Y′UV

Y′UV signals are typically created from RGB (red, green and blue) source. Weighted values of R, G, and B are summed to produce Y′, a measure of overall brightness or luminance. U and V are computed as scaled differences between Y′ and the B and R values.

PAL (NTSC used YIQ, which is further rotated) standard defines the following constants,[8] derived from BT.470 System M primaries and white point using SMPTE RP 177 (same constants called matrix coefficients were used later in BT.601, although it uses 1/2 instead of 0.436 and 0.615):

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}W_{R}&=0.299,\\W_{G}&=1-W_{R}-W_{B}=0.587,\\W_{B}&=0.114,\\U_{\text{max}}&=0.436,\\V_{\text{max}}&=0.615.\end{aligned}}}$

PAL signals in Y′UV are computed from R'G'B' (only SECAM IV used linear RGB[9]) as follows:

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}Y'&=W_{R}R'+W_{G}G'+W_{B}B'=0.299R'+0.587G'+0.114B',\\U&=U_{\text{max}}{\frac {B'-Y'}{1-W_{B}}}\approx 0.492(B'-Y'),\\V&=V_{\text{max}}{\frac {R'-Y'}{1-W_{R}}}\approx 0.877(R'-Y').\end{aligned}}}$

The resulting ranges of Y′, U, and V respectively are [0, 1], [−U_max, U_max], and [−V_max, V_max].

Inverting the above transformation converts Y′UV to RGB:

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}R'&=Y'+V{\frac {1-W_{R}}{V_{\text{max}}}}=Y'+{\frac {V}{0.877}}=Y'+1.14V,\\G'&=Y'-U{\frac {W_{B}(1-W_{B})}{U_{\text{max}}W_{G}}}-V{\frac {W_{R}(1-W_{R})}{V_{\text{max}}W_{G}}}\\&=Y'-{\frac {0.232U}{0.587}}-{\frac {0.341V}{0.587}}=Y'-0.395U-0.581V,\\B'&=Y'+U{\frac {1-W_{B}}{U_{\text{max}}}}=Y'+{\frac {U}{0.492}}=Y'+2.033U.\end{aligned}}}$

Equivalently, substituting values for the constants and expressing them as matrices gives these formulas for BT.470 System M (PAL):

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\begin{bmatrix}Y'\\U\\V\end{bmatrix}}&={\begin{bmatrix}0.299&0.587&0.114\\-0.14713&-0.28886&0.436\\0.615&-0.51499&-0.10001\end{bmatrix}}{\begin{bmatrix}R'\\G'\\B'\end{bmatrix}},\\{\begin{bmatrix}R'\\G'\\B'\end{bmatrix}}&={\begin{bmatrix}1&0&1.13983\\1&-0.39465&-0.58060\\1&2.03211&0\end{bmatrix}}{\begin{bmatrix}Y'\\U\\V\end{bmatrix}}.\end{aligned}}}$

For small values of Y' it is possible to get R, G, or B values that are negative so in practice we clamp the RGB results to the interval [0,1] or more correctly clamp inside the Y'CbCr.

In BT.470 a mistake was made (because 0.115 was used instead of 0.114 for blue and 0.493 was the result instead of 0.492). In practice that did not affect the decoders because the approximation 1/2.03 was used.[10]

HDTV Rec. 709 (quite close to SDTV Rec. 601) compared with UHDTV Rec. 2020

For HDTV the ATSC decided to change the basic values for W_R and W_B compared to the previously selected values in the SDTV system. For HDTV these values are provided by Rec. 709. This decision further impacted on the matrix for the Y′UV↔RGB conversion so that its member values are also slightly different. As a result, with SDTV and HDTV there are generally two distinct Y′UV representations possible for any RGB triple: a SDTV-Y′UV and an HDTV-Y′UV one. This means in detail that when directly converting between SDTV and HDTV, the luma (Y′) information is roughly the same but the representation of the chroma (U & V) channel information needs conversion. Still in coverage of the CIE 1931 color space the Rec. 709 color space is almost identical to Rec. 601 and covers 35.9%.[11] In contrast to this UHDTV with Rec. 2020 covers a much larger area and thus its very own matrix was derived for YCbCr (no YUV/Y′UV, since decommissioning of analog TV).

BT.709 defines these weight values:

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}W_{R}&=0.2126,\\W_{G}&=1-W_{R}-W_{B}=0.7152,\\W_{B}&=0.0722\\\end{aligned}}}$

The ${\displaystyle U_{max}}$ and ${\displaystyle V_{max}}$ values are from above.

The conversion matrices for analog form of BT.709 are these, but there is no evidence those were ever used in practice (instead only actually described form of BT.709 is used, the YCbCr form):

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\begin{bmatrix}Y'\\U\\V\end{bmatrix}}&={\begin{bmatrix}0.2126&0.7152&0.0722\\-0.09991&-0.33609&0.436\\0.615&-0.55861&-0.05639\end{bmatrix}}{\begin{bmatrix}R'\\G'\\B'\end{bmatrix}}\\{\begin{bmatrix}R'\\G'\\B'\end{bmatrix}}&={\begin{bmatrix}1&0&1.28033\\1&-0.21482&-0.38059\\1&2.12798&0\end{bmatrix}}{\begin{bmatrix}Y'\\U\\V\end{bmatrix}}\end{aligned}}}$

• The weights used to compute Y′ (top row of matrix) are identical to those used in the Y′IQ color space.
• Equal values of red, green and blue (i.e. levels of gray) yield 0 for U and V. Black, RGB=(0, 0, 0), yields YUV=(0, 0, 0). White, RGB=(1, 1, 1), yields YUV=(1, 0, 0).
• These formulas are traditionally used in analog televisions and equipment; digital equipment such as HDTV and digital video cameras use Y′CbCr.

• UV planes in a range of Y=[0,1] using the BT.709 matrix
• 
  Y′ value of 0
• 
  Y′ value of 0.5
• 
  Y′ value of 0.5, with untruncated gamut shown by the center rectangle
• 
  Y′ value of 1