ZC3HC1

Nuclear-interacting partner of ALK (NIPA), also known as zinc finger C3HC-type protein 1 (ZC3HC1), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ZC3HC1 gene on chromosome 7.[5][6] It is ubiquitously expressed in many tissues and cell types though exclusively expressed in the nuclear subcellular location.[7][8] NIPA is a skp1 cullin F-box (SCF)-type ubiquitin E3 ligase (SCFNIPA) complex protein involved in regulating entry into mitosis.[9] The ZC3HC1 gene also contains one of 27 SNPs associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease.[10]

ZC3HC1
Identifiers
AliasesZC3HC1, NIPA, HSPC216, zinc finger C3HC-type containing 1
External IDsMGI: 1916023 HomoloGene: 32315 GeneCards: ZC3HC1
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

51530

232679

Ensembl

ENSG00000091732

ENSMUSG00000039130

UniProt

Q86WB0

Q80YV2

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_001282190
NM_001282191
NM_016478
NM_001363701

NM_172735
NM_001311086

RefSeq (protein)

NP_001269119
NP_001269120
NP_057562
NP_001350630

NP_001298015
NP_766323

Location (UCSC)Chr 7: 130.02 – 130.05 MbChr 6: 30.37 – 30.39 Mb
PubMed search[3][4]
Wikidata
View/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse

Structure

Gene

The ZC3HC1 gene resides on chromosome 7 at the band 7q32.2 and includes 14 exons.[6]

Protein

NIPA is a 60-kDa E3 ligase that contains one C3HC-type zinc finger and one F-box-like region.[11][12][13] Moreover, a 50-residue region (amino acids 352-402) at its C-terminal serves as the nuclear translocation signal (NLS sequence) while a 96-residue region (amino acids 306-402) is proposed to serve as the phosphotyrosine-binding domain.[9][11] NIPA is one component of the nuclear SCFNIPA complex, and phosphorylation of NIPA at three serine residues, Ser-354, Ser-359 and Ser-395, has been demonstrated to inactivate the complex as a whole.[9]

Function

NIPA is broadly expressed in the human tissues, with the highest expression in heart, skeletal muscle, and testis.[11] It is a human F-box protein that defines an SCF-type ubiquitin E3 ligase, the formation of which is regulated by cell-cycle-dependent phosphorylation of NIPA. Cyclin B1, essential in the entry into mitosis, is targeted by SCFNIPA in interphase. Phosphorylation of NIPA occurs in G2 phase, results in dissociation of NIPA from the SCF core, and has been proven critical for proper G2/M transition.[8] Oscillating ubiquitination of nuclear cyclin B1 driven by the SCFNIPA complex contributes to the timing of mitotic entry.[9][14] NIPA is also reported to delay apoptosis and the localization of NIPA is required for this antiapoptotic function.[11]

Model organisms

Model organisms have been used in the study of ZC3HC1 function. A conditional knockout mouse line, called Zc3hc1tm1a(KOMP)Wtsi[28][29] was generated as part of the International Knockout Mouse Consortium program — a high-throughput mutagenesis project to generate and distribute animal models of disease to interested scientists.[30][31][32]

Male and female animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen to determine the effects of deletion.[26][33] Twenty two tests were carried out on mutant mice and eleven significant abnormalities were observed.[26] Fewer than expected homozygous mutant mice were identified at weaning. Mutants appear to be subfertile, had decreased vertical activity in an open field, decreased lean body mass, decreased rib number and decreased mature B cell number. Males also had a decreased body weight, an abnormal posture and atypical indirect calorimetry data. Females also had an abnormally short snout and atypical haematology parameters .[26]

Clinical relevance

In humans, NIPA has been implicated in cardiovascular diseases by genome-wide association (GWAS) studies. Specifically, a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) situated in ZC3HC1 has been shown to predict coronary artery disease.[34][35] This prediction appears to be independent of traditional risk factors for cardiovascular disease such as high cholesterol levels, high blood pressure, obesity, smoking and diabetes mellitus, which are primary targets of current treatments for coronary artery disease. Therefore, studying the function of this gene may identify novel pathways contributing to coronary artery disease that result in the development of novel therapeutics.

Clinical marker

At the coronary artery disease-associated locus 7q32.2, only a single SNP (rs11556924) is associated with coronary artery disease risk, with no other variants in strong linkage disequilibrium. The rs11556924 SNP in the ZC3HC1 gene results in an arginine-histidine polymorphism at amino acid residue 363 in NIPA.[36] Furthermore, rs11556924 has also been associated with altered carotid intima-media thickness in patients with rheumatoid arthritis[37] and with altered risk of atrial fibrillation.[38]

Additionally, a multi-locus genetic risk score study based on a combination of 27 loci, including the ZC3HC1 gene, identified individuals at increased risk for both incident and recurrent coronary artery disease events, as well as an enhanced clinical benefit from statin therapy. The study was based on a community cohort study (the Malmo Diet and Cancer study) and four additional randomized controlled trials of primary prevention cohorts (JUPITER and ASCOT) and secondary prevention cohorts (CARE and PROVE IT-TIMI 22).[10]

References
  1. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000091732 - Ensembl, May 2017
  2. GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000039130 - Ensembl, May 2017
  3. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. Zhang QH, Ye M, Wu XY, Ren SX, Zhao M, Zhao CJ, Fu G, Shen Y, Fan HY, Lu G, Zhong M, Xu XR, Han ZG, Zhang JW, Tao J, Huang QH, Zhou J, Hu GX, Gu J, Chen SJ, Chen Z (October 2000). "Cloning and functional analysis of cDNAs with open reading frames for 300 previously undefined genes expressed in CD34+ hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells". Genome Research. 10 (10): 1546–60. doi:10.1101/gr.140200. PMC 310934. PMID 11042152.
  6. "Entrez Gene: ZC3HC1 zinc finger, C3HC-type containing 1".
  7. "BioGPS - your Gene Portal System". biogps.org. Retrieved 2016-10-11.
  8. Bassermann F, von Klitzing C, Münch S, Bai RY, Kawaguchi H, Morris SW, Peschel C, Duyster J (July 2005). "NIPA defines an SCF-type mammalian E3 ligase that regulates mitotic entry". Cell. 122 (1): 45–57. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2005.04.034. PMID 16009132. S2CID 16122567.
  9. Bassermann F, von Klitzing C, Illert AL, Münch S, Morris SW, Pagano M, Peschel C, Duyster J (June 2007). "Multisite phosphorylation of nuclear interaction partner of ALK (NIPA) at G2/M involves cyclin B1/Cdk1". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 282 (22): 15965–72. doi:10.1074/jbc.M610819200. PMID 17389604.
  10. Mega JL, Stitziel NO, Smith JG, Chasman DI, Caulfield MJ, Devlin JJ, Nordio F, Hyde CL, Cannon CP, Sacks FM, Poulter NR, Sever PS, Ridker PM, Braunwald E, Melander O, Kathiresan S, Sabatine MS (June 2015). "Genetic risk, coronary heart disease events, and the clinical benefit of statin therapy: an analysis of primary and secondary prevention trials". Lancet. 385 (9984): 2264–71. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61730-X. PMC 4608367. PMID 25748612.
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  19. "Indirect calorimetry data for Zc3hc1". Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.
  20. "DEXA data for Zc3hc1". Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.
  21. "Radiography data for Zc3hc1". Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.
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  24. "Salmonella infection data for Zc3hc1". Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.
  25. "Citrobacter infection data for Zc3hc1". Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.
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  35. Jones PD, Kaiser MA, Ghaderi Najafabadi M, McVey DG, Beveridge AJ, Schofield CL, Samani NJ, Webb TR (July 2016). "The Coronary Artery Disease-associated Coding Variant in Zinc Finger C3HC-type Containing 1 (ZC3HC1) Affects Cell Cycle Regulation". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 291 (31): 16318–27. doi:10.1074/jbc.M116.734020. PMC 4965579. PMID 27226629.
  36. Bassermann F, von Klitzing C, Münch S, et al. (July 2005). "NIPA defines an SCF-type mammalian E3 ligase that regulates mitotic entry". Cell. 122 (1): 45–57. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2005.04.034. PMID 16009132. S2CID 16122567.
  37. López-Mejías R, Genre F, García-Bermúdez M, Corrales A, González-Juanatey C, Llorca J, Miranda-Filloy JA, Rueda-Gotor J, Blanco R, Castañeda S, Martín J, González-Gay MA (2013-01-01). "The ZC3HC1 rs11556924 polymorphism is associated with increased carotid intima-media thickness in patients with rheumatoid arthritis". Arthritis Research & Therapy. 15 (5): R152. doi:10.1186/ar4335. PMC 3978706. PMID 24286297.
  38. Yamase Y, Kato K, Horibe H, Ueyama C, Fujimaki T, Oguri M, Arai M, Watanabe S, Murohara T, Yamada Y (February 2016). "Association of genetic variants with atrial fibrillation". Biomedical Reports. 4 (2): 178–182. doi:10.3892/br.2015.551. PMC 4734142. PMID 26893834.

Further reading
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