White and Middleton

1898 illustration of a White and Middleton engine. Note the large twin flywheels that serve to smooth the power output of this single-stroke engine.

The company was founded and operated during most of its existence by Charles White and Arthur R. Middleton.[1] The company exhibited in the Machinery Hall at the 1893 World's Fair in Chicago.[2]

The engines the company manufactured could be powered either by natural gas or by gasoline.[3] They were employed for such varied uses as powering riverboats,[4] generating electricity for local power grids,[3] grinding coffee for both industrial coffee processors and coffee shops,[4] and driving submarines.

White and Middleton engines were used both in the original Victorian era Argonaut-class submarines of Simon Lake[5] and in the Protector-class submarines[6] built by the Lake Torpedo Boat Company of Bridgeport, Connecticut and sold to the German, Austro-Hungarian, and Russian Imperial Navies during the decade preceding World War I. Two later Lake submarine models, the G-1 and G-2 which were purchased by the United States Navy, also used White and Middleton engines.[7] A White and Middleton engine powered the electrical generator for Vanderbilt's Biltmore Estate in Asheville, North Carolina.[8]

The rising success of the company as the new century dawned permitted the opening of a distribution subsidiary in Chicago, Illinois.[9] In 1912 Charles White purchased Arthur R. Middleton's interest in the company and the firm was dissolved by mutual agreement, with the engines continuing to be produced by The Charles White Gas Engine Company.[10] The company was eventually sold to Richard Thomas.[9] Later U.S. Naval records list the company headquarters as Springfield, Ohio.[11][12]

In 1898 White and Middleton produced nine different sizes of engine.[13] Some models were approved by Underwriters Laboratories.[14]

An engine of the ordinary four-cycle type, for gas or gasoline, is made by the White & Middleton Company, Baltimore, in sizes from 4 to 50 B.H.P. In this motor the valve shaft is replaced by spur-gearing. Ignition is by a tube with a timing valve, the spindle of which is worked from the motor piston. Ports are also uncovered by the piston, through which part of the exhaust products escape; the remainder are discharged at the end of the stroke through a valve worked by a rod and levers from the crank shaft, through a slide and cam. The same rod actuates the spindle of the gas valve. Both exhaust and admission are thrown out of gear by the governor if the normal speed is exceeded. If the engine is driven with gasoline a small oil pump is substituted for the gas valve-rod, and is controlled on the "hit-and-miss " principle by the governor.

— A Text-book on Gas, Oil, and Air Engines, 1903[15]

Performance data

Sample data on tests of 30 hp White and Middleton engines from the U.S. Bureau of Mines[16]

Brake horsepower	Indicated horsepower	Friction horsepower	Per cent. rated load	Mechanical efficiency
				${\displaystyle {\dfrac {\mbox{b.hp.}}{\mbox{i.hp.}}}\times 100}$	${\displaystyle {\dfrac {\mbox{b.hp.}}{{\mbox{b.hp.}}+{\mbox{avg. f.hp.}}}}\times 100}$
11.8	18.5	6.7	39.0	64.0	64.0
8.0	16.0	7.1	26.7	50.0	54.4
5.9	11.7	5.8	19.7	50.4	46.8
2.9	10.1	7.2	9.7	28.7	30.2
		Avg. 6.7

• A Great Honour at the Wayback Machine (archived May 7, 2009). Additional archives: A Great Honour.—Photo from the late 20th century that appears to include the son of Arthur Middleton and a restored White and Middleton engine in the background.