Vroom & Dreesmann

Vroom & Dreesmann was founded in 1887 by Willem Vroom and Anton Dreesmann.[4] The first branch opened in Weesperstraat in Amsterdam.[4]

The company expanded rapidly throughout the Netherlands until 1972.

Vroom & Dreesmann was reorganized into Vendex in 1972 and Vendex International in 1982.[5] In 1987, the in-house restaurant chain La Place was opened. In 1988, Anton Dreesman was replaced as the company's CEO with Abraham Verhoef.[6][7] In 1999, Vendex merged with Koninklijke Bijenkorf Beheer (KBB), the parent company of retail chains De Bijenkorf and Hema, and was renamed into Vendex KBB.[8] It also inherited KBB's royal designation "Koninklijk".[9]

In 2004, Vendex KBB was sold to a new investor group that included KKR, Alpinvest and Permira. It lost its royal designation as a result, yet was allowed to keep the K in its name.[9] In 2005, Vendex KBB changed its name into Maxeda.

Closed and empty V&D in Utrecht after bankruptcy.

In 2007, Vroom & Dreesmann was rebranded into V&D[1] and the red, white and blue logo was replaced with a black logo. In 2008, the vd.nl website was launched. From 2010 to 2015, V&D was a subsidiary of Sun Capital Partners.

In February 2015, it was unclear whether V&D would continue to exist.[10] Among the reasons mentioned for its demise:

• The rise of the internet with online shopping and the late start of V&D e-commerce.
• Cheaper brick and mortar stores such as the Swedish H&M and Irish Primark that competed successfully for V&D's market share.[5]
• Lacking clear identity,[11] in comparison with these affordable stores and the more exclusive ones, such as De Bijenkorf.[5]
• The sale of the V&D real estate by the joint British-American ownership before Sun Capital, possibly increasing the warehouse's operational costs. The claim, that this was part of the problem, has been contested as, whether through capital costs or rent, real estate needs to be accounted for one way or another.

After negotiations, real estate owners agreed to reduce the area and costs of the rental properties, employees agreed to a gradual pay cut, and the V&D owners agreed to inject capital, but not the amount needed. Eventually, this problem was also resolved. In mid-March 2015, the rent reduction in Den Bosch and Heerlen remained unresolved.[12] In May 2015, V&D kept working on reducing the rents and a new business plan, to be implemented in the short term, which aimed to make V&D profitable again in two years.

In December 2015, the firm was again under court protection for insolvency.[13][14] The website no longer sold articles.[13] V&D gift cards as well as air miles were no longer accepted for payment.[13] On 31 December 2015, V&D was declared bankrupt.[14][2] The appointed liquidators kept the department stores open, pending restructuring and takeover talks with interested parties.[2] On 26 January 2016, Supermarket chain Jumbo announced that it had acquired the subsidiary La Place.[15] Talks continued for selling the stores that focused in February on Roland Kahn's retailer CoolCat.[16] By 16 February, the negotiations for a takeover had broken down.[3][17][18] About 10,000 employees lost their jobs.[2]