Friendship Pass

21°58′35″N 106°42′44″E

Friendship Pass
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese友誼關
Simplified Chinese友谊关
Vietnamese name
Vietnamese alphabetHữu Nghị Quan
Nam Quan
Chữ Hán友誼關
南關
People's Liberation Army troops entered Friendship Pass on 11 December 1949.
Marshal Su Yuanchun and his entourage passing through the since-removed outer gatehouse on 16 July 1900.

Friendship Pass (traditional Chinese: 友誼關; simplified Chinese: 友谊关; Vietnamese: Hữu Nghị Quan), also commonly known by its older name Ải Nam Quan (traditional Chinese: 隘南關; simplified Chinese: 隘南关), is a pass near the China-Vietnam border, between China's Guangxi and Vietnam's Lạng Sơn Province. The pass itself lies just inside the Chinese side of the border.[1][2]

Vietnamese National Route 1 starts at the border near this pass, which lies less than 5 km north of the town of Đồng Đăng in Lạng Sơn Province, ending in Năm Căn in Cà Mau Province. China National Highway 322 runs from here to Guangxi Province and Hunan Province. This is one of the busiest border trading points of Vietnam.

It was built in the early Ming dynasty with the name of "South Suppressing Pass" (traditional Chinese: 鎮南關; simplified Chinese: 镇南关; Vietnamese: Trấn Nam Quan). In 1953, its name was changed to "South Harmonious Pass" (traditional Chinese: 睦南關; simplified Chinese: 睦南关; Vietnamese: Mục Nam Quan). In 1965, its name was changed again to the current Friendship Pass, reflecting the close political, military, and economic ties between the People's Republic of China and North Vietnam during the then-ongoing Vietnam War.

History
Picture from Bắc Sứ Thủy Lục Địa Đồ 北使水陸地圗, depicting the "South Suppressing Pass" (Trấn Nam Quan; 鎮南關) in 1880 (Tự Đức Canh Thìn niên; 嗣徳庚辰年).

Traditionally, the pass served as the exact border between China and Vietnam,[1][2] hence there is also a Vietnamese historical saying: "Nước Việt Nam ta trải dài từ Ải Nam Quan đến mũi Cà Mau,"[3][4] translated as "The Vietnamese nation stretches from Ải Nam Quan to Cape Cà Mau". However, since the Franco-Qing Convention of 1887, the border has been determined to be south of the Pass itself, putting it entirely within Chinese territory,[5] in Pingxiang, Chongzuo County, Guangxi Autonomous Region,[6] and the official border between the two nations is beyond this pass. A border stone No. 18 was erected and represented on an 1894 map to be "along the road from Đồng Đăng to Nam Quan", but has since been lost.[7] When China and Vietnam negotiated for a new border, both recognized the 1887 border to be a legal reference point through an agreement signed in 1993,[8] and both chose to draw the border south of, although at different distances away from, the Pass, later agreeing on a compromise. The new border was confirmed by Chinese and Vietnamese officials by a border treaty enacted in June 2000,[1] causing controversy among some Vietnamese as well as members of Vietnamese diaspora, who deemed it a "concession" to China.[9]

References
  1. "Han Nam Quan 3(English)". Archived from the original on 31 August 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
  2. "In Westminster, an Internet Bid to Restore Viet Land". Los Angeles Times. 30 June 2002. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
  3. "Asia Finest Discussion Forum > Ai Nam Quan - An example of communist sellout of Motherland". Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
  4. "Ải Nam Quan - nay còn đâu !! [Lưu Trữ] - Diễn đàn Lịch sử Việt Nam". Archived from the original on 24 April 2008. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
  5. "Ải Nam Quan trong hiện tại phần 2". Retrieved 27 June 2015.
  6. "Google Maps". Retrieved 27 June 2015.
  7. VnExpress. "Ải Nam Quan và thác Bản Giốc được phân chia thế nào". vnexpress.net (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 12 April 2022.
  8. "Thoả thuận về những nguyên tắc cơ bản giải quyết vấn đề biên giới lãnh thổ giữa Cộng hòa xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam và Cộng hòa nhân dân Trung Hoa". biengioilanhtho.gov.vn. Retrieved 12 April 2022.
  9. "Nom de domaine www.congdongnguoiviet.fr". Retrieved 8 April 2012.
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