Scaled Composites White Knight

The Scaled Composites Model 318 White Knight (now also called White Knight One) is a jet-powered carrier aircraft that was used to launch its companion SpaceShipOne, an experimental spaceplane. The White Knight and SpaceShipOne were designed by Burt Rutan and manufactured by Scaled Composites, a private company founded by Rutan in 1982. On three separate flights in 2004, White Knight conducted SpaceShipOne into flight, and SpaceShipOne then performed a sub-orbital spaceflight, becoming the first private craft to reach space.

White Knight
White Knight One
Role Mother ship
National origin United States
Manufacturer Scaled Composites
First flight August 1, 2002
Retired 2014
Status Retired
Number built 1
Developed from Scaled Composites Proteus
Variants Scaled Composites White Knight Two

The White Knight is notable as an example of a mother ship which carried a parasite aircraft into flight, releasing the latter which would then execute a high-altitude flight, or a sub-orbital spaceflight. This flight profile is shared with The High and Mighty One and Balls 8, two modified B-52s which carried the North American X-15 into flight. It is also shared with White Knight Two, a descendant which carries SpaceShipTwo into flight as part of the Virgin Galactic fleet.

Following the SpaceShipOne flights, the White Knight was contracted for drop tests of the Boeing X-37 spaceplane, from June 2005 until April 2006. The White Knight was retired from service in 2014, and is in the inventory of the Flying Heritage Collection.

Design and development
White Knight compared with Scaled Composites Proteus
White Knight's mission decals
White Knight carrying a Northrop Grumman radar pod

The Scaled Composites model number for White Knight is 318. White Knight is registered with the Federal Aviation Administration as N318SL.[1]

White Knight carries SpaceShipOne to mission 16P

The White Knight carrier airplane was designed around the twin afterburning General Electric J85 engines, which were selected for their availability and low cost. The aircraft was a completely new independent design. White Knight and SpaceShipOne shared the same forward fuselage outer mold line (OML) to reduce development costs and with the original intent to allow for White Knight to act as a flying simulator for training SpaceShipOne pilots. White Knight first flew on August 1, 2002. The flight was aborted shortly after takeoff due to a problem with the outboard wing spoilers. These trailing edge spoilers were designed to greatly increase the glide slope so that the White Knight vehicle could act as a flying simulator for training of SpaceShipOne pilots. During the first flight, the mechanical over-center torque was insufficient to maintain the spoilers in the closed position. The spoilers deployed into the free stream and began a limit cycle forcing the pilot (Mike Melvill) to abort. The spoilers were subsequently disabled completely and the desire for a steep glide slope matching SpaceShipOne was abandoned.

White Knight next flew on August 5, 2002, and this time performed well. Development proceeded over the next few months. With White Knight developed and evaluated, on April 18, 2003, White Knight and SpaceShipOne were presented to the media.

Subsequently, White Knight flew as part of the Tier One program that won the Ansari X Prize on October 4, 2004.

Afterwards, White Knight was used to carry and launch DARPA's experimental X-37 spaceplane for its approach and landing tests in 2005 and 2006.

It was followed up by the White Knight Two, which has a similar but larger design.

SpaceShipOne program

Flights of White Knight are numbered, starting with flight 1 on August 1, 2002. Flights where SpaceShipOne was carried also get one or two appended letters. An appended "C" indicates that the flight was a captive carry, and "L" indicates that SpaceShipOne was launched. If the flight actually flown differs in category from the intended flight, then two letters are appended, the first giving the intended mission and the second the mission actually performed.

White Knight flights carrying SpaceShipOne
Flight Date SS1 Pilot SpaceShipOne flight
24C May 20, 2003 Peter Siebold 01C
29C July 29, 2003 Brian Binnie 02C
30L August 7, 2003 Brian Binnie 03G
31LC August 27, 2003 Brian Binnie 04GC
32L August 27, 2003 Brian Binnie 05G
37L September 23, 2003 Peter Siebold 06G
38L October 17, 2003 Peter Siebold 07G
40L November 14, 2003 Brian Binnie 08G
41L November 19, 2003 Brian Binnie 09G
42L December 4, 2003 Peter Siebold 10G
43L December 17, 2003 Peter Siebold 11P
49L March 11, 2004 Brian Binnie 12G
53L April 8, 2004 Brian Binnie 13P
56L May 13, 2004 Brian Binnie 14P
60L June 21, 2004 Mike Melvill 15P
65L September 29, 2004 Mike Melvill 16P
66L October 4, 2004 Brian Binnie 17P

X-37 test program

White Knight was contracted to perform both captive carry and drop test flights of the DARPA/Boeing X-37. First captive carry flight was on June 21, 2005, and first drop was on April 7, 2006 (the X-37 was subsequently damaged on landing at Edwards Air Force Base). Initially, the flights originated from Mojave, but following the landing incident, the program was moved to Air Force Plant 42 in Palmdale, California, and at least five subsequent flights were made there.

Adaptive Compliant Wing test program

In late 2006, White Knight flew a seven-flight test program of the adaptive compliant wing developed by FlexSys Inc. with funding by the Air Force Research Laboratory. A laminar flow test article was mounted vertically under White Knight's centerline pylon for the 20-flight-hour research program that tested the flexible wing's aerodynamic characteristics.[2][3]

Retirement to museum

In July 2014 White Knight made its final planned flight, arriving at Paine Field in Everett, Washington, to become part of the Flying Heritage Collection.[4]

Specifications

Data from Scaled Composites[5][6]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 3
  • Capacity: 8,000 lb (3,600 kg) payload
  • Wingspan: 83 ft (25 m)
  • Empty weight: 6,360 lb (2,885 kg)
  • Max takeoff weight: 18,000 lb (8,165 kg)
  • Fuel capacity: 6,400 lb (2,900 kg)
  • Powerplant: 2 × General Electric J85-GE-5 afterburning turbojet, 2,400 lbf (11 kN) thrust each dry, 3,600 lbf (16 kN) with afterburner

Performance

  • Service ceiling: 53,000 ft (16,000 m)

Other features and capabilities
  • Carriage and launch of payloads up to 7,000 lbs
  • Altitude capability above 53,000 ft
  • Large, three-place cabin (60-inch diameter outside, 59-inch inside)
  • Sea level cabin qualified for unlimited altitude
  • ECS scrubs CO2, removes humidity and defogs windows
  • Two crew doors with dual seals and dual-pane windows
  • Manual flight controls with three-axis electric trim
  • Avionics include INS-GPS navigator, flight-director, flight test data (recording and T/M), air-data, vehicle health monitoring, backup flight instruments, and video system
  • The 82 ft wing can be extended to 93 ft for increased climb capability
  • Super-effective, pneumatic speed brakes allow steep descent with L/D < 4.5
  • Hydraulic wheel brakes and nose-gear steering
  • Pneumatic main gear retraction
  • Dual-bus electrical power system
  • Cockpit allows single-pilot operation (VMC-day conditions only)

See also

References
  1. "FAA Registry (N318SL)". Federal Aviation Administration.
  2. Scott, William B, "Morphing Wings", Aviation Week & Space Technology, 2006-11-27
  3. Scott, William B, "White Knight Back in Action", Aviation Week & Space Technology, 2006-11-27
  4. "SpaceShipOne's White Knight Airplane Makes Final Flight". NBC News. 2014-07-22.
  5. "Posterboard - White Knight". Archived from the original on 2007-12-10. Retrieved 2007-11-28.
  6. "White Knight". Scaled Composites. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
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