YARS

Tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase, cytoplasmic, also known as Tyrosine-tRNA ligase, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the YARS gene.[5][6][7]

YARS1
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes 1N3L, 1NTG, 1Q11, 4Q93, 4QBT
Identifiers
Aliases	YARS1, CMTDIC, TYRRS, YRS, YTS, tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase, tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase 1, YARS, IMNEPD2
External IDs	OMIM: 603623 MGI: 2147627 HomoloGene: 2730 GeneCards: YARS1
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 1 (human)[1] Band 1p35.1 Start 32,775,237 bp[1] End 32,818,031 bp[1]
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 4 (mouse)[2] Band 4|4 D2.2 Start 129,083,553 bp[2] End 129,113,400 bp[2]
RNA expression pattern Bgee Human Mouse (ortholog) Top expressed in right adrenal gland islet of Langerhans left adrenal gland prefrontal cortex endothelial cell stromal cell of endometrium caudate nucleus putamen upper lobe of left lung Brodmann area 9 Top expressed in yolk sac superior frontal gyrus morula neural tube motor neuron lip cerebellar cortex mirror entorhinal cortex primitive streak More reference expression data BioGPS More reference expression data
Gene ontology Molecular function aminoacyl-tRNA ligase activity nucleotide binding signal transducer activity ligase activity protein binding interleukin-8 receptor binding ATP binding tyrosine-tRNA ligase activity tRNA binding RNA binding Cellular component extracellular space cytoplasm nuclear body cytosol aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase multienzyme complex methionyl glutamyl tRNA synthetase complex Biological process tyrosyl-tRNA aminoacylation protein biosynthesis apoptotic process signal transduction tRNA aminoacylation for protein translation Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 8565 107271 Ensembl ENSG00000134684 ENSMUSG00000028811 UniProt P54577 Q91WQ3 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_003680 NM_134151 RefSeq (protein) NP_003671 NP_598912 Location (UCSC) Chr 1: 32.78 – 32.82 Mb Chr 4: 129.08 – 129.11 Mb PubMed search [3] [4]
Wikidata
View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

Living cells translate DNA sequences into RNA sequences and then into protein sequences. Proteins are chains of amino acids, such as tyrosine. As the protein grows, each amino acid is added to the end by an enzyme called transfer RNA (tRNA). Each amino acid has its own tRNA, and tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase is the tRNA that adds tyrosine to the end of a growing protein.

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases catalyze the aminoacylation of transfer RNA (tRNA) by their cognate amino acid. Because of their central role in linking amino acids with nucleotide triplets contained in tRNAs, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are thought to be among the first proteins that appeared in evolution. Tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase belongs to the class I tRNA synthetase family. Cytokine activities have also been observed for the human tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase, after it is split into two parts, an N-terminal fragment that harbors the catalytic site and a C-terminal fragment found only in the mammalian enzyme. The N-terminal fragment is an interleukin-8-like cytokine, whereas the released C-terminal fragment is an EMAP II-like cytokine.[7]

Recently, tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase has been demonstrated as the biologically and functionally significant target for resveratrol.[8]

For a comparison of cytoplasmic human tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase with its mitochondrial counterpart and with tyrosyl-tRNA synthetases of other biological kingdoms and organisms, see the Wikipedia page on Tyrosine-tRNA ligase and a general review on their structures and functions.[9]