William Cooper (chemical manufacturer)

William Cooper (26 December 1813 – 20 May 1885) was a British veterinary surgeon, agriculturalist and industrialist who specialised in the manufacture of agricultural insecticides for livestock. He is credited with developing the first successful sheep dip, Cooper's Dip, in 1852.

This article is about the sheep dip manufacturer. For the 18th-century Berkhamsted poet, see William Cowper. For other people with the same name, see William Cooper.

Grave of William Cooper in Berkhamsted
Coopers sheep dip advert 1871

Early life and career

Cooper was born in Clunbury, Shropshire. He trained as a veterinary surgeon and by the 1843 he had moved to set up a practice in Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire.[1] Legend has it that he arrived in town with nothing but a bag with containing the tools of his trade.[2] In 1849, Cooper became one of the first veterinary surgeons to qualify from the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons.[3] In the 1851 census he is recorded as a resident of the High Street in Berkhamstead. He later moved to a house on the High Street called The Poplars; this house was later the birthplace of the actor Sir Michael Hordern in 1911.[4]

As a veterinary surgeon he was frequently confronted by the horrendous condition of farm animals caused by various parasitic insects, in particular a skin disease which afflicted sheep known as sheep scab - at the time treated very ineffectually by only ointments composed of tobacco stalk and brimstone emulsified in goose fat.[2] Cooper began to conduct his own experiments with preparations of arsenic and sulphur. By 1852 his experiments were conclusive enough for him to market the first truly effective sheep dip, known as "Cooper's dip". The product was sold in a powdered form which was easily transportable.

Cooper & Nephews
Part of the former Coopers works on Ravens Lane, Berkhamsted
Cooper's house, The Poplars in Berkhamsted

Cooper set up his own manufacturing firm in Berkhamsted, and the chemical works became a major employer in the town. From 1852 throughout the remainder of the 19th century the Berkhamstead based business expanded at considerable speed, the newly built factory taking every advantage of the new mechanical innovations of the day. In the 1860s the horse powered mills were replaced with steam powered machinery. The factory had its own printing press producing labels of a complicated design in order to prevent the sheep dip being faked by the unscrupulous.[2]

William Cooper formed a business partnership with his two nephews, Henry Herbert Cooper and Richard Powell Cooper, and the firm took on the name Cooper & Nephews. In 1885 William Cooper died, leaving the business to his nephews; Henry died in 1891, and his brother Richard Cooper became the sole proprietor of the business.

From 1885 to 1889, Richard began a large-scale expansion of the company. A shrewd business man, he made investments in land world wide and by 1913 owned 250,000 acres (1,000 km2) around the globe and owned mines in New Zealand, Rhodesia, and South Africa.[5] For services to Agriculture, Richard was created a baronet by King Edward VII in 1905, becoming the first baronet in the newly created Cooper Baronetcy of Shenstone Court.

The Coopers firm. later known as Cooper, McDougall & Robertson, continued to trade for many years until it was bought in 1973 by the pharmaceuticals company Wellcome. The Berkhamsted chemical works eventually closed down and most of the buildings have since been demolished.[1] Today, a veterinary company continues to operate in Australia under the Coopers Animal Health brand.[6]

The Cooper family grave is located in the Cemetery of St Peter's Church on Rectory Lane, Berkhamsted.[7] A stained glass window designed by the glazier Nathaniel Westlake was installed in the north aisle of St Peter's Church in 1885 in memory of William Cooper.[8][9]

References
  1. "Cooper's Works". Berkhamsted Through Time. Amberley. 2013. ISBN 9781445626864.
  2. "The famous dip the helped cure the scourge of Sheep". Dacorum Heritage Trust. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 18 March 2016.
  3. Hastie, Scott (1999). Berkhamsted: an Illustrated History. King's Langley: Alpine Press. p. 177. ISBN 0-9528631-1-1.
  4. Berkhamsted Through Time: The Poplars
  5. "The Rise and Fall of Coopers". Dacorum Heritage Trust. Archived from the original on 24 February 2016. Retrieved 24 February 2016.
  6. "About Us". Coopers Animal Health. Archived from the original on 23 March 2016. Retrieved 23 March 2016.
  7. Sherwood, Jenny. "The Cooper Family". Friends of St Peter's Great Berkhamsted. Archived from the original on 24 February 2016. Retrieved 24 February 2016.
  8. "Interactive guide: The Cooper Window". The Parish Church of St Peter, Great Berkhamsted. Archived from the original on 15 March 2016. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
  9. Norris, R.A. (1923). Parish Church of Berkhamsted, St. Peter, Hertfordshire. T. W. Bailey. p. 37.
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