Thales Watchkeeper WK450

The Watchkeeper WK450 is based on the Elbit Hermes 450 UAV and is built in the UK by a joint venture company, UAV Tactical Systems (U-TacS), set up by the Israeli company Elbit Systems (51% ownership) and the Thales group. The Watchkeeper is 6.5m long, with a 10.9m wingspan. Its cruising speed is 77 knots (143 km/h), and it can operate at an altitude of 16,000 feet (4,900 m). It has a takeoff weight of 485 kg, a typical endurance of 14 hours,[3] a payload capacity of 150 kg and uses a rotary Wankel engine provided by UAV Engines Ltd, a wholly owned subsidiary of Elbit Systems,[4] and target acquisition camera by another subsidiary, Instro.[5] It can operate up to 150 km from the Ground Control Station; multiple stations can be linked to extend the range.[6] It was originally intended to enter service in June 2010,[7] but years of delays, technical issues, hardware modifications, difficulties in training sufficient pilots and incidents means that it was not expected to be fully operational until late 2018.

First flight on 14 April 2010

A prime difference between the Hermes 450 and Watchkeeper is that the 450 is fitted only with an electro-optical/infrared sensor, while the WK450 has in addition a dual-mode synthetic aperture radar and ground moving target indication system that allows it to see through all weather conditions.[8] The British Army was to receive 30 Watchkeepers and a further 24 due to go into store to be deployed as needed.[9]

As of March 2018 the 47th Regiment Royal Artillery was the only unit operating the Watchkeeper.[10] By August 2020, Watchkeeper had accumulated over 3,000 flying hours since the first flight in 2010.[3]

As of July 2022, Watchkeeper's out-of-service date is programmed to be 2042.[11]

The Watchkeeper program was initiated to support an operational need, which was identified at the start of the War in Afghanistan, to provide the UK Armed Forces with all-weather day and night surveillance capability. In February 2003, the Ministry of Defence announced that two contenders reached the final stage of the tender, a group that includes Thales (at the time still operating under the name Racal Electronics) and Elbit Systems,[12] and a second contender Northrop Grumman, after BAE Systems and Lockheed Martin were deselected (BAE subsequently entered negotiations to join forces with Northrop for the bid).[13]

Thales and Elbit won the tender in July 2004, and proposed to build UAVs based on Elbit Systems' Hermes 180 and Hermes 450, which will be delivered to the British Army between 2006 and 2009.[14] In August 2005 the program agreement was signed, at a cost of £700 million.[15] The tender condition included a requirement to set up a local manufacturing facility for the program,[12] therefore, at the end of 2005 a joint venture company was established, named "UAV Tactical Systems Ltd (U-TacS)", based in Leicester to manufacture the Watchkeeper.[16] Additionally, in October 2005, a flight testing facility was inaugurated at ParcAberporth in West Wales, with a test flight of an Hermes 450.[17]

In June 2007, the joint venture company UAV Tactical Systems, was awarded a $110 million contract to provide an urgent intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition and reconnaissance support capability for the British Army, in Iraq and Afghanistan, using Hermes 450 UAVs leased from Elbit systems (and not using any Watchkeeper WK450, that was still in development).[18][19]

On 15 July 2007, the UK MoD revealed that 54 Watchkeepers would be delivered to the British Army at a cost of £800m.[20] This figure includes construction of new basing facilities at Boscombe Down airfield, ground training facilities and simulators at the School of Artillery, ground control stations, development and testing of extensive aircraft modifications including automatic take-off and landing and the integration and provision of new sensors including radars.

In October 2008, Rosh Pina Airport in Israel was used for flight trials of the Watchkeeper, after Britain had objected to the trials being conducted at Fik Airfield, Elbit's test site, which is in the Golan Heights.[21]

Watchkeeper's first UK flight took place on Wednesday 14 April 2010 from ParcAberporth in Wales,[22] but due to numerous delays the delivery date slipped.[23][24] By 2014 Watchkeeper had gained certification from the Military Aviation Authority, had its Release to Service granted was cleared for military flight training with the Royal Artillery, operating out of Boscombe Down in Wiltshire.[25] In February 2014 the French Ministry of Defence indicated that the French Army might purchase the Watchkeeper WK450,[26] but they instead selected the Sagem Patroller for the tactical unmanned air vehicle requirement.[27]

By December 2015 delivery to the British Army was progressing well, but there were difficulties in training sufficient pilots. As poor weather in Britain was limiting the time available to conduct flying training the decision was made to conduct future training on the tropical Ascension Island located in the Atlantic Ocean. Although there is hope that future modifications to the aircraft will enable it to fly in poor weather, the training on Ascension Island is set to continue for the foreseeable future. Enough pilots and ground crew are expected to be trained for full operational capability to be reached by early 2018.[28][29]

Costs of the programme to March 2018 were £1.08 billion, more than £200 million above the original budget. The original order was for 54 Watchkeepers, though it has not been confirmed that more than 45 had been delivered at that date.[2] A report by the Major Projects Authority, published in June 2015, revealed that the estimated cost of achieving full operational capability of the program is £1.2bn.[30]

Watchkeeper achieved the Army's full operational capability 2 (FOC 2) milestone on 30 November 2018, though without formal release to service (RTS) certification, which would allow the trials facility to move from West Wales Airport, which has a nearby oversea trials area, to Boscombe Down.[1]

In June 2023, Defence minister James Cartlidge stated that the Watchkeeper program had cost £1.35 billion to date, including necessary airfield upgrades at Aberporth and Boscombe Down. By 2023, one in seven Watchkeepers had been lost, giving concerns about the cost-effectiveness of the Watchkeeper compared to smaller more modern UAVs.[31]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Thales Watchkeeper WK450.

• Official website
• Announcement of contract in the House of Commons, Hansard column 86WS, 20 Jul 2005
• UK Gives $1.23B Green Light to Watchkeeper UAV, Defense Industry Daily, 25 July 2005
• Watchkeeper bidders, Spyflight