List of last surviving veterans of military insurgencies and wars

This a chronological list of the last surviving veterans of military insurgencies, conflicts and wars around the world. The listed wars span from the 13th century BC to the Korean War.

Classical antiquity

Ramesses II (1303–1213 BC) – Egyptian Pharaoh who, as a young man, fought many battles with the Hittites and Shardana pirates and died aged 90.
Aristodemus of Sparta (c. 530–479 BC) – The "Coward of Thermopylae", who was the only Spartan to survive the Battle of Thermopylae.[1]
Marcus Valerius Corvus (370 BC?–270 BC) – Led the Roman army in the First Samnite War and reputedly lived to the age of 100.[2]
King Masinissa (c. 238 BC–c. 148 BC) – Led the Numidians during the Second Punic War and died at the age of 90.

Middle Ages

Muslim–Quraysh Wars (622–630)

Abu al-Yusr Ka'b ibn Amr (599–675) – Muslim. Last soldier to serve under Muhammad at the Battle of Badr.[3]

Norman conquest of England (1066–1088)

Robert de Beaumont, 1st Earl of Leicester (1040–1118) – Norman. Last nobleman proven to have fought alongside William the Conqueror at the Battle of Hastings.[4]

Early modern period

These cases, particularly with respect to the ages claimed by the veterans, cannot be verified as it was common in pre-industrialised societies for elders to exaggerate their age.

Henry Jenkins (1509 (Unlikely) – 1670) - English longevity claimant. Claimed to have carried arrows for English archers at Battle of Flodden (1513) when aged 12.[5][6]
Anton Grolekofsky (1671/1672?–1785) – Polish soldier claiming to live 114 years who lived in Sweden. Claimed to have fought in the Nine Years' War, Russo-Swedish War (1741–43) and Polish-Swedish War.[7][8]
Andreas Nielsen (1660?–1782) – Norwegian soldier. Claimed, while unlikely to be the last Scanian War veteran, however he was known to have had a long military career and seen many battles.[7][9]
Christian Jacobsen Drakenberg (1626 (Unlikely) –1772) – Norwegian sailor. Claimed to have fought for Frederick III of Denmark-Norway in the Dano-Swedish War (1657–58) and again from 1675 to 1681 in the Scanian War.[10]

17th century

Indian Wars (1622–1924)

Otto D. Van Norman (1876–1981) – United States. Served in the local posse during the Battle of Kelley Creek.[11][12]
Frederick Fraske (1872–1973) – United States. Last Army veteran.[13]
Hubert V. Eva (1869–1971) – United States. Last participant of the Battle of Sugar Point, the last battle fought between Native Americans and the U.S. Army.[14]
John Daw (1870–1965) – United States. Last Indian Scout.[15][16]
Dewey Beard (1857–1955) – Lakota Tribe. Last Native American participant of the Battle of the Little Big Horn. Also survived Wounded Knee.[17][18]
David McCoy (1790–1895) – United States. Fought in Tecumseh's War. Saw Chief Tecumseh die while fighting in the Battle of the Thames. Served in the War of 1812.[19]
Josiah Allen (1800–1891) – United States. Enlisted at 14 to serve in the Creek War.[20][21]

English Civil War (1642–1651)

William Walker of Ribchester, Lancashire (1626?–1736) – Royalist. Claimed to have fought in the Battle of Edgehill in 1642 for Charles I.
William Hiseland (1620?–1732) – Royalist. Last survivor of the Battle of Edgehill. Also fought in the Williamite War in Ireland and the War of the Spanish Succession.[22] Retired with rank of sergeant.[23] For 80-year service to the king, he became one of the earliest admitted to Royal Hospital Chelsea.[24]
John Read (1633–1730) – Parliamentarian. Joined Cromwell's army at 16 years old. Later emigrated to the American colonies and became a member of the Connecticut House of Representatives.[25]

First Anglo-Dutch War (1652–1654)

Richard Haddock (1629–1714) – Commonwealth of England. Served in the Royal Navy.[26]

18th century

Great Northern War (1700–1721)

Petro Kalnyshevsky (1690,[27][28] or 1691?–1803) – Cossack Hetmanate, Russia. Served in a Zaporozhian Cossacks Regiment. Also fought in 1735–39 and 1768–74 Russo-Turkish Wars (by which time he was an Ataman).
Abraham Lindqvist (1696–1801) – Sweden. Served as a Dragoon under Charles XII[29][30]

War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714)

Ambrose Bennett (or Tennant) (1693/94–1800) – Great Britain. Served at the Battle of Malplaquet (Alongside Hiseland) and reputedly died at the age of 106.[31][32]

Jacobite risings (1719–1745)

Peter Grant (1714?–1824) – Jacobite. Fought at Culloden, Falkirk Muir and Prestonpans.[33]

War of the Polish Succession (1733–1738)

Jean Thurel (1698?–1807) – France. Also served in the War of the Austrian Succession, the Seven Years' War and the American Revolutionary War. Known as "oldest soldier of Europe."[34]

Russo-Turkish wars (1735–1774)

Petro Kalnyshevsky (1691?–1803) – Zaporozhian Cossacks. Also fought in Great Northern War and Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774) (by which time he was an Ataman).

French and Indian War (1754–1763)

John Owen (1741–1843) – Great Britain. Also fought in American Revolutionary War. Buried in Warren, Pennsylvania.[35][36]
David Thompson (1736–1836) – Great Britain. Last pensioner. Lost an arm at Fort William Henry. Later served in the American Revolution.[37][38]
Michel-Eustache-Gaspard-Alain Chartier de Lotbinière (1748–1822) – France. Died in Montreal, Quebec, British Empire.[39]

Seven Years' War (1754–1763)

Johann Heinrich Behrens (1735–1844) – Prussia. Died in Wolfenbüttel.[40]
Ezekiel Blackmarr (1742–1841) – Great Britain. Born in the American colonies. Enlisted in British forces and was their last survivor of the Battle of Havana.[41]
Paul François de Quelen de la Vauguyon (1746–1828) – France. Died in Paris.[42]

American Revolutionary War (1775–1783)

Daniel Bakeman (1759–1869) – United States. Alleged veteran. Awarded pension via Congress, though no support of service has been located.[43]
John Gray (1764–1868) – United States. Last verifiable veteran although period of service was too short for him for pension qualification.[44][43]
Lemuel Cook (1759–1866) – United States. Last official veteran; honorable discharge signed by George Washington.[43]
Jean-Baptiste Le Cour de Grandmaison (1759–1861) – France. French naval officer, privateer and arms manufacturer, served as a midshipman in the French navy during the war.

Inconfidência Mineira (1789)

Padre Manuel Rodrigues da Costa (1754–1844) – Inconfidentes. Also participated in the Independence of Brazil and in the Liberal Rebellions of 1842.[45]
José de Resende Costa (1766–1841) – Inconfidentes.[45]

French Revolution (1789–1799)

Giovanni Battista Campanella (1776–1884) – France. Served in Italy during the French Revolutionary Wars and later in the 1812 Russian campaign.[46][47]
Arthur Dardenne (1776–1872) – France. Last surviving person to have taken part in the Storming of the Bastille.[48]
Nicolas Savin (1768 Or 1787–1894) – France. Claimed to have enlisted in 2nd Regiment of Hussars in 1798. 1768 figure proclaims he was approximately 126 at time of death. Later served under Napoleon and was awarded the Legion d'Honneur.[49]

Irish Rebellion of 1798

William Kinsella (1775–1870) – Irish rebel. Fought at Castlecomer.[50]

19th century

Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815)

Vincent Markiewicz (1795?–1903) – France. Claimed last Polish veteran. Known to have fought for Napoleon.[51] However in 1912 there were three Polish men who claimed to have fought at Borodino, but it is unlikely they were real veterans due to lack of documentation and improbable age ranges from 120 to 133.
Geert Adriaans Boomgaard (1788–1899) – France. Last Dutch veteran and verified veteran. Europe's oldest man at the time of his death. He fought for Napoleon in the 33ème Régiment Léger.[49]
Louis Victor Baillot (1793–1898) – France. Last veteran of the Battle of Waterloo. Also saw action at siege of Hamburg.[52][53]
Henry James (1799–1898) – United Kingdom. Last Royal Navy veteran. Enlisted in 1812 and served on HMS Pompee. Saw action off Toulon.[54][55]
Lars Jespersen Kike (1796–1897) – Norway. Last Norwegian veteran of the Swedish-Norwegian War.[56][57]
Leonard Meesters (1796–1896) – France. Last Belgian veteran. Fought for Napoleon.[49]
Josephine Mazurkewicz (1794–1896) – France. Last female veteran. Assistant surgeon in Napoleon's army. Later partook in Crimean War.[49]
Ferdinand Scharnhorst (1797?–1893) – United Kingdom. Last British Army participant of Waterloo. Served in the King's German Legion.[58][59]
Gaspar Costela Vasquez (1787–1892) – Spain. Last veteran of the Battle of Trafalgar. Served in the navy aboard Spanish ship Santa Ana.[60][61][62]
Vasilij Nikolaevich Kochetkov (1785?–1892) – Russia. Enlisted 7 March 1811. Served in Grenadier Lifeguard Regiment at Borodino. Served 66 1/2 years until 12 October 1877 when wounded during service in the Russian-Ottoman War.[63]
Joseph Sutherland (1789–1890) – United Kingdom. Served in the Royal Navy on HMS Beaulieu and was the last British survivor of Trafalgar.[64]
August Schmidt (1795–1899) – Prussia. German veteran and the last Prussian veteran of the conflict. He fought in the Battle of Bautzen, Battle of Großbeeren, Battle of Dennewitz, Battle of Leipzig, Battle of Laon and in the Battle of Waterloo.[65][66]

War of 1812 (1812–1815)

Hiram Cronk (1800–1905) – United States. Served in a New York Infantry Regiment.[67]
Lewis Tobias Jones (1797–1895) – United Kingdom. Served in the Royal Navy on HMS Medway. Participated in the 1814 capture of USS Syren. Also a Napoleonic Wars veteran.[68]

Seminole Wars (1816–1858)

Jacob C. Marsh (c. 1818–1917) – United States. Last participant of the Second Seminole War.[69]

Greek War of Independence (1821–1832)

John W. Stainer (1808–1907) – United Kingdom. Served in the Royal Navy on HMS Talbot. Last survivor of the Battle of Navarino.[70]
Apostolos Mavrogenis (1798–1906) – Greece. Served in the Army as a doctor. Served at Dervenakia and Drampala.[71][72]
Louis Pèlabon (1814–1906) – France. Served in the Navy on the Sirène. Fought at Navarino.[73][74]

July Revolution (1830)

Auguste Lebailly (1815–1911) – Orléanist.[75][76]

Belgian Revolution (1830–1831)

Johannes van den Boom (1817–1918) – United Netherlands. Joined as a drummer boy at 14.[77][78]
Corstiaan Hagers (1811–1915) – United Netherlands. Last holder of the Metal Cross.[79][80]
Alexandre Fournier (1812–1914) – France.[81][82]
Jean-Philippe Lavalle (1809–1913) – Belgian Rebels.[83][84]

Black Hawk War (1832)

Henry L. Riggs (1812–1911) – United States.[85]

Texas War of Independence (1835–1836)

William Physick Zuber (1820–1913) – Texas. Last veteran of the Battle of San Jacinto.[86][87]
Benjamin Franklin Highsmith (1817–1905) – Texas. Courier at the Alamo.[88][89]

Ragamuffin War (1835-1845)

Anísio Manoel de Souza (1822–1938) – Riograndense Republic. Later served in the Paraguayan War. Oldest soldier in Brazilian Army's history.[90]

Rebellions of 1837–1838

Samuel Filgate (1818–1919) – United Kingdom.[91]
Nelson Truax (1818–1915) – Hunters' Lodges. Fought at the Windmill.[92]
François X. Matthieu (1818–1914) – Parti Patriote.[93]

First Opium War (1839–1842)

John Bubeer (1820–1921) – United Kingdom. Served in the Royal Navy on HMS Endymion.[94][95]

Mexican–American War (1846–1848)

Owen Thomas Edgar (1831–1929) – United States. Served on the USS Potomac and USS Allegheny.[96]
Antonio Rincón Gallardo (c. 1833–1928) – Mexico. Enlisted at 13 years old and served at Churubusco in 1847.[97]

Hungarian Revolution of 1848

József Fischl (1827–1929) — Hungary. Served at Isaszeg and Segesvár.[98]
István Lebo (1826–1928) — Hungary. Last resident of the Hungarian Veterans Home.[98]
Artúr Görgey (1818–1916) — Hungary. Last Hungarian General. Survived to WW1 when German Imperial Soldiers would honor him for his fight against the Russian Empire.

Second Anglo-Sikh War (1848–1849)

John Stratford (1829–1932) — East India Company. Fought in the battles of Ramnagar, Challianwala, and Gujrat. Later served in the Anglo-Persian War as well as the Indian Mutiny.[99]

First Schleswig War (1848–1851)

Jørgen Jørgensen Birkholm (1829–1931) — Denmark.[100]
Detlef Marxen (1826–1930) — Germany.[101][102]

Crimean War (1853–1856)

Timothy (circa 1844 – 3 April 2004) — British Empire. Ship's mascot of HMS Queen (and tortoise).
James Gray (1836–1939) — British Empire. Served in the Royal Marine Artillery aboard HMS Hawke.[103]
Yves Prigent (1833–1937) — French Empire. Served in the Navy on the frigate Persévérante.[104]
Cotton Edwin Theobald (1836–1936) — British Empire. Officer of the 55th Foot. Possibly last British officer. Also served in the Indian Mutiny and on the North-West Frontier.[105]
Edwin Bezar (1838–1936) — British Empire. Hostilities had ceased by the time he arrived; he worked on re-interring the dead and building cemetery walls. Also served in the New Zealand Wars.
Luigi Parachini (c. 1832–1930) — Sardinia. Served under General La Màrmora.[106]
Edwin Hughes (1830–1927) — British Empire. Last survivor of Charge of the Light Brigade.[107]

Eureka Rebellion (1854)

William Edward Atherdon (1838–1936) — Stockade rebels.[108][109]

Indian Mutiny (1857–1859)

Charles Palmer (1847–1940) — British Empire. Nine-year-old boy who participated in the Siege of Lucknow.
George Chrystie (1841–1939) — British Empire. Last British Army veteran.[110][111]

New Zealand Wars (1845–1872)

Thomas Baker (1853–1948) — British Empire. Served in the Armed Constabulary.[112]
Te Huia Raureti (c.1840–1935) — Māori. Kīngitanga Warrior. Served under Chief Rewi Maniapoto in the defence of Ōrākau Pā.[113][114]

Second Italian War of Independence (1859)

Anton Neubauer (1836–1941) — Austrian Empire. Last survivor of the Battle of Solferino.[115][116]
Simone Piffaretti (1843?–1940) — Italy. Fought at San Fermo, Magenta, and Solferino.[117]
François Ribet (1835–1936) — French Empire.[118]
William John Newby (1832–1934) — British Empire. Last member of British Legion.[119]

Name	Claimed birth date	Believed birth date	Death date	Status
Pleasant Crump	23 December 1847		31 December 1951	Verified
Felix M. Witkoski	5 January 1850	October 1854	3 February 1952	Dubious
Thomas Edwin Ross	19 July 1850		27 March 1952	Possible
Richard William Cumpston	23 May 1841		5 September 1952	Unknown
William Murphy Loudermilk[123]	23 October 1847[124]	April 1851[125]	18 September 1952	Possible
William Joshua Uncle Josh Bush[126]	10 July 1845	July 1846	11 November 1952	Verified[127]
Arnold Murray[128]	10 June 1846	1842/1855[129]	26 November 1952	Possible[130]
William Daniel Uncle Eli Townsend[126]	12 April 1846		22 February 1953	Verified[131]
William Albert Kinney	10 February 1843/1846[132]	10 February 1861[133]	23 June 1953	Probable[134]
Thomas Evans Riddle	16 April 1846[135]	1862[136]	2 April 1954	Possible[137]

Most cases are questionable, though it should be remembered that many Confederate records were destroyed or lost to history. Unlike the U.S. Armed Forces archives, the Confederate Armed Forces records had no official archive system after the war. However, for most of the cases investigated, the ages of the claimants alone were enough to prove their claim was false. Walter Williams was generally acknowledged as the "last Confederate veteran" in 1950s newspapers. However, in September 1959 an exposé by The New York Times revealed that he was in fact born in 1854 in Itawamba County, Mississippi, and not 1842 as claimed. Still, since John B. Salling and all the other claimants were dead, Williams was celebrated as the last Confederate veteran after his death on 20 December 1959.[138]

Salling's own status is disputed. In 1991, William Marvel examined the claims of Salling and several other "last Civil War veterans" for a piece in the Civil War history magazine Blue & Gray. Marvel found census data that indicated Salling was born in 1858, not 1846. Although in 1900 Salling supplied a birthdate of March 1858, he appears to have been born around 1856, still too late to have served in the Confederate Army. The 1860 census lists him as 4 years old, and the 1870 census as 14.[139] William Lundy is listed as 1 year old on the 1860 census, and from 1870 until 1930 he gave census marshals ages that reflected birthdates as early as 1853 and as late as 1860. He did not push his birthdate back to the 1840s until he applied for a Confederate pension from the state of Florida. In the same piece, Marvel confirmed Woolson's claim to be the last surviving Union Army veteran and asserted that Woolson was the last genuine Civil War veteran on either side. However, Marvel did not present research establishing who, among the several other Confederate claims from the 1950s, some of which appear to be genuine, was the real last Confederate veteran.

French invasion of Mexico (1861–1867)

Jules Pujos (1846–1942) – French Empire.[140][49]
Francisco Arellano Zenteno (1842–1935) – Mexico. Fought at the battles of Puebla, La Carbonera and Tuxtepec. Previously served in the Reform War.[141]

January Uprising (1863–1865)

Feliks Bartczuk (1846–1946) – Poland.[142]

Second Schleswig War (1864)

Ludwig Herman Klein (1846–1943) – Denmark. Last Naval veteran. Served on the Geiser.[143]
Ove Henning Jacobsen (1841–1941) – Denmark. Last Army veteran. Fought at Dybbøl.[144]

Paraguayan War (1864-1870)

Pedro Guedes do Amaral (1846–1954) – Brazilian Army. Later served in the Federalist Revolution and in the War of Canudos.[145][146]
Pedro Hahn (1850–1949) – Brazilian Army. Last German-Brazilian veteran.[147][148]

Fenian raids (1866–1871)

Henry Bayles Hooke (1849–1954) – Canada. Fought in the raid of 1866 at Ridgeway.[149][150]
William Craig (1850–1951) – Canada. Fought in the raids of 1870–71.[151][152]

Expedition to Abyssinia (1867–1868)

Adrian Jones (1845–1938) – British Empire. Served as veterinary officer, believed to be last British survivor. Also served in First Boer War and Nile Expedition.[153]

Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871)

Seraphin Pruvost (1849–1955) – France.[49]
Karl Glöckner (1845–1953) – Germany.[49]

Paris Commune (1871)

Adrien Lejeune (1847–1942) – Communards. Last Communard.[154][49]
Antonin Desfarges (1851–1941) – Communards. Last député.[49]
Eugène François Louis Liné (1850–1940) – France.[155]

Third Anglo-Ashanti War (1873–1874)

Harry Figg (1855–1953) – British Empire. Died in Sydney, Australia. Also served in the Zulu War, First Boer War and Second Boer War.[156][157]

Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)

Nene Hatun (1857–1955) — Ottoman Empire. Fought at the Battle of Erzurum.
Mikhail Promtov (1857–1951) — Imperial Russian Army.

Second Anglo-Afghan War (1878–1880)

Alfred Hawker (1858–1962) – British Empire. Served in the British Army.[158]

Zulu War (1879)

Harry Figg (1855–1953) – British Empire.
Charles Wallace Warden (c.1854–1953) – British Empire. Transferred to First Foot in 1874.[159]
Frank Bourne (1854–1945) – British Empire. Last survivor of Rorke's Drift.

War of the Pacific (1879–1884)

Ricardo Orellana Olate (1860–1967) – Chile.[160][161][162]
Manuel Elías Bonnemaison Torres (1862–1961) – Peru. Served in the Navy on the Huáscar. Fought at Angamos.[163][164]

First Boer War (1880–1881)

Jacob "Jaap" Coetzer (1866–1969) – South African Republic. Boer veteran, served at the Battle of Majuba Hill.[165]
Thomas Jelley (1859–1955) – British Empire. Fought at Majuba Hill.[166]

Anglo-Egyptian War (1882)

Albert Canning (1861–1960) – British Empire. Served in the 19th Hussars. Also served in the Mahdist War and World War I.[167]

Mahdist War (1882–1899)

James Richard Miles (1879–1977) – British Empire. Last British Army veteran of the Battle of Omdurman.[168]

Nile Expedition (1884–1885)

Edward Hyde Hamilton Gordon (1861–1955) – British Empire. Last officer.[169]

North-West Rebellion (1885)

William Dickie Mills (1866–1971) – Canada. Fought at Fish Creek and Batoche.[170]
Jean Dumont (1858–1961) – Provisional Government of Saskatchewan. Fought at Batoche. Nephew of Gabriel Dumont.[171]

Second Franco-Dahomean War (1892–1894)

Nawi (c. 1879–1979) – Dahomey. Last Dahomey Amazon.[172][173]

Cuban War of Independence (1895–1898)

Juan Fajardo Vega (1881–1990) – Cuban rebels. Later served in the 1912 Negro Rebellion and the Cuban Revolution.[174]

War of Canudos (1896–1897)

José Ciríaco de Santana (1872–1974) – Canudos inhabitants.[175]
Honório Vila Nova (1864–1969) – Canudos inhabitants. Later served in the Revolt of Juazeiro.[176]

Spanish–American War (1898)

Jones Morgan (1882–1993) – United States. Served in the U.S. Cavalry.[177]
Aurelio Diaz Campillo (1878–1989) – Spain. Served in the Army.[178][179]
Archibald M. Forbis (1878–1981) – United States. Served in the U.S. Navy on USS McCulloch. Last Navy survivor of the Battle of Manila Bay.[180]

Second Boer War (1899–1902)

George Frederick Ives (1881–1993) – British Empire. Last British veteran. Later emigrated to Canada.[181]
James Gordon Williams (1880-1988) – British Empire. Last Australian veteran. Later served in First World War and attempted to enlist for the Second World War but was rejected because he was too old.[182]
Pieter Arnoldus Krueler (1885–1986) – South African Republic. Later served in both world wars, the Spanish Civil War, and was a mercenary in the Congo Crisis.[183]

Philippine–American War (1899–1902)

Nathan E. Cook (1885–1992) – United States. Served in the Navy on USS Pensacola.[184]
Walter Pleate (1876–1985) — United States. Served in the Army.[185]

Boxer Rebellion (1899–1901)

Nathan E. Cook (1885–1992) – United States. Served in the Navy.
Walter Pleate (1876–1985) — United States. Served in the Army.[185]

20th century

Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905)

Mamoru Eto (1883–1992) – Empire of Japan.[186]
Alex Gory (1881–1989) – Russian Empire.[187]

Macedonian Struggle (1904–1908)

Christos Papantoniou (1890–1995) – Greece.[188]

Potemkin Mutiny (1905)

Ivan Beshoff (1885–1987) – Potemkin rebels. Fled to Ireland in 1913.[189]

Revolt of the Lash (1910)

João Cândido Felisberto (1880–1969) – Leader and last known rebel. Also served in the Federalist Revolution.

Mexican Revolution (1910–1920)

Juan Carlos Caballero Vega (1900–2010) – Villistas. Pancho Villa's driver.[190]
Feliciano Mejia Acevedo (1899–2008) – Zapatistas.[191]
Antonio Gómez Delgado (1900–2007) – Villistas.[192]
Rafael Lorenzana (1899–2000) – Carrancistas. Became a Villista in 1915 after being captured.[193][194]
Teodoro García (1889–1999) – Federales. Fought for Díaz from 1910 to 1911.[195][196]

Xinhai Revolution (1911–1912)

Yu Yuzhi (1889–1993) – Tongmenghui. Last participant of the Wuchang Uprising. Also served in the Defense of Yangxia.[197]

Italo-Turkish War (1911–1912)

Michele Traini (1892–1996) – Italy. Sent to Libya in 1912. Returned home following WWI.[198][199]

Balkan Wars (1912–1913)

Lăcătușu Dumitrașcu (1891–1999) – Romania. Served in the 11th Siret Regiment in 1913. Also served in WWI and WWII.[200]
Christos Papantoniou (1890–1995) – Greece. Also served in WWI and WWII.[188]
Hristo Getov-Obbov (1893–1994) – Bulgaria. Joined the Macedonian-Adrianopolitan Volunteer Corps in 1912. Also served in WWI.[201]
Hüseyin Kaçmaz (1884–1994) – Ottoman Empire. Also served in WWI.[202][203]
Danilo Dajković (1895–1993) – Montenegro. Also served in WWI.[204]

Contestado War (1912–1916)

Firmino Rodrigues Martim (1894–c.2000) – Brazilian Army (vaqueanos).[205]
Altino Bueno da Silva (1903–2014) – Last rebellious child and witness of the slaughter.[206]

World War I (1914–1918)

Florence Green (1901–2012) – British Empire. Last Entente veteran and last veteran of World War I. Served as an officer's mess steward in the Royal Air Force; the Women's Royal Air Force.
Claude Choules (1901–2011) – British Empire. Last combat veteran. Served in the Royal Navy on HMS Revenge. Also last veteran to serve in both World Wars.
Frank Buckles (1901–2011) – United States. Last American veteran of World War I.
Harry Patch (1898–2009) – British Empire. Last soldier to fight in the trenches.
Franz Künstler (1900–2008) – Austria-Hungary. Last Central Powers veteran.

Easter Rising (1916)

John "Jack" Rogers (1894–2000) – United Kingdom. Served in the Sherwood Foresters. Also served in WWI.[207]
Frederick Watson (1900–1997) – United Kingdom. Served in the Royal Dublin Fusiliers.[208]
Lily Kempson (1897–1996) – Irish Republic. Served in the Irish Citizen Army.[209]
William Conor Hogan (1898–1995) – Irish Republic. Served in the Irish Volunteers. Also served in the War of Independence and the Civil War.[210][211][212]

October Revolution (1917)

Boris Gudz (1902–2006) – Red Army. Also fought in Russian Civil War.[213]

Russian Civil War (1917–1922)

Russian participants:

Vladimir Shostak (1905–2010) – Anarchists (Black Army).[214]
Anatoly A. Wolin (1902–2007) – Red Army.[215]
Boris Gudz (1902–2006) – Red Army. Also fought in October Revolution.[213]
Igor Talysin (1898–2004) – White Army.[216]
Nikolai Fyodorov (1901–2003) – White Army.[217]

Veterans of Allied Intervention:

Yasuichi Sasaki (1898–2006) – Japan. Discharged as a Corporal in 1920.[218]
Warren V. Hileman (1901–2005) – United States. Stationed in Vladivostok.[219][220]
Harold Edwin Radford (1897–2003) – Canada. Stationed in Vladivostok.[221]
Alois Vocásek (1896–2003) – Czechoslovakia. Fought as a Legionnaire throughout Siberia on the Trans-Siberian Railway.[222][223]
Jean Piry (1896–2003) – France.[224][225]
Frank William Ivers (1902–2003) – United Kingdom. Last Naval veteran. Served in Royal Navy off Northern Russia.
Harold Gunnes (1899–2003) – United States. Last veteran of the Polar Bear Expedition. Saw action against the Bolsheviks on USS Olympia in 1918.

Finnish Civil War (1918)

Lauri Nurminen (1906–2009) – White Guards.[226]
Aarne Arvonen (1897–2009) – Red Guards.[227]

Greater Poland Uprising (1918–1919)

Jan Rzepa (1899–2005) – Poland.[228][229]

German Revolution of 1918–1919

Helmut Fink (1901–2009) – Weimar Republic. Served in the Freikorps.[230]

Polish–Ukrainian War (1918–1919)

Grigory Ivanovich Kovpak (1905–2010) – Ukraine. Served in the Ukrainian Galician Army.[231][232]
Aleksander Sałacki (1904–2008) – Poland. Last Lwów Eaglet.[233][234]

Estonian War of Independence (1918–1920)

Ants Ilus (1901–2006) – Estonia.[235][236]
Paavo Takula (1901–2004) – Finland. Last volunteer.[237][238]
Karl Jaanus (1899–2000) – Estonia. Last surviving Cross of Liberty recipient awarded during war.[239]

Latvian War of Independence (1918–1920)

Arnolds Hofmanis (1900–2006) – Latvia. Died in Tukums, Latvia.[240]
Arvīds Lauris (1901–2003) – Latvia. Last surviving Order of Lāčplēsis recipient awarded during war.[241]
Kurt Andersen (1898–2003) – Germany. Served in the Iron Division.

Lithuanian Wars of Independence (1918–1920)

Kazys Varkala (1900–2005) – Lithuania. Fought against the Soviets and the Bermontians.[242]
Česlovas Januškevičius (1900–2001) – Lithuania. Last surviving Cross of Vytis recipient awarded during war. Fought the Polish in 1920.[243][244]

Irish War of Independence (1919–1921)

Dan Keating (1902–2007) – Ireland. Served in the Irish Republican Army.[245]
Bert Clark (1899–2005) – United Kingdom. Served in the British Army.[246][247]
Hugh McIvor (1901–2002) – United Kingdom. Last member of the Royal Irish Constabulary[248]

Polish–Soviet War (1919–1921)

Alexander Imich (1903–2014) – Poland.[249]

Silesian Uprisings (1919–1921)

Wilhelm Meisel (1904–2009) – Silesian rebels.[250][251]

Turkish War of Independence (1919–1923)

Salih Kuru (1906–2012) – Turkey. Carried ammunition to fronts.[252]
Mustafa Şekip Birgöl (1903–2008) – Turkey. Last combat veteran. Served in the Kuva-yi Milliye and later Turkish Armed Forces.[253]

Rif War (1920–1926)

Francisco Nunez Olivera (1904–2018) – Spain.[254][255]

Coto War (1921)

Reinel Cianca Gutiérrez (1901–2002) – Panama.[256][257][258]

18 of the Copacabana Fort revolt (1922)

Altino Gomes da Silva (1904–1996) – Tenentistas.

March on Rome (1922)

Vasco Bruttomesso (1903–2009) – National Fascist Party.[259]

Irish Civil War (1922–1923)

Dan Keating (1902–2007) – Irish Republic. Served in the Anti-treaty Irish Republican Army.[245]
Seán Clancy (1901–2006) – Irish Free State. Served in the Pro-treaty National Army.[260]

Northern Expedition (1926–1928)

Hao Quande (1912–2017) – Republic of China. Joined the National Revolutionary Army in 1927. Last veteran of the 19th Route Army.[261]

Cristero War (1926–1929)

Juan Daniel Macías Villegas (1912–2016) – Cristeros.[262]

Chittagong armoury raid (1930)

Binod Bihari Chowdhury (1911–2013) – Anushilan Samiti.[263]

Brazilian Revolution of 1930

Olimpio Martins Pires (1910–2020) – New State. Served as an MP in Minas Gerais. Also participated in the Revolution of 1932.[264][265]

January 28 incident (1932)

Huang Shengyong (1905–2017) – Republic of China. Penultimate veteran of the 19th Route Army.[266][267]

Constitutionalist Revolution (1932)

Alfredo Pires Filho (1920–2021) – São Paulo. Last rebel Boy Scout messenger. Later trained the Brazilian pilots during the World War II.[268]
Olimpio Martins Pires (1910–2020) – Brazil. Served in the PMMG. Also participated in the Revolution of 1930.[264][265]
Maria de Lourdes Pinto Picarelli (1913–2019) – São Paulo. Last female rebel combattant.[269][270]
Arlindo Leonardo Ribeiro (1913–2019) – São Paulo. Last Barretos rebel combattant.[271]
Zuleika Sucupira Kenworthy (1912–2017) – São Paulo. Last Jundiaí rebel combattant.[269][272]
Natalino Antonio Augusto (1910–2014) – São Paulo. Last Campinas rebel combattant.[273]
José Mango (1913–2015) – São Paulo. Last rebel veteran of the Battle of Gravi.[274]
Osvaldo Rafael Santiago (1915–2013) – São Paulo. Last Itapetininga rebel combattant.[275]
José Luiz Silveira (1909–c. 2011) – Brazil. Served in the BMRS. Last Battle of Cerro Alegre combattant. Also participated in the Revolution of 1923 and in the Revolution of 1930.[276][277][278]

Long March (1934–1935)

Tu Tongjin (1914–2023) – Chinese Red Army.[279][280]

Brazilian communist uprising of 1935

Antero de Almeida (1906–2014) – National Liberation Alliance.[281]

Spanish Civil War (1936–1939)

Delmer Berg (1915–2016) – United States. Last veteran of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade.
Günther Scholz (1911–2014) – Germany. Last veteran of the Condor Legion.
Josep Almudéver Mateu (1919–2021) – France. Last veteran of the International Brigades.[282]

1936 Naval Revolt

José Júnior Barata (1916–2014) – Portuguese Navy rebels.[283][284]

World War II (1939–1945)

See List of last surviving veterans of World War II

Korean War (1950–1953)

Last surviving Korean War flying aces:
- Charles G. Cleveland (1927–2021) – United States.[285]
- Sergey Kramarenko (1923–2020) – Soviet Union.[286]
- Wang Hai (1926–2020) – China.[287]
Ralph Puckett (born 1926) – United States. Last living Medal of Honor recipient.[288]
Bill Speakman (1927–2018) – United Kingdom. Last Victoria Cross recipient. Served in the Black Watch, British Army.[289]

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Walraven, Bill; Walraven, Marjorie K. (1993). The Magnificent Barbarians: Little-told Tales of the Texas Revolution. Eakins Press. p. 43. ISBN 9780890158739. Retrieved 17 November 2018.
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"CABO MANOEL DE SOUZA: Considerado o soldado mais velho do exército, Cabo Manoel de Souza, veterano da guerra do Paraguai, se recusou a se aposentar e serviu até os 113 anos". Foco no Fato. 21 July 2021. Retrieved 21 August 2021.
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"Brixham Centenarian: Survivor of China War of 1842". The Western Morning News. 21 Jan 1921. Retrieved 13 May 2019.
Associated Press (September 1929). "Mexican War's Last Survivor, 98, is Dead". The Dallas Morning News.
"Last Mexican Veteran Of War With U. S. Dies". The Evening News. Feb 6, 1928 – via Newspapers.com.
"Százkét éves korában influenzában meghalt a legutolsó negyvennyolcas honvéd". Huszadik Század. March 1929. Retrieved 2014-06-21.
"Wolverhampton says goodbye to a century-old soldier". Black Country Bugle. 24 November 2005. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 24 August 2014.
"En Veteran Fra 48, der fylder 100 Ar" (in Danish). MyHeritage. Retrieved 8 August 2014.
"War Veteran of 104". The Auckland Star. 14 June 1930. p. 3. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
Das Echo: Mit Beiblatt Deutsche Export Revue. Wochenzeitung Für Politik, Literatur, Export und Import (in German). Vol. 49. Auslandverlag. 1930. p. 756.
Austin, Dr. Douglas J. (April 2011). "A Last Survivor Of The Crimean War?". The War Correspondent (1 ed.). Crimean War Research Society. 29: 6–11. Retrieved 16 January 2019.
"LE DOYEN DES FRANÇAIS, M. YVES PRIGENT, EST MORT HIER MATIN A PORTSALL". L'Ouest-Éclair (in French). 19 May 1937. p. 5. Retrieved 23 April 2018.
"Officer Who Joined The Army in 1854 Bournemouth". The Montreal Gazette. 25 July 1936. p. 17. Retrieved 16 January 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
"LAST SURVIVOR OF CRIMEA WAR DIES BUSTO ARSIZIO". The Sandusky Register. Sandusky, Ohio. 28 May 1930. Retrieved 30 September 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
"Hall of Fame: Balaclava Ned". BBC News. 27 July 2009. Retrieved 20 October 2010.
"EUREKA STOCKADE RECALLED: William Edward Atherdon, (96)". The Kyogle Examiner. 29 May 1934. p. 3. Retrieved 29 May 2019 – via Trove.nla.gov.
"LAST SURVIVOR OF EUREKA STOCKADE". The Daily Mercury. 15 May 1934. p. 6. Retrieved 29 May 2019 – via Trove.nla.gov.
"ONLY ONE LEFT NOW – INDIAN MUTINY SURVIVOR". The Tweed Daily. July 13, 1939. p. 2. Retrieved January 8, 2018 – via Trove.nla.gov.
"Fought In The Mutiny". The Voice. August 12, 1939. p. 8. Retrieved January 8, 2018 – via Trove.nla.gov.
"VETERAN OF MAORI WARS". The Bay of Plenty Times. Vol. 76, no. 14693. 10 June 1948. p. 4. Retrieved 30 October 2018.
"Last Survivor: Orakau Warriors". The Auckland Star. Vol. 66, no. 140. 15 June 1935. p. 7. Retrieved 30 October 2018.
"DEATH OF MAORI CHIEF". Vol. 73, no. 22132. The Auckland Star. 11 June 1935. p. 11. Retrieved 30 October 2018.
"Hero Celebrates 100th Birthday". The Ogden Standard-Examiner. July 16, 1936. p. 4. Retrieved September 10, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.
Marwil, J. (2010). Visiting Modern War in Risorgimento Italy. Springer. ISBN 9780230117556. Retrieved September 10, 2016.
"La morte nel Comasco di un vecchio garibaldino". La Stampa (in Italian). 3 April 1940. p. 4.
"Campagnes de Crimée (1853–1856), d'Italie (1859), d'Afrique (1864), du Mexique (1862–1867)" (in French). derniersveterans.free.fr. Retrieved September 10, 2016.
"Garibaldi Survivor". The Barrier Miner. March 28, 1934. p. 4.
"la bandiera della Società dei Mille offerta al Duce dall'on, Ezio Garibaldi". La Stampa (in Italian). 20 December 1934. p. 9. Retrieved 29 May 2019.
"Fought With Garibaldi: Last of the Famous "Thousand"". The Courier-Mail. 23 August 1934. p. 10. Retrieved 16 March 2018 – via Trove.nla.gov.
The Banner (1956). "Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War: Albert Woolson". Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War. Retrieved 20 October 2010.
Polston, Mike. "WILLIAM LOUDERMILK, THE LAST CONFEDERATE". Couch Genealogy. Retrieved 2010-11-07.
'George Washington Loudermilk's Ancestors." Aline Loudermilk Jones compiled this massive genealogy 2007. It is online. The 1930 census also gives him a birth date consistent with late 1847. Between 1949 and his death in 1952 three Arkansas newspapers and four nationwide papers and magazines gave his age as being consistent with a birth date of late 1847 and 'The New York Times' was specific. The stories were not syndicated.
"1900 US Census gives age as 49. The censuses give Loudermilk a wide range of ages, some make him younger than a decade before, other age him nineteen years in ten". FamilySearch. Retrieved 14 August 2017.
"Last Surviving Confederate Veterans". Genealogy Trails. Retrieved 2010-11-07.
William Joshua Bush shows up as enlisted in Company B Ramah Guards, 14th Georgia Infantry where he served from July 1861 to his discharge that October. His service with the Georgia State Militia from October 1864 to their surrender in late April 1865 was also verified by the Georgia State Pensions in 1936 (see http://cdm.sos. state ga.us 2011/cdm/compoundobject collection/Testapps/id/149449/rec/1) apart from the muster rolls the adjutant-general verified his other documents. These include his soldier's card, a pay slip and his 1861 discharge. Between them these documents bear five different signatures. Bush may have also served in the 66th Georgia between August 1863 and October 1864.
"ARNOLD MURRAY Confederate Veteran living in 1950". Sons of Confederate Veterans. 2005-08-05. Retrieved 2010-11-07.
"ARNOLD MURRAY Confederate Veteran living in 1950." Posted J. Block August 5th 2005. This article mentions the stated 1854/1855 census birthdate – and also the 1920 census birthdate for 1847–48. The censuses of 1910 1930 and 1940 also give 1840s birthdates. Life magazine in the May 30th issue on page 9 gives his age as 101. In The South's Last Boys in Gray Professor J S. Hoar lists twenty-two known enlisted Confederates under eleven. See pp1733-1734.
TennRebGirl.com 3/4/14 has him in a group photo at a 1913 Confederate reunion. In the 1930 census he affirmed both Civil War service and a birthdate in the later 1840s.
Townsend's 1861 enlistment in Company B. 27th Louisiana Infantry is recorded on their muster roll in Andrew B. Booth's Military Records of Louisiana Confederate Soldiers and Louisiana Confederate Commands. and also in the LouisianaInfantryDataBase. ancestry.com has six primary source documents in his name; an 1862 sickness furlough, a clothing allocation, a Vicksburg prisoner of war roll where he is listed and his signed parole.
In Professor Jay S. Hoar's The South's Last Boy's in Gray(page 1700) he states that Kiney lied about his age by three years so as to be old enough to enlist. The 1850 census gives his age as four and his birthplace as Bracken County Kentucky. The first names of his parents in that document match those in a 1991 letter to Professor Hoar written by Kiney's granddaughter.
This birthdate comes from the February 1991 article "The Great Imposters" by William Marvel and is also in the 1900 and 1920 censuses for a man who spells his name Kinney. This birthdate also appears in a March 1920 marriage record for a William A. Kiney of Indianapolis. Kiney lived in this city.
Kiney has three primary source records of his enlistments apart from records kept by his family. In Official Records it states that he was in 5th Regiment Kentucky Mounted Infantry. This enlistment is also mentioned in Kentucky Adjutant General's Report – Confederate Volunteers 1861–1865, Vol.1 page 254 entry 80, where Kiney's enlistment is dated on November 1st 1861. Wikipedia's entry on this unit states that they were disbanded in October 1862 and the troops were given a three way choice, discharge, reenlistment or joining the Kentucky Cavalry. Kiney went with the last option as he enlisted in Company l of Diamond's 10th Kentucky Cavalry on 18th November 1863. (This extract is from the book The 10th Kentucky Cavalry CSA by John B. Wells & Jim Pritchard. See Roster of Diamond's 10th Kentucky Cavalry CSA www.potterflats.com10thKyhtml) Professor Hoare's segment on Kiney in The South's Last Boys in Gray reproduces an excerpt of Lloyd B. Walton's article "He's a Man Even at 109" from The Indianapolis Times September 14th 1952. Here Kiney speaks of his Civil War experience, recalling that he was in most of the war and that Shiloh was his toughest fight. His tombstone has the 2nd Kentucky Cavalry inscribed as his unit. They are not known to have had a muster roll.
This information comes from the 1850 census. Later censuses give a wide range of dates.
"1910 Census gives age as 48". FamilySearch. Retrieved 14 August 2017.
Thomas Evans Riddle is enlisted under his full name in the reproduced muster roll in Terry D. Lowry's History of the 22nd Virginia Infantry. He is also listed as just Thomas Riddle and in the same company in John C. Wayland's Muster Roll of Confederate Soldiers. He apparently transferred regiments for in Official Recordshe appears on the muster roll of Company I 33rd Virginia Infantry. John B. Sheets of that same company kept a diary where Thomas Riddle is mentioned on February 26th 1863. Against this evidence is the fact that Lowry cautions against believing Riddle and that some of Riddle's descendants warn that due to census information, he could not have served in the Civil War. See their website "Our Family" by David Autry.
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Personalhistorisk tidsskrift (in Danish). Society for Danish Genealogy and Staff History. 2003. p. 29. Retrieved 30 October 2018.
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"Revista de la Sociedad Fundadores de la Independencia, Vencedores el Dos de Mayo de 1866 y Defensores Calificados de la Patria" (in Spanish). Vol. 19–22. Sociedad Fundadores de la Independencia, Vencedores el Dos de Mayo de 1866 y Defensores Calificados de la Patria. 1961. pp. 4–5. Retrieved 20 May 2019. {{cite magazine}}: Cite magazine requires |magazine= (help)
"Felipe Santiago Estenós: Instituto Peruano de Sociología. Proceres del Perú" (in Spanish) (2 ed.). Publicaciones del Centro de Estudios Históricos Militares del Perú. 1965. p. 368. Retrieved 20 May 2019. {{cite magazine}}: Cite magazine requires |magazine= (help)
"Last Survivor". South African Digest. No. 14. Department of Information. 1967. p. 3.
"Has Drawn An Army Pension For 72 Years". Mercury & Herald. 12 March 1954. p. 4.
"COLONEL ALBERT CANNING, C.M.G." The Devizes and Wiltshire Gazette. 24 November 1960. Retrieved 29 November 2018.
Pugh, R. J. M. (2011). Wingate Pasha: The Life of General Sir Francis Reginald Wingate 1861–1953. Pen and Sword. p. 83. ISBN 9781848845312.
"Khartoum Veteran". Coventry Evening Telegraph. 9 November 1953. p. 3.
"Fought Against Riel". The Brandon Sun. March 8, 1966. p. 9. Retrieved August 11, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
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[58] Glover, Gareth (2015). Waterloo in 100 Objects. The History Press. ISBN 9780750964487. Retrieved 12 June 2019.

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[63] Alzamov, Boris (2017). Петербург – столица русской гвардии. История гвардейских подразделений. Структура войск. Боевые действия. Выдающиеся личности (in Russian). LitRes. ISBN 9785457879881. Retrieved 28 October 2018.

[64] "Battle of Trafalgar remembered". The Gibraltar Chronicle. 23 October 2018. Retrieved 28 October 2018.

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[71] "Απόστολος Μαυρογένης: Ο πρώτος στρατιωτικός ιατρός της επανάστασης του 1821". NewsNow.org (in Greek). NewsNow. 14 August 2013. Retrieved 13 May 2019.

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[81] "LE CENTENAIRE DE MAINCY". Le Petit Journal (in French). 28 December 1911. p. 2. Retrieved 23 April 2018.

[82] "Centenaire décoré". La Croix (in French). 11 February 1912. pp. 1–2. Retrieved 23 April 2018.

[83] "Miroir de l'histoire" (in French). No. 313–320. Nouvelle librairie de France. 1979. p. 669. Retrieved 30 March 2018. {{cite magazine}}: Cite magazine requires |magazine= (help)

[84] "Le dernier survivant des combattants de 1830". L'Expansion belge (in French). Vol. 5. Bruxelles. 1909. p. 692. Retrieved 30 March 2018.

[85] "DEATH OF THE LAST SURVIVOR OF THE BLACK HAWK WAR". Vol. 14. Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society. 1922.

[86] Blake, Robert Bruce. "ZUBER, WILLIAM PHYSICK". Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 17 November 2018.

[87] Walraven, Bill; Walraven, Marjorie K. (1993). The Magnificent Barbarians: Little-told Tales of the Texas Revolution. Eakins Press. p. 43. ISBN 9780890158739. Retrieved 17 November 2018.

[88] "Last Courier from the Alamo". Missoulian. 18 December 1905. p. 12. Retrieved 10 October 2019 – via Newspapers.com.

[89] "The Alamo's Messenger". The Star and Enterprise. 17 January 1906. p. 2. Retrieved 10 October 2019 – via Newspapers.com.

[90] "CABO MANOEL DE SOUZA: Considerado o soldado mais velho do exército, Cabo Manoel de Souza, veterano da guerra do Paraguai, se recusou a se aposentar e serviu até os 113 anos". Foco no Fato. 21 July 2021. Retrieved 21 August 2021.

[91] "Captain Filgate Died in His 101st Year". The Montreal Gazette. 28 January 1919. p. 7. Retrieved 20 April 2020 – via Newspapers.com.

[92] "Nelson Truax, Last Survivor of the Battle of the Windmill". The Watertown Daily Times. 1923. Retrieved 29 April 2016.

[93] Lyman, H.S. (1900). Reminiscences of FX Matthieu. Vol. 1. Portland: Oregon Historical Society.

[94] "HIS 101st BIRTHDAY". The Daily Herald. 21 Jan 1921. Retrieved 13 May 2019.

[95] "Brixham Centenarian: Survivor of China War of 1842". The Western Morning News. 21 Jan 1921. Retrieved 13 May 2019.

[96] Associated Press (September 1929). "Mexican War's Last Survivor, 98, is Dead". The Dallas Morning News.

[97] "Last Mexican Veteran Of War With U. S. Dies". The Evening News. Feb 6, 1928 – via Newspapers.com.

[Huszadik_Század-98] "Százkét éves korában influenzában meghalt a legutolsó negyvennyolcas honvéd". Huszadik Század. March 1929. Retrieved 2014-06-21.

[99] "Wolverhampton says goodbye to a century-old soldier". Black Country Bugle. 24 November 2005. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 24 August 2014.

[100] "En Veteran Fra 48, der fylder 100 Ar" (in Danish). MyHeritage. Retrieved 8 August 2014.

[101] "War Veteran of 104". The Auckland Star. 14 June 1930. p. 3. Retrieved 29 April 2016.

[102] Das Echo: Mit Beiblatt Deutsche Export Revue. Wochenzeitung Für Politik, Literatur, Export und Import (in German). Vol. 49. Auslandverlag. 1930. p. 756.

[103] Austin, Dr. Douglas J. (April 2011). "A Last Survivor Of The Crimean War?". The War Correspondent (1 ed.). Crimean War Research Society. 29: 6–11. Retrieved 16 January 2019.

[104] "LE DOYEN DES FRANÇAIS, M. YVES PRIGENT, EST MORT HIER MATIN A PORTSALL". L'Ouest-Éclair (in French). 19 May 1937. p. 5. Retrieved 23 April 2018.

[105] "Officer Who Joined The Army in 1854 Bournemouth". The Montreal Gazette. 25 July 1936. p. 17. Retrieved 16 January 2019 – via Newspapers.com.

[106] "LAST SURVIVOR OF CRIMEA WAR DIES BUSTO ARSIZIO". The Sandusky Register. Sandusky, Ohio. 28 May 1930. Retrieved 30 September 2015 – via Newspapers.com.

[107] "Hall of Fame: Balaclava Ned". BBC News. 27 July 2009. Retrieved 20 October 2010.

[108] "EUREKA STOCKADE RECALLED: William Edward Atherdon, (96)". The Kyogle Examiner. 29 May 1934. p. 3. Retrieved 29 May 2019 – via Trove.nla.gov.

[109] "LAST SURVIVOR OF EUREKA STOCKADE". The Daily Mercury. 15 May 1934. p. 6. Retrieved 29 May 2019 – via Trove.nla.gov.

[110] "ONLY ONE LEFT NOW – INDIAN MUTINY SURVIVOR". The Tweed Daily. July 13, 1939. p. 2. Retrieved January 8, 2018 – via Trove.nla.gov.

[111] "Fought In The Mutiny". The Voice. August 12, 1939. p. 8. Retrieved January 8, 2018 – via Trove.nla.gov.

[112] "VETERAN OF MAORI WARS". The Bay of Plenty Times. Vol. 76, no. 14693. 10 June 1948. p. 4. Retrieved 30 October 2018.

[113] "Last Survivor: Orakau Warriors". The Auckland Star. Vol. 66, no. 140. 15 June 1935. p. 7. Retrieved 30 October 2018.

[114] "DEATH OF MAORI CHIEF". Vol. 73, no. 22132. The Auckland Star. 11 June 1935. p. 11. Retrieved 30 October 2018.

[115] "Hero Celebrates 100th Birthday". The Ogden Standard-Examiner. July 16, 1936. p. 4. Retrieved September 10, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.

[116] Marwil, J. (2010). Visiting Modern War in Risorgimento Italy. Springer. ISBN 9780230117556. Retrieved September 10, 2016.

[117] "La morte nel Comasco di un vecchio garibaldino". La Stampa (in Italian). 3 April 1940. p. 4.

[118] "Campagnes de Crimée (1853–1856), d'Italie (1859), d'Afrique (1864), du Mexique (1862–1867)" (in French). derniersveterans.free.fr. Retrieved September 10, 2016.

[119] "Garibaldi Survivor". The Barrier Miner. March 28, 1934. p. 4.

[120] "la bandiera della Società dei Mille offerta al Duce dall'on, Ezio Garibaldi". La Stampa (in Italian). 20 December 1934. p. 9. Retrieved 29 May 2019.

[121] "Fought With Garibaldi: Last of the Famous "Thousand"". The Courier-Mail. 23 August 1934. p. 10. Retrieved 16 March 2018 – via Trove.nla.gov.

[122] The Banner (1956). "Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War: Albert Woolson". Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War. Retrieved 20 October 2010.

[123] Polston, Mike. "WILLIAM LOUDERMILK, THE LAST CONFEDERATE". Couch Genealogy. Retrieved 2010-11-07.

[124] 'George Washington Loudermilk's Ancestors." Aline Loudermilk Jones compiled this massive genealogy 2007. It is online. The 1930 census also gives him a birth date consistent with late 1847. Between 1949 and his death in 1952 three Arkansas newspapers and four nationwide papers and magazines gave his age as being consistent with a birth date of late 1847 and 'The New York Times' was specific. The stories were not syndicated.

[125] "1900 US Census gives age as 49. The censuses give Loudermilk a wide range of ages, some make him younger than a decade before, other age him nineteen years in ten". FamilySearch. Retrieved 14 August 2017.

[genealogy-126] "Last Surviving Confederate Veterans". Genealogy Trails. Retrieved 2010-11-07.

[127] William Joshua Bush shows up as enlisted in Company B Ramah Guards, 14th Georgia Infantry where he served from July 1861 to his discharge that October. His service with the Georgia State Militia from October 1864 to their surrender in late April 1865 was also verified by the Georgia State Pensions in 1936 (see http://cdm.sos. state ga.us 2011/cdm/compoundobject collection/Testapps/id/149449/rec/1) apart from the muster rolls the adjutant-general verified his other documents. These include his soldier's card, a pay slip and his 1861 discharge. Between them these documents bear five different signatures. Bush may have also served in the 66th Georgia between August 1863 and October 1864.

[128] "ARNOLD MURRAY Confederate Veteran living in 1950". Sons of Confederate Veterans. 2005-08-05. Retrieved 2010-11-07.

[129] "ARNOLD MURRAY Confederate Veteran living in 1950." Posted J. Block August 5th 2005. This article mentions the stated 1854/1855 census birthdate – and also the 1920 census birthdate for 1847–48. The censuses of 1910 1930 and 1940 also give 1840s birthdates. Life magazine in the May 30th issue on page 9 gives his age as 101. In The South's Last Boys in Gray Professor J S. Hoar lists twenty-two known enlisted Confederates under eleven. See pp1733-1734.

[130] TennRebGirl.com 3/4/14 has him in a group photo at a 1913 Confederate reunion. In the 1930 census he affirmed both Civil War service and a birthdate in the later 1840s.

[131] Townsend's 1861 enlistment in Company B. 27th Louisiana Infantry is recorded on their muster roll in Andrew B. Booth's Military Records of Louisiana Confederate Soldiers and Louisiana Confederate Commands. and also in the LouisianaInfantryDataBase. ancestry.com has six primary source documents in his name; an 1862 sickness furlough, a clothing allocation, a Vicksburg prisoner of war roll where he is listed and his signed parole.

[132] In Professor Jay S. Hoar's The South's Last Boy's in Gray(page 1700) he states that Kiney lied about his age by three years so as to be old enough to enlist. The 1850 census gives his age as four and his birthplace as Bracken County Kentucky. The first names of his parents in that document match those in a 1991 letter to Professor Hoar written by Kiney's granddaughter.

[133] This birthdate comes from the February 1991 article "The Great Imposters" by William Marvel and is also in the 1900 and 1920 censuses for a man who spells his name Kinney. This birthdate also appears in a March 1920 marriage record for a William A. Kiney of Indianapolis. Kiney lived in this city.

[134] Kiney has three primary source records of his enlistments apart from records kept by his family. In Official Records it states that he was in 5th Regiment Kentucky Mounted Infantry. This enlistment is also mentioned in Kentucky Adjutant General's Report – Confederate Volunteers 1861–1865, Vol.1 page 254 entry 80, where Kiney's enlistment is dated on November 1st 1861. Wikipedia's entry on this unit states that they were disbanded in October 1862 and the troops were given a three way choice, discharge, reenlistment or joining the Kentucky Cavalry. Kiney went with the last option as he enlisted in Company l of Diamond's 10th Kentucky Cavalry on 18th November 1863. (This extract is from the book The 10th Kentucky Cavalry CSA by John B. Wells & Jim Pritchard. See Roster of Diamond's 10th Kentucky Cavalry CSA www.potterflats.com10thKyhtml) Professor Hoare's segment on Kiney in The South's Last Boys in Gray reproduces an excerpt of Lloyd B. Walton's article "He's a Man Even at 109" from The Indianapolis Times September 14th 1952. Here Kiney speaks of his Civil War experience, recalling that he was in most of the war and that Shiloh was his toughest fight. His tombstone has the 2nd Kentucky Cavalry inscribed as his unit. They are not known to have had a muster roll.

[135] This information comes from the 1850 census. Later censuses give a wide range of dates.

[136] "1910 Census gives age as 48". FamilySearch. Retrieved 14 August 2017.

[137] Thomas Evans Riddle is enlisted under his full name in the reproduced muster roll in Terry D. Lowry's History of the 22nd Virginia Infantry. He is also listed as just Thomas Riddle and in the same company in John C. Wayland's Muster Roll of Confederate Soldiers. He apparently transferred regiments for in Official Recordshe appears on the muster roll of Company I 33rd Virginia Infantry. John B. Sheets of that same company kept a diary where Thomas Riddle is mentioned on February 26th 1863. Against this evidence is the fact that Lowry cautions against believing Riddle and that some of Riddle's descendants warn that due to census information, he could not have served in the Civil War. See their website "Our Family" by David Autry.

[Associated_Press-138] The Associated Press (20 December 1959). "Reputed Last Civil War Veteran Dies in Texas After Long Illness: Walter Williams Put His Age at 117 – Tributes Note the End of an Era". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 28 March 2012. Retrieved 17 October 2011.

[impostors-139] Marvel, William (1991). The great imposters. Vol. VIII. Columbus: Blue and Gray. pp. 32–33.

[140] "légion d'honneur". Journal officiel de la République française. 12 January 1937. p. 508. Retrieved 30 October 2018.

[141] "Murio Ayer el Ultimo Veterano del 5 de Mayo" (PDF) (in Spanish). Gobierno Municipal de Puebla. Retrieved 8 August 2014.

[142] Jakubik, Marian; Kołodziejczyk, Arkadiusz (2002). Żołnierska danina życia od 1657 roku (in Polish). IHAP. p. 158. ISBN 978-83-87088-59-0.

[143] "Den sidste Marine-Veteran død" [The Last Naval Veteran is dead] (PDF). Under Dannebrog (in Danish). The Danish Navy Association (2): 16. February 1943. Retrieved 20 March 2019.

[144] Personalhistorisk tidsskrift (in Danish). Society for Danish Genealogy and Staff History. 2003. p. 29. Retrieved 30 October 2018.

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[150] "Leonia Man Honored At 101st Birthday". The Herald-News. 17 July 1950. p. 14. Retrieved 20 April 2020 – via Newspapers.com.

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[158] McWhirter, Norris; McWhirter, Ross, eds. (1972). The Guinness Book of Records. Guinness Superlatives Ltd. p. 196. ISBN 0-900424-06-0.

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[165] "Last Survivor". South African Digest. No. 14. Department of Information. 1967. p. 3.

[166] "Has Drawn An Army Pension For 72 Years". Mercury & Herald. 12 March 1954. p. 4.

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[172] Bertrand, Alain (2014). L'Archémythe des Amazones (in French). Lulu books. p. 82. ISBN 9781326110642. Retrieved 15 March 2018.

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