Women in governments of Israel

Golda Meir, at a meeting in the White House, 1973

During the Yishuv period women encountered many obstacles when attempting to gain entrance into the National Council, the effective government at the time. The presence of women in the National Council was contested by many in the Ultra-orthodox camp, who did not believe that women should have the ability to vote, let alone serve in positions of authority. Although one woman, Rahel Yanait Ben-Zvi was eventually allowed to participate in the first National Council of 1920, she was not allowed to be an equal representative, and was only given the status of a deputy. Despite her lesser status and the continuous resistance of the ultra-Orthodox, Rahel Yanait Ben-Zvi played an important role on the council.[7]

In much of the Yishuv period, the number of female representatives on the National Council remained small, and no women were chosen to be a part of any executive committee until Henrietta Szold in 1931. The next time a woman served on one of these executive committees did not occur until Rachel Cohen-Hagen was elected in 1947.[7]

From the first Israeli government until the 12th, Golda Meir was the only woman in the Israeli government (though not the parliament). Golda Meir, who started out as a secretary of the Women's Labour Council of Histadrut, and later became the head of the Jewish Agency for Israel's political department, and then an ambassador to the Soviet Union, came back to Israel in 1949 after she was elected to the Knesset, and served as the Israeli Minister of Labor. She held this job for 7 years under a number of Prime Ministers, until in 1956 she became Foreign Minister, a job she held for 10 years until 1966.

After 3 years, in which she wasn't a member of the Israeli government, she was chosen as the head the Alignment party and as Prime Minister, and she was voted as Prime Minister again in the 1969 elections, when the party got the highest number of seats in the Knesset. Despite being a woman, she wasn't known as a Feminist, and she didn't appoint any other women to positions in the government.

During Golda Meir's time, the number of woman members of Knesset was around 10–14 on average (out of 120), mostly from Mapai and its successor parties. In the elections during which Golda Meir was to become prime minister, only 8 women got into the Knesset.

The fact that Golda Meir was able to obtain high positions within the Israeli government is cited as an example of how women in Israel have opportunities to rise in politics.[11] However, Herzog argues that the fact that Meir has been the only female prime minister, and one of only a few women to rise to a high political position in the government indicates that her time in office did not represent a broader trend in increasing equality.[11]

After the 1973 elections, Golda Meir resigned from her position as prime minister as the result of protests after the Yom Kippur War, and Yitzhak Rabin was chosen to succeed her. In 1974, he appointed Shulamit Aloni as a minister without portfolio. She held this position for 5 months, until she resigned in protest over the appointment of Yitzhak Rafael as the Religious Services Minister, despite the fact that he was suspected of having accepted bribes. Following Aloni's resignation in 1977 the government contained no female members for the rest of the decade. This situation ended in 1983 when Sarah Doron joined the government. Doron served as a minister without portfolio.[9]

The Knesset formed in the 1988 election was notable for the decided decline in the number of women elected as representatives.[12] There were seven women out of the one hundred and twenty Knesset members in this era.[13] Due to the strong influence of religious parties in this Knesset, when female parliamentarians did advocate for issues involving women's rights they were often ignored.[13] Additionally, the drive to capture the religious votes caused Labor and Likud to take a step back from positions supporting women's rights.[13] Furthermore, the newly formed government contained no women at all.[12] Although no women occupied a position in the government itself, Shoshana Arbeli-Almozlino of the Labor party was selected to be the chairperson of the Economics Committee.[11] While this was partially taken as proof of women's advancement, it only occurred after much protest around the fact that no women were included in the government.[11] For this reason, her selection is often seen as a strategic move to soften the lack of women's inclusion in the government.[11]

From the founding of the Knesset until 1992, the number of female representatives in the Israeli Knesset decreased, with the low point following the 1988 election of the twentieth Knesset.[11] The 1992 election saw not only an increase in the number of female representatives elected to the Knesset, but also a shift away from female parliamentarians who tended to put party support above advocating for specific issues.  Additionally, many of the women elected in the 1992 election were self-avowed feminists.[11]

In 1992, the Committee for the Advancement of the Status of Women was inaugurated. This committee, which sought to create policy regarding the role and treatment of women in society, has generally had a higher percentage of female members and leaders compared to other committees. Many of the women on the committee held feminist views, although power was shared with those who had more conservative views. The committee members with more conservative views were generally members of religious parties. Although the committee has had to face ideological disagreement among some of its members, it has had numerous achievements in promoting laws against discrimination, and protecting the rights of women and other minority groups.[7] Further, a report by the United Nations noted the importance of the committee in forming networks between women in government, NGOs, and women who work in education, research and other professions.[14]

The 2000s have seen a shift in the representation of women in the Knesset.[15] Although the trend after 1999 has been one of increasing representation for women in the Knesset, this representation has largely come from parties on the left side of the political spectrum.[15] After 2003, this representation expanded to other political parties.[15] At the same time, women still have not been able to run for Knesset membership in some religious and Arab parties.[16]

Due to the rejection of female candidates by ultra-Orthodox parties, In 2015 the first Israeli political party dedicated to ultra-Orthodox women was unveiled, called "B’Zhutan: Haredi Women Making Change."  Led by Ruth Colian, the party hopes to bridge the gap in representation of issues relating to women in the Haredi community, while still maintaining an ultra-Orthodox, religious perspective.[17]

Israel's Thirty-fourth government

Ayelet Shaked, Miri Regev, and Gila Gamliel were appointed as cabinet ministers when the thirty-fourth government formed in 2015.[18] Ayelet Shaked of The Jewish Home was appointed Minister of Justice, while Gila Gamliel and Miri Regev of the Likud were appointed Minister for Social Equality and Minister of Culture and Sport respectively, and Tzipi Hotovely was appointed Minister in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.[19] in 2016, Sofa Landver was appointed Minister of Immigration Absorption.[18]Most recently, in 2019 Yifat Shasha-Biton became Minister of Construction and Housing.[19]

Ayelet Shaked, as a member of the Jewish Home party, has advocated a far right ideology in her role as Minister of Justice. As the Minister of Justice, Shaked also leads the committee charged with filling court vacancies.  This has been a frequent task for Shaked, due to high turnover as judges retire.  Shaked, who has expressed the belief that the courts of Israel carry out a left wing ideology, has been firm in pushing candidates whose views are more conservative. Additionally, she has attempted to pass measures that limit the power of the supreme court. Shaked has been successful at building support, which caused speculation that she could replace Netanyahu as Prime Minister after the April 2019 election.[20] This speculation turned out to be unfounded, as Netanyahu remained Prime Minister following the election.[21]

Following several inconclusive elections, Netanyahu had the responsibility of forming a new government. The government formed in 2020 and included eight female ministers, including Regev, Sasha-Biton and Gamliel.[22][23]