Killers of the Flower Moon (film)
Killers of the Flower Moon is a 2023 American epic Western crime drama film[5] directed by Martin Scorsese, who co-wrote the screenplay with Eric Roth, based on the 2017 book of the same title by David Grann.[6][7] Its plot centers on a series of murders in the Osage Nation in Oklahoma during the 1920s, committed after oil was discovered on tribal land. Tribal members had retained mineral rights on their reservation.[8] Leonardo DiCaprio, Robert De Niro, and Lily Gladstone lead an ensemble cast, that also includes Jesse Plemons, Tantoo Cardinal, John Lithgow and Brendan Fraser. It is the sixth feature film collaboration between Scorsese and DiCaprio and the tenth between Scorsese and De Niro.[9] It is the eleventh and final collaboration between Scorsese and his musical partner Robbie Robertson, who died two months before the film's release; the film is dedicated to Robertson.[10]
Killers of the Flower Moon | |
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Directed by | Martin Scorsese |
Screenplay by |
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Based on | Killers of the Flower Moon by David Grann |
Produced by |
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Starring | |
Cinematography | Rodrigo Prieto |
Edited by | Thelma Schoonmaker |
Music by | Robbie Robertson |
Production companies |
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Distributed by | |
Release dates |
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Running time | 206 minutes[1] |
Country | United States |
Languages |
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Budget | $200 million[2] |
Box office | $55.8 million[3][4] |
Development began in March 2016 when Imperative Entertainment won the film adaptation rights to the book. Scorsese and DiCaprio were attached to the film in 2017, with production expected to begin in early 2018. Following several pushbacks and delays in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, production was scheduled to begin in February 2021, with Apple TV+ confirmed to finance and distribute the film alongside Paramount Pictures. Principal photography ultimately took place in Osage and Washington counties, Oklahoma, between April and October of 2021. The film was produced by Scorsese's Sikelia Productions and DiCaprio's Appian Way Productions, with its $200 million budget reportedly the largest amount ever spent on a film shot in Oklahoma.[11]
Killers of the Flower Moon premiered at the 76th Cannes Film Festival on May 20, 2023. It was released in the United States on October 20, 2023, by Apple TV+, under their Apple Original Films label, and by Paramount Pictures, which screened the film in IMAX.[12][13][14] The film is set for an unspecified streaming release on Apple TV+.[15][7] The film has received critical acclaim and has grossed $55 million worldwide.
Plot
Osage elders somberly bury a ceremonial pipe, mourning their descendants' assimilation into white American society. Wandering through their Oklahoma reservation, which features the yearly "flower moon" phenomenon of larger plants killing off smaller ones around May,[16] several Osage find oil gushing from the ground. The tribe becomes wealthy, as it has retained mineral rights. Congress passes a law requiring the white guardians to manage full and half-blood members' money, assuming them to be incompetent.[lower-alpha 1]
In 1919, Ernest Burkhart returns from World War I to his rancher uncle William King Hale. His brother Byron also lives with Hale on his large ranch on the reservation. The brothers, in masks, commit armed robbery of Osage people. Hale, a reserve deputy sheriff popularly called "King", poses as a friendly benefactor of the Osage, speaking their language and bestowing gifts upon them, but he secretly schemes to murder them and steal their wealth. He tells Ernest, who works as a cab driver, to court Mollie Kyle, an Osage whose family owns oil headrights. A romance eventually develops between the two, and they are married in a ceremony mixing Catholic and Osage elements.
Hale tells Ernest he will inherit more headrights if more of Mollie's family dies; her mother Lizzie Q is ill. Hale plans the deaths of several wealthy Osage. After Mollie's sister Minnie dies of a mysterious illness, Hale has her other sister, the rebellious Anna, killed by gunshot. Lizzie blames the white residents of the reservation, as does an Osage council, which urges the tribe to fight back against the untimely deaths. Lizzie dies in her bed, envisioning her ancestors welcoming her to the afterlife. A contemporary newsreel of the 1921 Tulsa race riot, in which whites destroyed a thriving Black "Wall Street" and killed numerous people, is shown in a reservation movie theater.
Ernest has two children with Mollie, whom he loves. Nevertheless, Hale persuades Ernest to poison Mollie by drugging her insulin provided by the Shoun brothers, corrupt doctors. Mollie suffers Minnie's "wasting illness". Ernest botches arranging another murder; Hale brutally paddles him. Hale also orders the death of Henry Roan, Mollie's first husband, and has Ernest order the murders of Rita, Mollie's last remaining sister, and her husband, by blowing up her house. Mollie inherits all her family's headrights.
The local sheriff and judges are corrupt and no investigations are made. An Osage nation representative seeking to lobby Congress is murdered in Washington D.C. Mollie hires William J. Burns, a private detective, but he is beaten and chased away from the reservation by a gang of thugs led by Ernest.
In spite of her weakening condition, Mollie travels to Washington with an Osage delegation and begs President Calvin Coolidge for help. The Bureau of Investigation (BOI) sends Agent Thomas Bruce White Sr. and assistants. They quickly ascertain the truth. Hale tries to cover his tracks by murdering several of his own hired killers, but White arrests him and Ernest. Even though Ernest deliberately drinks some of Mollie's poison, the agents find her near-dead and get her proper medical care.
White pressures Ernest into a confession and persuades him to turn state's evidence, testifying against Hale in exchange for legal protection. W. S. Hamilton, Hale's attorney, convinces Ernest to swear his confession was the result of torture, but he returns to testify against Hale after one of his three children dies of whooping cough. Hale unsuccessfully tries to have Ernest murdered. Mollie meets with Ernest a last time, but walks out when he will not admit to poisoning her.
A filmed report for a radio show provides an epilogue. The Shouns go free for "lack of evidence". Ernest was convicted and received a life sentence, as did Hale. Ernest was paroled after some years. His brother Byron turned state's evidence, avoiding jail. Hale also was eventually paroled, although the Osage protested each man's release. The radio show's producer reveals Mollie divorced Ernest, and died aged 50 in 1937 from diabetes. She was buried with her family. Her obituary omitted any mention of the Osage murders. In the present day, the Osage celebrate their culture in a large tribal dance.
Cast
- Leonardo DiCaprio as Ernest Burkhart
- Robert De Niro as William King Hale, Ernest's uncle
- Lily Gladstone as Mollie Burkhart, Ernest's Osage wife
- Jesse Plemons as Thomas Bruce White Sr., a BOI agent leading the murder investigation
- Tantoo Cardinal as Lizzie Q, Mollie's mother
- John Lithgow as Prosecutor Peter Leaward in the trials of Hale and Burkhart
- Randy Houser as Scott Mathis, the white guardian assigned to Mollie and her family members
- Brendan Fraser as W. S. Hamilton, Hale's attorney
- Cara Jade Myers as Anna Brown, Mollie's sister
- JaNae Collins as Rita, Mollie's sister
- Jillian Dion as Minnie, Mollie's sister
- Jason Isbell as Bill Smith, Minnie's husband. He marries her sister Rita after Minnie's death
- William Belleau as Henry Roan, Mollie's first husband
- Louis Cancelmi as Kelsie Morrison, an acquaintance and accomplice of Burkhart and Hale
- Scott Shepherd as Byron Burkhart, Ernest's younger brother
- Everett Waller as Paul Red Eagle
- Talee Redcorn as Non-Hon-Zhin-Ga/Traditional Leader
- Yancey Red Corn as Chief Bonnicastle
- Tatanka Means as John Wren, a Native American undercover BOI agent
- Tommy Schultz as Blackie Thompson
- Sturgill Simpson as Henry Grammer
- Ty Mitchell as John Ramsey
- Gary Basaraba as William J. Burns
- Charlie Musselwhite as Alvin Reynolds
- Pat Healy as John Burger
- Steve Witting as Dr. James Shoun
- Steve Routman as Dr. David Shoun
- Michael Abbott Jr. as Frank Smith
- Jack White as Radio Show Actor
- Pete Yorn as Acie Kirby, explosives expert
- Larry Sellers as Non-Hon-Zhin-Ga
- Barry Corbin as Undertaker Turton
- Steve Eastin as Judge Pollock
- Katherine Willis as Myrtle Hale
- Elden Henson as Duke Burkhart
- Gene Jones as Pitts Beatty
- Larry Fessenden as Radio Voice
- Martin Scorsese as Radio Show Producer
Production
Development
On March 10, 2016, Imperative Entertainment won the bidding war to make a film adaptation of David Grann's nonfiction book Killers of the Flower Moon and paid $5 million; the studio's Dan Friedkin and Bradley Thomas would produce the film.[19] In April 2017, it was revealed that Martin Scorsese, Leonardo DiCaprio and Robert De Niro were considering involvement in the film, adapted by Eric Roth.[20][7] Both De Niro and DiCaprio had long histories of working with Scorsese, but the three had collaborated only once before, in the 2015 short film The Audition.[21] In July 2017, production designer Dante Ferretti revealed that filming would begin in early 2018, with Scorsese directing and DiCaprio starring.[22] However, production stalled until October 2018, when it was announced that the film would be Scorsese's next effort after completing The Irishman (2019). At that point, filming was due to begin in summer 2019.[23]
Pre-production
In June 2019, it was announced that Paramount Pictures would distribute the film.[24] On July 26, 2019, Scorsese traveled to the Osage Nation in Pawhuska, Oklahoma, to meet with Principal Chief Geoffrey Standing Bear to discuss how the Osage Nation could be involved with the film's production.[25] Days later, it was reported that De Niro had joined the cast, with filming tentatively set to commence in the summer of 2020.[26]
In December 2019, Scorsese's cinematographer Rodrigo Prieto confirmed that the film was expected to start principal photography in March 2020, adding that the "look and feel of the film" was still being figured out.[27] At the 26th Screen Actors Guild Awards on January 19, 2020, DiCaprio confirmed that he and De Niro would star in the film.[28] DiCaprio was paid $30 million for his involvement.[29] In April 2020, it was announced that the filming of Killers of the Flower Moon had been postponed indefinitely in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.[30] Meanwhile, Scorsese had reached out to Netflix and Apple TV+ to finance and distribute the film, as Paramount had concerns about the film's budget reaching $200 million. Paramount was still open to a deal to be involved with the film alongside an additional partner.[31] In May 2020, Apple TV+ was announced to co-finance and co-distribute the film, with Paramount remaining as distributor.[32]
In February 2021, Lily Gladstone and Jesse Plemons were added to the cast.[33][34] Though the role of Thomas White, the lead BOI agent, was initially written for DiCaprio, DiCaprio pushed to instead portray a nephew of the film's primary antagonist played by De Niro.[35] As a result, Jesse Plemons was cast as White to replace DiCaprio, while DiCaprio was cast as Ernest Burkhart.[35] In March, Tantoo Cardinal, Cara Jade Myers, JaNae Collins and Jillian Dion were added to the cast.[36] William Belleau, Louis Cancelmi, Jason Isbell, Sturgill Simpson, Tatanka Means, Michael Abbott Jr., Pat Healy, and Scott Shepherd joined in April.[37][38]
In April 2021, Jack Fisk signed on as production designer for the film, marking the first collaboration between the Oscar nominee and Martin Scorsese.[39] In June, Steve Eastin, Gary Basaraba and Barry Corbin joined the cast.[40][41][42] In August 2021, it was announced that Brendan Fraser and John Lithgow had been added to the cast.[43][44]
Filming
Killers of the Flower Moon was expected to begin production in February 2021 in Oklahoma.[2] Principal photography ultimately began on April 19, 2021, with filming taking place in Osage County and Washington County, namely Pawhuska, Fairfax and Bartlesville.[45][46][47]
In a news release before the beginning of filming, Scorsese said: "We are thrilled to finally start production on Killers of the Flower Moon in Oklahoma. To be able to tell this story on the land where these events took place is incredibly important and critical to allowing us to portray an accurate depiction of the time and people. We're grateful to Apple, the Oklahoma Film and Music Office and The Osage Nation, especially all our Osage consultants and cultural advisors, as we prepare for this shoot. We're excited to start working with our local cast and crew to bring this story to life on screen and immortalize a time in American history that should not be forgotten."[48]
On May 13, De Niro suffered a quadriceps muscle injury off-set and returned to New York City for medical attention; production was not delayed, as De Niro's subsequent scenes would be filmed in June 2021.[49] Filming wrapped on October 1, 2021.[50] On March 25, 2022, Osage Nation Principal Chief Geoffrey Standing Bear told the Tulsa Press Club "he was advised Killers of the Flower Moon is tentatively slated to film additional scenes of a traditional community dance in mid-May in Osage County."[51]
In January 2023, Gladstone said that the input of the Osage Nation greatly changed the film from what Scorsese had originally envisioned and that their collaboration had positively affected the film, stating in an interview at the 2023 Sundance Film Festival that "The work is better when you let the world inform your work".[52]
Post-production
Industrial Light & Magic and visual effects supervisor Pablo Helman provided the visual effects for the film after previously collaborating with Scorsese on The Irishman and Silence.[53]
Music
Frequent Scorsese collaborator Robbie Robertson, himself of First Nations ancestry, composed the score.[54] Critics have described it as "old-timey",[55] "bluesy",[54] and "percussive".[56] The film also features a soundtrack of popular music from the 1920s and Native American songs.[54] It was Robertson's final completed film score before he died in August 2023. The film is dedicated to his memory.[57]
Release
Killers of the Flower Moon had its world premiere at the 76th Cannes Film Festival on May 20, 2023,[58][59] where the film received a nine-minute standing ovation at the end of its screening.[60] The film's United States premiere took place on September 27, 2023, at Alice Tully Hall at Lincoln Center in New York City, with none of the cast members in attendance due to the 2023 SAG-AFTRA strike.[61] The film was originally set to open in select theaters on October 6, 2023, before going wide in the United States on October 20, 2023, by Apple TV+ (under their Apple Original Films label) and Paramount Pictures.[62] However, the limited release was later scrapped, with the film receiving a global theatrical rollout on October 20. Following its theatrical exhibition, the film will be released for streaming on Apple TV+.[12]
As reported by Variety, Italy's Rai Cinema, alongside Leone Film Group, has acquired the rights for local theatrical release over Paramount as they managed to secure the rights in the middle of the film's production progress.[63] Right before the film's second trailer premiered in July 2023, it was announced that the film would also be released in IMAX theatres.[13][14]
Intermission controversy
A "smattering" of cinemas in Germany, Italy, Portugal, Brazil, Amsterdam and Colorado have inserted their own intermission into the film. The theaters were considered to be in violation of their contract by Paramount and Apple Original Films who have taken action to have it stopped. The film has been criticized for its long running time,[64] but Scorsese and editor Thelma Schoonmaker have publicly defended it.[65][66]
Reception
Box office
As of October 25, 2023, Killers of the Flower Moon has grossed $30.2 million in the United States and Canada, and $25.6 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $55.8 million.[3][4]
In the United States and Canada, the film was projected to gross $20–25 million from 3,621 theaters in its opening weekend.[67] The film made $9.4 million on its first day, including $2.6 million from Thursday night previews. It went on to debut to $23 million, finishing second behind holdover Taylor Swift: The Eras Tour. The total was above the average Scorsese–DiCaprio collaboration ($19 million), the highest opening of Scorsese–De Niro collaborations (topping Cape Fear's $10.2 million in 1991), and the third-best of Scorsese's career; 61% of the audience was male, with "an amazing" 38% being over 45 years old.[68][69]
Critical response
On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 93% of 364 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 8.6/10. The website's consensus reads: "Enormous in runtime, theme, and achievement, Killers of the Flower Moon is a sobering appraisal of America's relationship with Indigenous peoples and yet another artistic zenith for Martin Scorsese and his collaborators."[70] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 89 out of 100, based on 63 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".[71] Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale, while those polled at PostTrak gave it an 88% overall positive score, with 72% saying they would definitely recommend the film.[68]
In his review of the "meaty and demanding" film following its premiere at Cannes, Peter Debruge of Variety commended the story, characters and themes, but lamented the runtime: "In its present form, [Killers of the Flower Moon] is still a compelling true story ... It's engrossing from the get-go, the palpable tension methodically echoed by Robbie Robertson's steady-heartbeat score. But it keeps going and going until everyone we care about is dead, dying or behind bars, with nearly an hour still in store".[72] Conversely, David Rooney of The Hollywood Reporter opined, "The three-and-a-half-hour running time is fully justified in an escalating tragedy that never loosens its grip" and praised the screenplay, direction, cinematography, score, and cast performances (particularly that of Gladstone).[64]
In The Guardian, Peter Bradshaw called the film an "epic of creeping, existential horror about the birth of the American century, a macabre tale of quasi-genocidal serial killings" and also lauded the "performance of tragic force" by Gladstone.[73] The Los Angeles Times' Justin Chang observed that the film "is both like and unlike anything its director has ever done" and added: "The larger sphere in which [William Hale and Ernest Burkhart] and many others operate is, on one level, a familiar Scorsesean jumble of work and family, money and violence. And yet in its balance of Wild West expanses and intimate domestic spaces, and its focus on Indigenous men and women whose good fortune quickly turns ill, this world is also, for Scorsese, a fascinating new visual, dramatic and political frontier".[74]
Maureen Lee Lenky notes in Entertainment Weekly that "...Devery Jacobs, who plays Elora Danan Postoak on Reservation Dogs, shared her 'painful' experiences watching the film on social media. ... 'Being Native, watching this movie was fucking hellfire. ... I can't believe it needs to be said, but Indig ppl exist beyond our grief, trauma & atrocities. Our pride for being Native, our languages, cultures, joy & love are way more interesting & humanizing than showing the horrors white men inflicted on us. ... It must be noted that Lily Gladstone is a an absolute legend & carried Mollie w/ tremendous grace ... All the incredible Indigenous actors were the only redeeming factors of this film. Give Lily her goddamn Oscar. But while all of the performances were strong, if you look proportionally, each of the Osage characters felt painfully underwritten, while the white men were given way more courtesy and depth.'"[75]
Film subsidies
Lieutenant Governor of Oklahoma Matt Pinnell named the film as a reason to increase subsidies for the film industry in Oklahoma. The Filmed in Oklahoma Act of 2021 allocated $30 million to film subsidies. Bills to increase the total available subsidies to $80 million in 2023 failed in the Oklahoma Senate after passing the Oklahoma House of Representatives.[76]
Oklahoma House Bill 1775
In 2021, the Republican-controlled Oklahoma Legislature passed Oklahoma House Bill 1775, a bill regulating classroom discussion regarding race and gender. After the bill's passage, a teacher in Dewey, Oklahoma, cancelled their lesson plans involving the book the film is based on.[77] Lieutenant Governor of Oklahoma Matt Pinnell called on the language in the bill to be "clarified so that teachers know what can be taught and not taught".[78] After the release of the film, David Grann spoke out against the bill's regulations and wrote an op-ed in The New York Times on the bill.[79][80]
See also
Notes
- The federal Burke Act (1906) led to the creation of conservatorships for "incompetent Indians" that required white legal guardians to manage the affairs of Native American wards. All Native Americans with a blood quantum of 1/2 or more were required to have a court-appointed guardian. Ostensibly set up to protect tribal members, the guardianships became the basis of widespread exploitation of them by whites instead. Appointments historically continued into the 1930s.[17][18]
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