Tofu skin

Tofu skin, Yuba, beancurd skin, beancurd sheet, or beancurd robes is a food product made from soybeans. During the boiling of soy milk, in an open shallow pan, a film or skin composed primarily of a soy protein-lipid complex forms on the liquid surface.[2][3] The films are collected and dried into yellowish sheets known as tofu skin.[4][5] Since tofu skin is not produced using a coagulant, it is not technically a proper tofu; however, it does have similar texture and flavor to some tofu products.

Dried tofu skin
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy2,217 kJ (530 kcal)
7.2 g
Dietary fiber3.0 g
32.1 g
Saturated4.98 g
Monounsaturated7.50 g
Polyunsaturated16.26 g
50.4 g
VitaminsQuantity
%DV†
Vitamin A equiv.
0%
1 μg
0%
7 μg
Thiamine (B1)
30%
0.35 mg
Riboflavin (B2)
10%
0.12 mg
Niacin (B3)
9%
1.4 mg
Pantothenic acid (B5)
11%
0.55 mg
Vitamin B6
25%
0.32 mg
Folate (B9)
10%
38 μg
Vitamin E
16%
2.4 mg
Vitamin K
52%
55 μg
MineralsQuantity
%DV†
Calcium
21%
210 mg
Copper
164%
3.27 mg
Iron
64%
8.3 mg
Magnesium
62%
220 mg
Phosphorus
86%
600 mg
Potassium
18%
840 mg
Selenium
10%
7 μg
Sodium
1%
12 mg
Zinc
52%
4.9 mg
Other constituentsQuantity
Water6.9 g
Water Soluble Dietary Fiber0.6 g
Insoluble Dietary Fiber2.4 g
Biotin（B7）37.3 µg
Vitamin E showed only α-tocopherol [1]
†Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults.
Regional names
Chinese name
Chinese腐皮
Literal meaningbeancurd skin
Chinese name 2
Chinese豆腐皮
Literal meaningtofu skin
Korean name
Hangul두부껍질
Literal meaningtofu skin
Japanese name
Kanji湯葉
Kanaゆば

Tofu skin's use was first documented in written records in China in the sixteenth century. It is widely used, fresh, fermented, or dried, in Chinese, Korean, and Japanese cuisine.

Early history

An early written reference to tofu skin appeared in 1587 in Japan in the Matsuya Hisamatsu chakai-ki [Three-generation diary of the Matsuya's family's tea ceremonies]. The writer, Matsuya Hisamasa, states simply that tofu skin is the film that forms atop soymilk.[4]

Other written references to tofu skin appeared around that time in China in the Bencao Gangmu [The great pharmacopoeia] by Li Shizhen. This work was completed in 1578, but not published until 1596. Chapter 25 states:

If a film should form on the surface of soymilk when it is heated in the process of making tofu, it should be lifted off and dried to give doufu pi (literally "bean curd skin") which is itself a delicious food ingredient

— First cited by H.T. Huang 2000, p. 303, 323

A third known reference to tofu skin appears in 1695 in Japan in the Ben Zhao Shi Jian (Wade–Giles: Pen Chao Shih Chien [A Mirror of Food in This Dynasty, 12 volumes]. This book was written by Hitomi Hitsudai in Japan, in Chinese. When Japanese read the Chinese characters for tofu skin, doufu-lao, they pronounce them tōfu no uba. Lao or uba means "old woman" or "wet nurse".

Preparation
A worker at a tofu skin factory skimming the skin from small buckets and drying them

Tofu skin may be purchased in fresh or dried form. In the latter case, the tofu skin is rehydrated in water before use. It is often used to wrap dim sum.

Because of its slightly rubbery texture, tofu skin is also manufactured in bunched, folded and wrapped forms, which are used as meat substitutes in vegetarian cuisine. Tofu skins can be wrapped and then folded against itself to make dòu baō (Chinese: 豆包; lit. 'tofu package'). These are often fried to form a firmer skin before being cooked further.

Forms
Making tofu skin by skimming the skin off hot soymilk

Fresh

These are the three basic forms. Each comes in many varieties.

Dried

Tofu skin may also be dried and sold as dried beancurd sticks (Chinese: 腐竹; pinyin: fǔzhú; lit. 'tofu bamboo'). By layering or bunching fresh tofu skin or rehydrated tofu skin, then tying it tightly in cloth and stewing it, the dried beancurd sticks will retain their original shape. This bunched tofu skin is then called tofu chicken (simplified Chinese: 豆鸡; traditional Chinese: 豆雞; pinyin: dòu jī; or simplified Chinese: 素鸡; traditional Chinese: 素雞; pinyin: sù jī). In Thai cooking it is referred to as fawng dtâo-hûu (Thai: ฟองเต้าหู้, lit. foam tofu). It is commonly called foo chuk in Southeast Asia.[6]

Meat alternatives

By layering and bunching the sheets in a certain manner, an imitation of chicken breast can be created with tofu skin. The effect is completed by frying the "skin" side of the tofu chicken until it is crispy. If stuffed with vegetables, it becomes tofu duck. Likewise various other meat alternatives have been made in this way, especially by Buddhist vegetarian restaurants in areas of Chinese culture.[5]

The earliest process for making these meatless meats consisted of rolling thin sheets of doufupi, literally tofu skin, around a filling of minced, smoked, or other seasoned pieces of tofu skin, tying closed the bundle with string, and steaming until a meaty texture and flavor developed.[7]

Log

Other methods include rolling the tofu skin tightly on a chopstick and steaming it to form a log. When the log is sliced, each slice will be circular with a square hole in the center, which looks like old Chinese coins.

  • Tofu skin is commonly sold as dried leaves or sheets.
    Tofu skin is commonly sold as dried leaves or sheets.
  • Yuba served as a main course in Kyoto
    Yuba served as a main course in Kyoto
  • Tofu skin roll in dim sum cuisine
    Tofu skin roll in dim sum cuisine
  • Stick form, as a dish
    Stick form, as a dish

See also

References
  1. Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare Japanese Dietary Intake Standards (2015 Edition)
  2. Shurtleff, William; Aoyagi, Akiko (2004). "History of Yuba". History of Soybeans and Soyfoods: 1100 B.C. to the 1980s. Soyinfo Center. Retrieved 18 February 2021.
  3. BEAN SKIN (腐竹) ; A PRODUCT OF BLOOD & SWEAT FROM THE MAKERS. Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. Vol. 17. 1977.
  4. Shurtleff, William; Aoyagi, Akiko (2012). History of Yuba – The Film That Forms atop Heated Soymilk (1587–2012). Lafayette, California: Soyinfo Center.
  5. Shurtleff, William; Aoyagi, Akiko (1983). The Book of Tofu. Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press.
  6. "Foo chuk factory full of flies, with a dead kitty".
  7. Shurtleff, William; Aoyagi, Akiko. "History of Soybeans and Soyfoods: 1100 B.C. to the 1980s (unpublished)". Unpublished. Retrieved 22 January 2013.
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