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Lesson 2
Welcome to Lesson 2. In this lesson, you will be taught the next row:
ج چ ح خ د ڈ ذ
Jīm, chē, baṛī hē, and xē all change form in the same way, only differing with dot diacritics.
Likewise, dāl, ḍāl, and zāl all also change form in the same way with differing diacritics.
A Note on Non-Connectors
Dāl, ḍāl, and zāl are also what are called non-connectors. This means that when one of these letters occur in the beginning or the middle a word, the letter coming after the non-connector will be in its initial form. If the non-connector is the second last letter in the word, the letter coming after it will be in its independent form.
An example of the first instance:
ریڈیٔو - rēḍīō - radio
Here, rē and ḍāl are the non-connectors.
An example of the second instance:
رباج - rabāj - fashion
Here, alef is the non-connector.
If a non-connector comes after another non-connector, it simply takes its independent form:
درد - dard - pain
Here, dāl and rē are the non-connectors.
Now on to the lesson:
jīm - ج
Jīm is pronounced like the English "j". It will be represented by "j" in romanization.
Initial
جوکر - jōkar - joker
جیل - jēl - jail
Medial
پجاما - pajāmā - pajama
پنجاب - panjāb - Punjab
Final
سج - saj - decoration (Urdu)
ججّ - jajj - judge
chē - چ
Chē is pronounced like the English "ch". It will be represented by "ch" in romanization.
Initial
چین - chīn - China
چیتا - chīṭā - cheetah (animal)
Medial
سچل - sachal - Sachal (a name)
چیچہ وطنی - chīchahwatnī - Chichawatni (a town in Punjab, Pakistan)
Final
نیمچ - nīmach - Nimach (a town in Madhya Pradesh, India)
پانچ - pānch - 5 (Urdu)
baṛī hē - ح
Baṛī hē is pronounced like the English "h". It will be represented by "h" in romanization.
Initial
حیدرآباد - haidarābād - Hyderabad (a city in Sindh, Pakistan)
حلايب - halāīb - Hala'ib (a town in Egypt)
Medial/Final
By looking at jīm and chē, it shouldn't be difficult to determine the medial and final forms of baṛī hē.
xē - خ
Xē is pronounced a little like the Scottish "ch" or the Russian "x". It will be represented by "x" in romanization.
Initial
خضدار - xuzdār - Khuzdar (a town in Balochistan, Pakistan)
خرگوش - xargōsh - rabbit
Medial
سخت - saxat - strict
مخّں - maxxaṇ - butter
Final
رخ - raxx - keep
کخّ - kaxx - straw
dāl - د
Dāl is pronounced a little like the English "d" however, just like the dental t, this is a dental d. Therefore, you need to place the tip of your tongue behind your upper teeth instead of on the roof of your mouth to produce this sound. It will be represented by "d" in romanization.
Initial
دوات - davāt - ink pot
دادا - dādā - grandfather
Medial
سدا - sadā - always
ندان - nadān - innocent
Final
لدّ - ladd - load
سدّ - sadd - call
ḍāl - ڈ
Ḍāl is pronounced like the English "d". It will be represented by "ḍ" in romanization.
Initial
ڈیسک - ḍaisk - desk
ڈالر - ḍālar - dollar
Medial
اکیڈمی - akaiḍamī - academy
ریڈیٔو - rēḍīō - radio
Final
پونڈ - paunḍ - pound
چیڈ - chaiḍ - Chad (an African country)
zāl - ذ
Zāl is pronounced like the English "z". It will be represented by "z" in romanization.
Initial/Medial/Final
By looking at dāl, it shouldn't be difficult to determine zāl's forms. Just add a dot on top of the letter.
Summary
You have now completed Lesson 2. You have now learned jīm, chē, baṛī hē, xē, dāl, ḍāl, and zāl. That's 7 letters, but only 2 positional methods.
Thus far you have been taught the following:
ب پ ت ٹ ث
ج چ ح خ د ڈ ذ
Remember these well, and feel free to go through Lesson 1 or 2 again if you feel you need to do so to help you remember the letters.
When you are ready, proceed to Lesson 3.