key(K::Point_2(3,2.1), 'c'));

  Range_tree_2->make_tree(InputList.begin(),InputList.end());
  Interval win(Interval(K::Point_2(1,2.1),K::Point_2(8.1,8.2)));
  std::cout << "\n Window Query:\n";
  Range_tree_2->window_query(win, std::back_inserter(OutputList));
  std::vector<Key>::iterator current=OutputList.begin();
  while(current!=OutputList.end()){
      std::cout << "  " << (*current).first.x() << "," << (*current).first.y()
           << ":" << (*current).second << std::endl;
      current++;
    }
  std::cout << "\n Done\n";
}

void initcreate_tree() {;}

using namespace boost::python;
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(test)
{
    def("create_tree", create_tree, "");
}

// setup.py
#!/usr/bin/env python

from distutils.core import setup
from distutils.extension import Extension

setup(name="PackageName",
    ext_modules=[
        Extension("test", ["test.cpp"],
        libraries = ["boost_python"])
    ])

$ python setup.py build
$ cd build/lib*
$ python
>>> import test
>>> test.create_tree()
Window Query:
 3,2.1:c
 8,5.1:a
Done
>>>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;

void _afunction_wrapper(int N, boost::python::list mapping) {

    int mapping_length = boost::python::extract<int>(mapping.attr("__len__")());
    //Do Error checking, the mapping needs to be at least as long as N 
    if (mapping_length < N) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
            "The string mapping must be at least of length N");
        boost::python::throw_error_already_set();
        return;
    }

    vector<string> mystrings(mapping_length);
    for (int i=0; i<mapping_length; i++) {
        mystrings[i] = boost::python::extract<char const *>(mapping[i]);
    }

   //now call our C++ function
   _afunction(N, mystrings);

}

using namespace boost::python;
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(c_afunction)
{
    def("afunction", _afunction_wrapper);
}

from ctypes import *
libName = 'libc.so' # If you're on a UNIX-based system
libName = 'msvcrt.dll' # If you're on Windows
libc = CDLL(libName)
libc.printf("Hello, World!\n")

import perl
perl.eval( "use lib './' ")
perl.require( 'Module::ModuleName' )

obj = perl.callm("new", 'Module::ModuleName'  )
obj[ '_attr1' ] = 9
obj[ '_attr2' ] = 42
obj.fxn1()

Environment	Description	Get From
Jython	Java Version of Python	Jython
IronPython	C# Version of Python	IronPython

Environment	Description	Get From
ActivePython	Highly flexible, Pythonwin IDE	ActivePython
Anjuta	IDE Linux/Unix	Anjuta
Eclipse (PyDev plugin)	Open-source IDE	Eclipse
Eric	Open-source Linux/Windows IDE.	Eric
KDevelop	Cross-language IDE for KDE	KDevelop
Ninja-IDE	Cross-platform open-source IDE.	Nina-IDE
PyScripter	Free Windows IDE (portable)	PyScripter
Pythonwin	Windows-oriented environment	Pythonwin
Spyder	Free cross-platform IDE (math-oriented)	Spyder
VisualWx	Free GUI Builder	VisualWx

Syntax	Math	Operation Name
`a+b`	$a+b\,$	addition
`a-b`	$a-b\,$	subtraction
`a*b`	$a\times b\,$	multiplication
`a/b`	$a\div b\,$	division (see note below)
`a//b`	$\lfloor a\div b\,\rfloor$	floor division (e.g. 5//2=2) - Available in Python 2.2 and later
`a%b`	$a~{\bmod {~}}b\,$	modulo
`-a`	$-a\,$	negation
`abs(a)`	$\|a\|\,$	absolute value
`a**b`	$a^{b}\,$	exponent
`math.sqrt(a)`	${\sqrt {a}}\,$	square root

Name	Syntax	Description	PEMDAS Mnemonic
Parentheses	`( ... )`	Before operating on anything else, Python must evaluate all parentheticals starting at the innermost level. (This includes functions.)	Please
Exponents	`**`	As an exponent is simply short multiplication or division, it should be evaluated before them.	Excuse
Multiplication and Division	`* / // %`	Again, multiplication is rapid addition and must, therefore, happen first.	My Dear
Addition and Subtraction	`+ -`		Aunt Sally

Operation	Means
<	Less than
>	Greater than
<=	Less than or equal to
>=	Greater than or equal to
==	Equal to
!=	Not equal to

Abbreviation	Full name	Description
`re.I`	`re.IGNORECASE`	Makes the regexp case-insensitive
`re.L`	`re.LOCALE`	Makes the behavior of some special sequences (`\w, \W, \b, \B, \s, \S`) dependent on the current locale
`re.M`	`re.MULTILINE`	Makes the `^` and `$` characters match at the beginning and end of each line, rather than just the beginning and end of the string
`re.S`	`re.DOTALL`	Makes the `.` character match every character including newlines.
`re.U`	`re.UNICODE`	Makes `\w, \W, \b, \B, \d, \D, \s, \S` dependent on Unicode character properties
`re.X`	`re.VERBOSE`	Ignores whitespace except when in a character class or preceded by an non-escaped backslash, and ignores `#` (except when in a character class or preceded by an non-escaped backslash) and everything after it to the end of a line, so it can be used as a comment. This allows for cleaner-looking regexps.

pyirrlicht
ctypes python module for Irrlicht Engine SDK.
PyPi Link	https://pypi.python.org/pypi/pyirrlicht
Pip command	`pip install pyirrlicht`

Blender
Open Source 3D creation. Free to use for any purpose, forever.
Download link	https://www.blender.org/download/

Crystal Space
Crystal Space is a mature, full-featured Software Development Kit (SDK) providing real-time 3D graphics for applications such as games and virtual reality
Download link	http://www.crystalspace3d.org/main/Download

Overview

Getting Python

Python 2 vs Python 3

Installing Python in Windows

Cygwin

Installing Python on Mac

Installing Python on Unix environments

Gentoo Linux

Ubuntu Linux

Arch Linux

Source code installations

Other Distributions

Integrated Development Environments (IDE)

Trying Python online

Keeping Up to Date

Notes

Setting it up

Installing Python PyDev Plug-in for Eclipse IDE

Python Mode for Emacs

Installing new modules

See Also

Interactive mode

Interactive mode

Self Help

Built-in help overview

Navigating Help

Help Parameter

External links

Creating Python programs

Hello, World

Windows

Mac

Linux

Linux (advanced)

Result

Exercises

Notes

Variables and Strings

Variables

String

Strings and Variables

Combining Numbers and Strings

List of Learned Functions

Exercises

Basic syntax

Case Sensitivity

Spaces and tabs don't mix

Objects

Scope

Namespaces

Sequences

Strings

Lists

Tuples

Dictionaries

Sets

Frozenset

Other data types

3rd party data structure

Exercises

Data types

Built-in Data types

Mutable vs Immutable Objects

Creating Objects of Defined Types

Null object

Type conversion

Exercises

Numbers

Links

Strings

Overview

String operations

Equality

Numerical

Containment

Indexing and Slicing

String constants

String methods

is*

Title, Upper, Lower, Swapcase, Capitalize