Ilex verticillata

Ilex verticillata, the winterberry, is a species of holly native to eastern North America in the United States and southeast Canada, from Newfoundland west to Ontario and Minnesota, and south to Alabama.[3][4]

Ilex verticillata

Secure  (NatureServe)[2]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Aquifoliales
Family: Aquifoliaceae
Genus: Ilex
Species:
I. verticillata
Binomial name
Ilex verticillata
(L.) A.Gray, 1856
Natural range

Other names that have been used include black alder,[5][6] Canada holly,[5] coralberry,[6] fever bush,[7] Michigan holly,[6] or winterberry holly.[3]

The species occurs particularly in wetland habitats, but also on dry sand dunes and grassland. The berries are an important food resource for some species of bird, among them the American robin.[8]

Description

Ilex verticillata is a shrub growing to 1–5 m (3–16 ft) tall. It is one of a number of hollies which are deciduous, losing their leaves in the fall. In wet sites, it will spread to form a dense thicket, while in dry soil it remains a tight shrub. The leaves are glossy green, 3.5–9 cm (1+3⁄8–3+1⁄2 in) long, 1.5–3.5 cm (5⁄8–1+3⁄8 in) broad, with a serrated margin and an acute apex. The flowers are small, 5 mm (0.20 in) in diameter, with five to eight white petals.

The fruit is a globose red drupe 6–8 mm (0.24–0.31 in) in diameter, which often persists on the branches long into the winter, giving the plant its English name. Like most hollies, it is dioecious, with separate male and female plants; the proximity of at least one male plant is required to pollenize the females in order to bear fruit.[8][9][10]

Cultivation and uses

Medicinal

The berries were used by Native Americans for medicinal purposes, the origin of the name "fever bush".[11]

The seeds, leaves, bark and berries of the plant can cause nausea and low blood pressure if ingested.[12]

Ornamental plant

Ilex verticillata – the American winterberry – is prized as an ornamental plant in gardens for the midwinter splash of bright color from densely packed berries, whose visibility is heightened by the loss of foliage; therefore it is popular even where other, evergreen, hollies are also grown. The bare branches covered in berries are also popular for cutting and use in floral arrangements. In autumn/fall the leaves turn yellow sometimes with tinges of red and orange.

It is easy to grow, with very few diseases or pests. Although wet acidic soils are optimal,[13] the winterberry will grow well in the average garden. Numerous cultivars are available, differing in size and shape of the plant and color of the berry. At least one male plant must be planted in proximity to one or more females for them to bear fruit. Because both females and males come in early- and late-flowering varieties, males must be selected to have same timing as the females they are intended to pollinate.

Selected cultivars

Female
  • Ilex verticillata 'Winter Red' Fruit is orange-red
  • Ilex verticillata 'Afterglow' Fruit is orange-red
  • Ilex verticillata 'Red Sprite' Large, red fruit
  • Ilex verticillata 'Spravy' "Berry Heavy" Fruit is orange-red
  • Ilex verticillata 'Spriber' "Berry Nice" Bright red fruit
  • Ilex verticillata 'Winter Gold' Fruit is orange.

Male (pollinator; no fruit)
  • Ilex verticillata 'Southern Gentleman'
  • Ilex verticillata 'Jim Dandy'
  • Female, flowers in early summer
    Female, flowers in early summer
  • Foliage and unripe fruit in summer
    Foliage and unripe fruit in summer
  • mid autumn
    mid autumn
  • Fruit in the winter
    Fruit in the winter
  • In the winter
    In the winter
  • Fruit in winter
    Fruit in winter
  • 'Winter Gold' variety showing orange berries.
    'Winter Gold' variety showing orange berries.

References
  1. Stritch, L. (2018). "Ilex verticillata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T122927488A122927624. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T122927488A122927624.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. "NatureServe Explorer". Retrieved 2021-05-06.
  3. USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Ilex verticillata". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 2011-11-01.
  4. "Ilex verticillata". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
  5. "Ilex verticillata (common winterberry)". Nova Scotia Wild Flora. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03.
  6. Christman, Steve (2005). "Ilex verticillata". Floridata. Retrieved 2018-09-01.
  7. "Ilex verticillata". Alabama Plant Atlas. Alabama Herbarium Consortium & the University of West Alabama. Retrieved 2018-09-01.
  8. Glenn, Steven D. (2013). "Ilex verticillata". New York Metropolitan Flora Project. Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Archived from the original on 2017-12-25. Retrieved 2007-11-27.
  9. Maunder, John E. (2012). "Aquifoliaceae: Holly Family". Digital Flora of Newfoundland and Labrador.
  10. "Ilex verticillata". Bioimages.
  11. "Search for Ilex verticillata". Native American Ethnobotany. Archived from the original on 2012-04-25. Retrieved 2011-11-01.
  12. Maria, Cheryl Santa (28 July 2018). "Look but DON'T TOUCH: 8 TOXIC plants in Canadian gardens". The Weather Network. Retrieved 13 January 2021.
  13. Starbuck, Christopher J. "Gardening in the Shade" (PDF). Retrieved 2022-11-27.
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