Norwegian | Table of Contents - Introduction - Lesson 1 - Lesson 2 - Lesson 3
Lesson 2 ~ Grunnleggende grammatikk
Gender of Nouns
Norwegian Bokmål has three genders - feminine, masculine and neuter. Each noun is associated with one specific gender only. There are no simple rules for knowing which noun belongs to which gender; the only way of learning is to memorize it. However, nearly all feminine words can also be used as masculine words. In fact the dialect of Bergen, which is the second largest city in Norway, has no feminine gender, the same goes for the moderate version of Bokmål and Riksmål (the traditional written form of Bokmål which still is used by many). For example, the noun "dame" ("lady" or "woman") can be inflected as: ei dame/en dame - dama/damen (a woman - the woman), or ei dør/en dør - døra/døren (a door - the door). In addition, very few common words actually belong to neuter. This means that you can mostly assume that nouns are masculine, and just memorize those that are neuter.
In English, inflection of nouns can only be done using a/an/the. This is because the word "cat"/"cats" is the same in both the indefinite and the definite form. In Norwegian, this is done by inflecting the noun instead. Notice also that the ending 't' of the definite singular neuter is silent; it's not meant to be pronounced.
Basic inflectional patterns
Here are examples from each of the three genders. Inflection pattern is marked with bold text.
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However, in Norwegian Bokmål, there's an alternative method of inflecting nouns, which basically turns feminine nouns into masculine. This is both accepted and common to do. If you choose to do this, you should also avoid using the a-form of the definite plural neuter.
When speaking, native speakers will often mix between masculine and feminine inflection of nouns. For example, you could say: en klokke - klokka (a clock - the clock). Here, the indefinite singular form is in the masculine ("en klokke" instead of "ei klokke") while the definite singular form is in the feminine.
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Check out Appendix 1: Advanced Noun Inflection to see all the ways the nouns can be inflected.
Definite and Indefinite Articles
The Indefinite Article
In English the indefinite articles are "a" and "an" (singular) or "some" (plural).
In Norwegian, the indefinite singular articles are dependent upon the gender of the noun being addressed. The indefinite plural article is the same for all genders. In the previous tables, you've already been introduced to the singular indefinite articles.
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Personal Pronouns
These are very similar to the English personal pronouns. You'll quickly recognize them
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The Polite 2nd Person Singular forms 'De' and 'Dem' and the Polite 2nd Person Plural form 'Dere' are always capitalized, unlike the other pronouns which follow normal rules for casing. For example, while "Jeg elsker dem" means "I love them", "Jeg elsker Dem" means "I love you". As a sidenote, the use of these polite forms is becoming rarer, and they are very seldom used in everyday language.
Both “den” and “det” mean “it”. If the noun is masculine or feminine, “den” is used, while “det” is used if the noun is neutral.
Verbs
Learning verbs in Norwegian is easier than most other things you have learnt so far. Unlike English, verbs in Norwegian only inflect for tense and mood. Here's an example - the verb "to be" and "to run":
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