Wrench size

Width across flats is the distance between two parallel surfaces on the head of a screw or bolt, or a nut, mostly for torque transmission by positive locking.

spanner (wrench) size and thread diameter of a hex nut

The term width across flats (AF) is used for the following forms:

  • 2-socket = round material with two surfaces
  • 4-socket = profile square section
  • 6-socket, 8-square = regular polygons

Spanner

The width across flats indicates the nominal "size" of the spanner. It is imprinted on the spanners in millimeter (mm) values. Older British and current US spanners (wrenches) have inch sizes that are imprinted in intermediate sizes in fractions.

The two systems are in general not compatible, which can result in rounding of nuts and bolts (i.e. using a 13 mm spanner in place of a 1⁄2 in (12.7 mm)). There are some exceptions with a few sizes being close enough to interchange. This includes 19 mm and 3⁄4 inch (19.05 mm), which are interchangeable for most purposes. Sizes that may interchange, depending on the precision needed, include 2 mm (close to 5⁄64 inch (1.98 mm)), 4 mm (close to 5⁄32 inch (3.97 mm)) and 8 mm (close to 5⁄16 inch (7.94 mm)).

In reality, a wrench with a width across the flats of exactly 15 mm would fit too tightly to use on a bolt with a width across the flats of 15 mm. The tolerances necessary to make the tools usable are listed in documents like ASME/ANSI B18.2.2 for U.S. standards.[1] For instance, a bolt for a 1-inch nominal diameter thread might have flats that are 1.5 inches apart. The wrench for this bolt should have flats that are between 1.508 and 1.520 inches apart to allow for a little extra space between the nut flats and the bolt flats. This means that the wrench slips easily over the bolt, and can be removed easily as well.

Width across flats
Fastener terminology of hex nuts:
d: Nominal thread diameter
k: Wrench size (width across flats)
h: Thickness
e: Width across corners

The width across flats of the fastener (for example screws, nuts, clamps) is nominally the same as that on the tool. The table below shows dimensions of metric spanners for selected sizes of metric threads.[2] Note that with ISO 272 1982 the width across flats for M10, M12, M14 and M22 were changed from 17, 19, 22 and 32 mm respectively to the current standard.

Nominal thread diameter (mm)M2M4M5M6M8M10M12M16M20M24M30M36M42
Width across flats (mm)47810131618243036465565

Widths for bicycles

In addition to industry standards, there are special thread standards, such as the bicycle threads according to DIN 79012, a fastening thread on metric-inch size basis of the designation. Modern bicycle spokes carry the bike thread FG 2.3.[3] A spoke wrench matching the spoke nipple is needed.

See also

References
  1. "ASME B18.2.2-2022 Nuts for General Applications: Machine Screw Nuts; and Hex, Square, Hex Flange, and Coupling Nuts (Inch Series)".
  2. ISO 262:1998 ISO general purpose metric screw threads – Selected sizes for screws, bolts and nuts. International Organization for Standardization. 17 Dec 1998.
  3. Übersicht Gewinde am Fahrrad
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