Xylooligosaccharide
Xylooligosaccharides (XOS) are polymers of the sugar xylose.[1] They are produced from the xylan fraction in plant fiber. Their C5 (where C is a quantity of carbon atoms in each monomer) structure is fundamentally different from other prebiotics, which are based upon C6 sugars. Xylooligosaccharides have been commercially available since the 1980s, originally produced by Suntory in Japan. They have more recently become more widely available commercially, as technologies have advanced and production costs have fallen. Some enzymes from yeast can exclusively convert xylan into only xylooligosaccharides-DP-3 to 7.[2]
Molecular structure of an hypothetical xylooligosaccharide, where n is a variable number of xylose units.
Xylooligosaccharides act as a prebiotic,[3][4] selectively feeding beneficial bacteria such as bifidobacteria and lactobacilli within the digestive tract. A large number of clinical trials have been conducted with XOS, demonstrating a variety of health benefits, including improvements in blood sugars and lipids, digestive health benefits, laxation, and beneficial changes to immune markers.[5] These health benefits have typically been observed at 1–4 g/d, a lower dose than required for prebiotics such as fructooligosaccharides and inulin.
See also
- Fructooligosaccharide – Oligosaccharide fructans (FOS)
- Galactooligosaccharide – Class of prebiotics (GOS)
- Isomaltooligosaccharide – Mixture of short-chain carbohydrates (IMO)
References
- Vázquez, M. J.; Alonso, J. L.; Domínguez, H.; Parajó, J. C. (2000). "Xylooligosaccharides: Manufacture and applications". Trends in Food Science & Technology. 11 (11): 387. doi:10.1016/S0924-2244(01)00031-0.
- Adsul, Mukund (2009). "Biochemical characterization of two xylanases from yeast Pseudozyma hubeiensis producing only xylooligosaccharides". Bioresource Technology. 100 (24): 6488–95. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2009.07.064. PMID 19692229.
- Ma, Rui; et al. (2017). "Utility of Thermostable Xylanases of Mycothermus thermophilus in Generating Prebiotic Xylooligosaccharides". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 65 (6): 1139–1145. doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.6b05183. PMID 28067041.
- Linares-Pastén, J. A.; Aronsson, A.; Nordberg Karlsson, E. (2017). "Structural Considerations on the Use of Endo-Xylanases for the Production of prebiotic Xylooligosaccharides from Biomass". Current Protein & Peptide Science. 18 (999): 48–67. doi:10.2174/1389203717666160923155209. ISSN 1875-5550. PMC 5738707. PMID 27670134.
- nutraingredients-usa.com. "Research shows XOS is preferred prebiotic due to small dosage requirement; ideal for functional food and beverage applications". nutraingredients-usa.com. Retrieved 2022-07-06.
- Chung, Y-C; Hsu, C-K; Ko, C-Y; Chan, Y-C (2007). "Dietary intake of xylooligosaccharides improves the intestinal microbiota, fecal moisture, and pH value in the elderly". Nutr Res. 27 (12): 756–61. doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2007.09.014.
- Childs, CE; Roytio, H; Alhoniemi, E; Fekete, AA; Forssten, SD; Hudjec, N; et al. (2014). ""Xylo-oligosaccharides alone or in synbiotic combination with Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis induce bifidogenesis and modulate markers of immune function in healthy adults " a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised, factorial cross-over study". Br J Nutr. 111 (11): 1945–56. doi:10.1017/S0007114513004261. PMID 24661576. S2CID 28575826.
- Cloetens, L; Broekaert, WF; Delaedt, Y; Ollevier, F; Courtin, CM; Delcour, JA; et al. (2010). ""Tolerance of arabinoxylan-oligosaccharides and their prebiotic activity in healthy subjects " a randomised, placebo-controlled cross-over study". Br J Nutr. 103 (5): 703–13. doi:10.1017/S0007114509992248. PMID 20003568.
- Finegold, SM; Li, Z; Summanen, PH; Downes, J; Thames, G; Corbett, K; et al. (2014). "Xylooligosaccharide increases bifidobacteria but not lactobacilli in human gut microbiota". Food Funct. 5 (3): 436–45. doi:10.1039/c3fo60348b. PMID 24513849.
- Francois, IEJA; Lescroart, O; Veraverbeke, WS; Marzorati, M; Possemiers, S; Evenepoel, P; et al. (2012). ""Effects of a wheat bran extract containing arabinoxylan oligosaccharides on gastrointestinal health parameters in healthy adult human volunteers " a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial". Br J Nutr. 108 (12): 2229–42. doi:10.1017/S0007114512000372. PMID 22370444. S2CID 10359052.
- Iino, T; Nishijima, Y; Sawada, S; Sasaki, H; Harada, H; Suwa, Y; et al. (1997). "Improvement of Constipation by a Small Amount of Xylooligosaccharides Ingestion in Adult Women". J Japanese Assoc Diet Fiber Res. 1: 19–24. doi:10.11217/jjdf1997.1.19.
- Kajihara, M; Kato, S; Konishi, M; Yamagishi, Y; Horie, Y; Ishii, H (2000). "Xylooligosaccharide decreases blood ammonia levels in patients with liver cirrhosis". Am J Gastroenterol. 95 (9): 2514. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2000.02712.x. S2CID 33589050.
- Lecerf, J-M; Depeint, F; Clerc, E; Dugenet, Y; Niamba, CN; Rhazi, L; et al. (2012). "Xylo-oligosaccharide (XOS) in combination with inulin modulates both the intestinal environment and immune status in healthy subjects, while XOS alone only shows prebiotic properties". Br J Nutr. 108 (10): 1847–58. doi:10.1017/S0007114511007252. PMID 22264499.
- Lin, S-H; Chou, L-M; Chien, Y-W; Chang, J-S; Lin, C-I (2016). "Prebiotic Effects of Xylooligosaccharides on the Improvement of Microbiota Balance in Human Subjects". Gastroenterol Res Pract. 6: 1–6. doi:10.1155/2016/5789232. PMC 5019895. PMID 27651791.
- Maki, KC; Gibson, GR; Dickmann, RS; Kendall, CWC; Chen, C-YO; Costabile, A; et al. (2012). "Digestive and physiologic effects of a wheat bran extract, arabino-xylan-oligosaccharide, in breakfast cereal". Nutrition. 28 (11–12): 1115–21. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2012.02.010. PMID 22771050.
- Na, MH; Kim, WK (2007). "Effects of xylooligosaccharide intake on fecal Bifidobacteria, lactic acid and lipid metabolism in Korean young women". Kor J Nutr. 40: 154–61. doi:10.1097/01.NPT.0000288316.43613.63.
- Sheu, WH-H; Lee, I-T; Chen, W; Chan, Y-C (2008). "Effects of xylooligosaccharides in type 2 diabetes mellitus". J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 54 (5): 396–401. doi:10.3177/jnsv.54.396. PMID 19001772.
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- Yang, J; Summanen, PH; Henning, SM; Hsu, M; Lam, H; Huang, J; et al. (2015). ""Xylooligosaccharide supplementation alters gut bacteria in both healthy and prediabetic adults " a pilot study". Front Physiol. 6: 216. doi:10.3389/fphys.2015.00216. PMC 4528259. PMID 26300782.
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