Yana Rhinoceros Horn Site

The Yana Rhinoceros Horn Site (Yana RHS) is an Upper Palaeolithic archaeological site located near the lower Yana river in northeastern Siberia, Russia, north of the Arctic Circle in the far west of Beringia. It was discovered in 2001, after thawing and erosion exposed animal bones and artifacts. The site features a well-preserved cultural layer due to the cold conditions, and includes hundreds of animal bones and ivory pieces and numerous artifacts, which are indicative of sustained settlement and a relatively high level of technological development. With an estimated age of around 32,000 calibrated years before present (cal BP), the site provides the earliest archaeological evidence for human settlement in this region, or anywhere north of the Arctic Circle, where people survived extreme conditions and hunted a wide range of fauna before the onset of the Last Glacial Maximum. The Yana site is perhaps the earliest unambiguous evidence of mammoth hunting by humans.

Yana Rhinoceros Horn Site
Yana Rhinoceros Horn Site is located in Russia
Yana Rhinoceros Horn Site
Map of Sakha Republic showing the location of Yana RHS
Yana Rhinoceros Horn Site is located in Sakha Republic
Yana Rhinoceros Horn Site
Yana Rhinoceros Horn Site (Sakha Republic)
LocationSakha, Russia
Coordinates70°43′25″N 135°25′47″E
Area3,500 m2 (38,000 sq ft)
History
FoundedUpper Palaeolithic, c. 32,000 BP

A 2019 genetic study found that the remains of two young male humans discovered at the site, dating to c. 31.6 ka BP, represent a distinct archaeogenetic lineage, named 'Ancient North Siberians' (ANS).[1]

The Yana RHS site is preceded in Siberia by a few Initial Upper Paleolithic archaeological sites such as Ust-Ischim (with modern human remains, 45,000 years BP), or Kara-Bom (dating to 46,620 +/-1,750 cal years BP), Kara-Tenesh, Kandabaevo, and Podzvonskaya.[2]

Discovery

In 1993, Russian geologist Mikhail Dashtzeren found a foreshaft of a spear made from the horn of a woolly rhinoceros in the Yana Valley.[3] The discovery was made following thawing and erosion, which exposed numerous artifacts and animal bones near the site.[4] Following this discovery, guided by Dashtzeren, an Upper Paleolithic site now known as Yana RHS was found in 2001 by archaeologist Vladimir Pitulko and colleagues.[5] Excavations began in 2002.[6]

Location
Yana RHS Localities[7][8]
Locality Excavation dates
ASN 2001—2002
TUMS-1 2002
Northern Point 2002—2009
Yana-B 2003, 2004, 2008
Southern Point 2002—2004, 2008
Upstream Point 2004—2006
YMAM 2003—2014

The Yana RHS is located on an alluvial terrace near the left bank of the Yana river, north of the Arctic Circle, around 100 km south of the current river mouth.[5] It is situated on the far west of the coastal lowland between the Yana River in the west and the Kolyma River in the east.[9] The site consists of a complex of several roughly contemporaneous locations, separated by tens or hundreds of metres, over an area of more than 3500 square metres.[6][9] The cultural layer is retained to a significant extent at three of these locations (Northern Point, Yana B, and Tums1). Three other locations (Upstream Point, ASN, and Southern Point) only yield surface finds. At an additional location, now known as 'Yana Mass Accumulation of Mammoth' (YMAM), a large number of mammoth remains, comprising over 1,000 mammoth bones, was discovered in 2008 by ivory hunters.[6]

Yana RHS site location.[10]

Date

The site has been radiocarbon dated to approximately 32,000 cal BP,[11] before the Last Glacial Maximum and more than twice the age of any previously known human settlement of the Arctic.[5] By the time of the Last Glacial Maximum, around 21,000 cal BP, the archaeological culture represented by the Yana site had disappeared.[9]

Faunal remains
Excavation of the Northern Point area (NP) of the Yana site complex.[10]

From the exposed cultural layer, hundreds of animal bones have been discovered at the site, from a wide variety of species, including many that are now extinct. The species include woolly rhinoceros (Coelodonta antiquitatis), woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius), Pleistocene hare (Lepus tanaiticus), steppe bison (Bison priscus), horse (Equus ferus caballus), musk ox (Ovibos moschatus), wolf (Canis lupus), polar fox (Vulpes lagopus), brown bear (Ursus arctos), Pleistocene lion (Panthera spelaea), wolverine (Gulo gulo), rock ptarmigan (Lagopus mutus hyperboreus), and reindeer (Rangifer tarandus), the last of which was probably the primary source of game.[5][12][7] There is direct evidence for the hunting of steppe bison, reindeer, and brown bear at the site.[13] The faunal remains suggest that the human settlers at this site had a diverse diet.[14]

Some animals were probably hunted by humans for their fur. For instance, hare skeletons are found fully articulated, and were likely snared for their pelts, which are light and warm, rather than for meat.[12][9]

Until 2008, an unexpectedly low number of mammoth bones were found at the site, compared to the enormous number of bones from other mammals, which was interpreted to mean that mammoths played a limited role in the subsistence strategy of humans at the site, and had not been hunted but instead were scavenged for ivory and bone, which was used for tools and building materials.[15][16][7] This interpretation was revised when ivory hunters discovered an additional locality nearby at a location now known as 'Yana Mass Accumulation of Mammoth' (YMAM), containing around 1,000 mammoth bones representing at least 26 individuals, and grouped according to type.[14] At the YMAM locality, over 95 per cent of the faunal remains are mammoth, compared to around 50 per cent at Yana-B and only 3.3 per cent at Northern Point.[8] Recent studies suggest that there is convincing evidence of sporadic mammoth hunting, perhaps every few years, which is perhaps the earliest unambiguous evidence of mammoth hunting by humans.[6] It is likely that obtaining mammoth meat was not the main purpose of mammoth hunting at this site. Instead, mammoths were hunted mainly for ivory and bone to use as building materials, tools, and fuel.[6] It has been suggested that people of Yana RHS selectively hunted adolescent and young adult female mammoths with tusks of a particular size and shape, facilitating the manufacture of better hunting weapons.[6]

Artifacts
Hearth structures opened in the culture-bearing deposits of the Yana site complex.[10]

The Yana stone industry is flake-based,[15] using a simple knapping technology.[9] Blades are rare and microblades are absent.[14] Large tools are mostly unifacial or incomplete bifaces. Among thousands of stone artifacts, no stone hunting tools have been discovered at the Yana site. Instead, hunting tools seem to have been made from bone and ivory.[15] A variety of other stone tools have been found at the site, however, including chopping tools, scrapers, chisel-like tools, and a hammer stone.[5]

Organic materials are well-preserved at the site due to the permafrost.[9] Around 2,500 bone and ivory artefacts have been discovered at the site between 2002 and 2016.[9] These include a rhinoceros horn foreshaft and two mammoth ivory foreshafts, which may have been straightened with a shaft-wrench, combined with heating or steaming.[5][15] The foreshafts are said to be similar to those of the Clovis culture,[15] and are the earliest examples of bi-beveled osseous rods, and also the only example found outside the Americas.[17] There are also numerous ivory utensils, bone and ivory points, bone needles, a punch or an awl made from wolf bone, decorations and personal ornaments, and hunting weapons.[6]

Non-local materials such as amber were used to manufacture ornaments such as pendants, suggesting high mobility or extensive trade networks.[9]

Over 1,500 beads, some painted with red ochre, have been discovered at the site. These include rounded mammoth ivory beads and tubular beads made from Pleistocene hare bone.[12] Pendants were found made from reindeer teeth and herbivore incisors, and occasionally carnivore canines, or more rarely from minerals such as amber, as well as one specimen made from anthraxolite shaped like a horse or mammoth head.[12] Ivory hair band ornaments are also found.[12] Three-dimensional objects are less common, but include 19 antler animal figurines, probably intended to represent mammoths, three ornamented ivory vessels, and two engraved mammoth tusks, possibly engraved with drawings of hunters or dancers.[12]

The extent and density of the finds indicate a sustained and long-term human occupation of the site,[14] and demonstrate a high level of cultural and technological development.[12]

Relationship to other cultures

Archaeologists have noted similarities between the Yana RHS and the Clovis culture, especially their respective stone industries and distinctive spear foreshafts.[5][18]

Archaeogenetics
Main article: Ancient North Eurasian

Human teeth, dated to around 31,630 calibrated years before present, were found at the site, at the Northern Point locality.[9] DNA extracted from two of these teeth, which were found to be from two unrelated males, were found to represent a distinct archaeogenetic lineage[19] which can be modelled as a mixture of early West Eurasian with significant contribution (c. 22% to 50%) from early East Asians (represented by Tianyuan man), an ancestral lineage that the authors have named 'Ancient North Siberian' (ANS), thought to have diversified around 38,000 years ago.[lower-alpha 1] Both individuals from the Yana site were found to belong to mitochondrial haplogroup U, and Y chromosome haplogroup P1.[9] This is currently the oldest human genetic material retrieved from Siberia.[20]

A model of differentiation after dispersal out of Africa in the Early Upper Paleolithic (45,000–20,000 years) ("The tree diagram shows divergence patterns and is not meant to depict migration routes from the branches or geographic origins of ancestral populations").[21]
Genetic proximity of Yana with Ancient North Eurasian populations (Mal'ta, Afontova Gora), but also Ust-Ishim and Sunghir and to a lesser extent Tianyuan, within a principal component analysis of ancient and present-day individuals from worldwide populations.[22]

Notes
  1. Kozintsev 2022, p.1:"The ancestor of ANE was the ANS (Ancient North Siberian) autosomal component, represented in a male from the Upper Paleolithic Yana site, dating to 31.6 ka BP (Sikora et al., 2019). ANS is thought to have originated among West Eurasians soon after their divergence from East Eurasians about 43 ka BP. The picture is complicated by an approximately 22 % genetic contribution received by early West Eurasians from East Asians shortly after their split.".
  2. Hamilton et al. 2010, p1:"Distribution maps (Figures 2A–D) show that the four earliest sites (Kara-Bom, Kara-Tenesh, Kandabaevo, and Podzvonskaya) predating 40k calBP are located in southern Siberia.", "The oldest site in the dataset is Kara-Bom at 46,620+/-1,750 cal BP, and so is used to represent the point of origin for the population expansion.".
  3. Hecht 2004.
  4. Friesen 2016, p. 226.
  5. Pitulko 2004.
  6. Nikolskiy 2013.
  7. Basilyan 2011.
  8. Pitulko 2015.
  9. Sikora 2019.
  10. Pitulko et al. 2022.
  11. Friesen 2016, pp. 226–227.
  12. Pitulko 2012b.
  13. Pitulko 2018.
  14. Friesen 2016, p. 227.
  15. Pitulko 2012a.
  16. Friesen 2016, p. 241.
  17. Redmond 2005.
  18. Pitblado 2011.
  19. Davis 2019.
  20. Zimmer 2019.
  21. Yang 2022.
  22. Gakuhari et al. 2020.
  1. Sikora et al. (2019) model the Yana individuals as 22% East Eurasian and the remainder West Eurasian ("Using admixture graphs and outgroup-based estimation of mixture proportions, we find that ANS can be modelled as early West Eurasian with an approximately 22% contribution from early East Asians"). Massilani et al. (2020) model the Yana individuals as around one-third East Eurasian and two-thirds West Eurasian. Vallini et al. (2022) model Yana as 50% West Eurasian and 50% East Eurasian.

References
  • Basilyan, A.E. (2011). "Wooly mammoth mass accumulation next to the Paleolithic Yana RHS site, Arctic Siberia: its geology, age, and relation to past human activity". Journal of Archaeological Science. 39 (9): 2461–2474. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2011.05.017.
  • Friesen, T. Max (2016). The Oxford Handbook of the Prehistoric Arctic. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190602826.
  • Nikolskiy, Pavel (2013). "Evidence from the Yana Palaeolithic site, Arctic Siberia, yields clues to the riddle of mammoth hunting". Journal of Archaeological Science. 40 (12): 4189–4197. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2013.05.020.
  • Pitblado, Bonnie L. (2011). "A Tale of Two Migrations: Reconciling Recent Biological and Archaeological Evidence for the Pleistocene Peopling of the Americas". Journal of Archaeological Research. 19 (4): 327–375. doi:10.1007/s10814-011-9049-y. S2CID 144261387.
  • Pitulko, Vladimir (2012b). "The oldest art of the Eurasian Arctic: personal ornaments and symbolic objects from Yana RHS, Arctic Siberia". Antiquity. 86 (333): 642–659. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00047827. S2CID 163842582.
  • Pitulko, Vladimir (2015). "Mammoth ivory technologies in the Upper Palaeolithic: a case study based on the materials from Yana RHS, Northern Yana-Indighirka lowland, Arctic Siberia". World Archaeology. 47:3 (3): 333–389. doi:10.1080/00438243.2015.1030508. S2CID 128630423.
  • Redmond, B (2005). "Evidence of Early Paleoindian Bone Modification and Use at the Sheriden Cave Site (33WY252), Wyandot County, Ohio". American Antiquity. 70 (3): 503–526. doi:10.2307/40035311. JSTOR 40035311. S2CID 162034505.
  • Diyendo Massilani; Laurits Skov; Mateja Hajdinjak; Byambaa Gunchinsuren; Damdinsuren Tseveendorj; Seonbok Yi; Jungeun Lee; Sarah Nagel; Birgit Nickel; Thibaut Devièse; Tom Higham; Matthias Meyer; Janet Kelso; Benjamin M. Peter; Svante Pääbo (2020). "Denisovan ancestry and population history of early East Asians". Science. 370 (6516): 579–583. doi:10.1126/science.abc1166. PMID 33122380. S2CID 225957149.
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