Yacht issue
The Yacht issue was a series of postage stamps, bearing the image of German Kaiser's yacht, SMY Hohenzollern II, that were used in all of Germany's overseas colonies. Millions of stamps were produced and they were the principal means of postage for all German imperial overseas possessions in the years 1900–1915. German colonies at that time were German Samoa, Kiautschou Bay, Togoland, Kamerun, German New Guinea, German South-West Africa, and German East Africa.
History
The German colonies were all acquired between 1884 and 1899. They belonged to the Universal Postal Union and used the same postage rates as the mainland German Empire.[1] Initially, regular Imperial stamps from the mainland were used, and only their cancellation marks would reveal their colonial usage; later, the names of the individual colonies were overprinted upon the regular stamps before sale. In 1900, a new stamp design was released for universal use in all the colonies.
Redolent of the imperial grandeur of the Kaiser, the yacht was used as a symbol of German power and prestige. The seafaring nature of the design also underscored the new hopes of the German Empire under Wilhelm II. The Kaiser had embarked on a quest to expand worldwide and by 1898 was rapidly building his navy to compete with other world powers, particularly Great Britain.[2]
The "Yachts" were first released in 1900 and remained the standard postal design for all German colonial mail until shortly after the outbreak of the First World War. By mid-1915 all the German colonies had surrendered to Allied forces, and with them came their postal administrations. The confiscated German stamps, virtually all of them Yachts, were stamped with new names and prices for Allied wartime use. The Yachts thus continued in service throughout the war years, unlike the Kaiser's yacht itself which was decommissioned in June 1914.
Printing
Individual Yacht issues were printed from master printing plates which were blank in the "scrolls" surrounding the design. These "key plate stamps" could be engraved with names and prices as needed. Sometimes blank stamps were printed and stored, and the text would be overprinted later. On fully engraved plates, the text color matches the design color, while overprinted blanks have their text in rich black ink.
The printing was done by the intaglio method, which required moistening of the paper before printing. After the drying process was complete, the irregular contraction of the paper would sometimes cause the finished stamps to have designs of slightly different size.[3] Early printings were not watermarked, but from 1905 onwards, the classic "lozenges" watermark was applied to the back of the paper.
Two designs
Two separate designs of the Yacht stamps were published. They were issued to each of the colonies in a standardized set of colors and denominations. The less expensive varieties (3–20 pf. and 1–2 marks) were printed in monotone shades of red, orange, green, indigo and brown. The more expensive versions (25–50 pf. and 3–5 marks) were printed differently for aesthetic appeal: the small design had its ship and text printed with extra heavy black outlines, while the larger design was printed with contrasting colors like red and green.
Most of the stamps were denominated in German currency (1 Mark = 100 Pfennig), although German East Africa used its own currency, the Rupie (1 Rupie = 64 Pesa and, from 1905, 1 Rupie = 100 Heller). The leased port of Kiatschou used the Chinese Dollar ($1 = 100 Cents) as its currency after 1905.
Large design Yacht
The larger, more broadside, and more expensive version was printed in values of 1, 2 3, or 5 marks. The large Yacht issues were panoramic and were designed in two subtly distinct versions, one with a long unfurled scroll and another with a shorter, double-folded scroll. Together they provided the large Yachts with a visual uniformity across colonies because the font size would always be roughly the same, in contrast to the small design.
Large design: representative varieties
Short scroll: one-color, 1.5 Chinese dollars, Kiautschou.
Long scroll: two-color, five marks, German Marshall Islands.
Long scroll: two-color, 3 rp., German East Africa.
Small design Yacht
The smaller, forward-facing design was more common, and was printed in values of 3, 5, 10, 20, 25, 30, and 50 pfennigs. The small Yacht issues all have exactly the same design with differences only in the text. Because the size of the blank scrolls could not be altered, significant changes to font size and structure were necessary to accommodate colony names of varying length: German Southwest Africa stood out from other issues for its tightly cramped letters, while Togo and Samoa required decorative emblems to fill in the yawning blank spaces around their names.
Small design: representative varieties
German Southwest Africa.
German New Guinea.
German East Africa.
German Samoa.
Allied overprint versions
Following Allied occupation in the First World War, the German colonies had their stamps seized, but most were rereleased within a few days. The stamps were overprinted with the occupiers' postal codes and redenominated to the appropriate new currency. This breach of postal etiquette was taken quite poorly in Germany, and at least one provincial governor, in Belgium, decreed heavy penalties for any stamp collectors or dealers possessing Allied stamps.[4]
Issues of German New Guinea and Marshall Islands were, like Samoa, surcharged by the British with "G.R.I."[5] for Georgius Rex Imperator. In Kamerun, issues were overprinted "C.E.F." for the Cameroon Expeditionary Force. The stamps of Togo were surcharged "TOGO Anglo French Occupation" and "TOGO Occupation franco-anglaise" by British and French authorities respectively. Many of these Allied overprints are now exceedingly rare and there are numerous known forgeries.[6]
See also
References
- Beach, Frederick C. & Rines, George E., eds. (1912); The Americana: A Universal Reference Library, Volume 9; Scientific American, NY. See Section 22, "Germany – The Colonies": "The German colonies belong to the World [sic] Postal Union. There is the same rate of postage for letters, papers, etc., sent to Germany and to each colony as within the German Empire."
- Meyer, G.J. (2006); A World Undone: The Story of the Great War 1914 to 1918; Delacorte, USA; ISBN 0-553-38240-3. See p.286: "The German Navy was born in 1898... Wilhelm II and Tirpitz had embarked upon the building of a navy that they hoped to make as powerful as Britain's...."
- Friedemann, Albert (1980); The Postage Stamps and Cancellations of the Post Offices in German South West Africa; Bergvliet, S.Africa; ISBN 0-620-03312-6. See p.36: "The method of intaglio printing used at the time required slight moistening of the paper before printing, then drying, gumming, and finally perforating. The paper contracted irregularly, thus causing differences in the size of the printed area...."
- Chambers, William & Chambers, Robert (1917); Chambers's Journal, Vol. VII, Dec. 1916–Nov. 1917; See p. 262: "In retaliation for the British boycott [spoilage of German stamps], the German Governor of Belgium has imposed a heavy fine, accompanied by other pains and penalties, upon Belgian stamp dealers and collectors having in their possession any war-stamps of the Allies."
- Littell, Eliakim & Littell, Robert S. (1917); The Living Age, Vol. 293; Boston USA. See p.291: "The German colonial postage-stamps, bearing a representation of the Imperial yacht Hohenzollern... were temporarily withdrawn from circulation... [and] reissued a few days later overprinted with the Royal cipher 'G.R.I.' and a new value in British currency."
- Spennemann, Dirk H.R. (2002); "Postage Stamps used in the German Marshall Islands"; see section "Hialeah Forgeries". Retrieved August 28, 2010.
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