1994 United States Senate elections

Parties						Total
		Democratic	Republican	Libertarian	Other
Last elections (1992)		57	43	0	0	100
Before these elections		56	44	0	0	100
Not up		34	31	—	—	65
Up		22	13	—	—	35
	Class 1 (1988→1994)	20	13	—	—	33
	Special: Class 2	2	—	—	—	2
Incumbent retired		6[lower-alpha 2]	3	—	—	9
	Held by same party	0	3	—	—	3
	Replaced by other party	6 Democrats replaced by 6 Republicans		—	—	6
	Result	0	9	—	—	9
Incumbent ran		16	10	—	—	26
	Won re-election	14	10	—	—	24
	Lost re-election	2 Democrats replaced by 2 Republicans		—	—	2
	Lost renomination, but held by same party	0	0	—	—	0
	Result	14	12	—	—	26
Total elected		14	21	0	0	35
Net gain/loss		8	8			8
Nationwide vote		25,627,430	29,155,739	666,183	2,838,559	58,287,911
	Share	43.97%	50.02%	1.14%	4.87%	100%
Result		48	52	—	—	100

Source: Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives[1]

Arizona election

Nominee Jon Kyl Sam Coppersmith Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 600,999 442,510 Percentage 53.7% 39.5%   Nominee Scott Grainger Party Libertarian Popular vote 75,493 Percentage 6.8%

U.S. Senate election results map. Red denotes counties won by Kyl. Blue denotes those won by Coppersmith.

U.S. senator before election Dennis DeConcini Democratic Elected U.S. senator Jon Kyl Republican

Three-term Democratic incumbent Dennis DeConcini retired after being a member of the Keating Five Scandal. Republican Congressman Jon Kyl defeated his Democratic opponent, fellow Congressman Sam Coppersmith by a comfortable margin.

California election

Nominee Dianne Feinstein Michael Huffington Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 3,979,152 3,817,025 Percentage 46.74% 44.83%

County results

U.S. senator before election Dianne Feinstein Democratic Elected U.S. senator Dianne Feinstein Democratic

Dianne Feinstein won a special election in 1992 to fill the seat of Governor Pete Wilson. She faced wealthy Republican Congressman Michael Huffington in her race for a full term. Feinstein emerged victorious by less than two points.

After one term in the House representing Santa Barbara and San Luis Obispo counties, Huffington spent $8 million by the end of August and a total of $28 million during the entire campaign. He became wealthy off oil and gas. The race saw personal attacks on Huffington's wife, Arianna Huffington, who was very involved in the race (the media dubbed her the "Sir Edmund Hillary of social climbing," according to The Almanac of American Politics).

Huffington was called a hypocrite for supporting Proposition 187 and then breaking the law for employing illegal aliens, a story which came out in the race's final days.[3] A grand total of $44 million was spent in the election. At the time, it was the most expensive campaign in a non-presidential election in American history. Chris Cillizza of The Washington Post named the election one of the nastiest senate elections in modern history.[4]

On election day it was a very close race, but Feinstein won Los Angeles County, which may have pulled her ahead. Her sizable win in the nine-county San Francisco Bay Area may also be credited to her slim statewide victory.

Connecticut election

Nominee Joe Lieberman Jerry Labriola Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 723,842 334,833 Percentage 67.0% 31.0%

County results

U.S. senator before election Joe Lieberman Democratic Elected U.S. senator Joe Lieberman Democratic

Freshman Democratic incumbent Joseph Lieberman easily won re-election over Republican physician Jerry Labriola.

Delaware election

Nominee William Roth Charles Oberly Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 111,074 84,540 Percentage 55.8% 42.5%

County results

U.S. senator before election William Roth Republican Elected U.S. senator William Roth Republican

Veteran Republican incumbent William Roth, seeking his fifth term, fended off a challenge from Charles Oberly, the state's three-term Democratic attorney general, beating him by 13 points.

Florida election

Nominee Connie Mack III Hugh Rodham Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 2,895,200 1,210,577 Percentage 70.5% 29.5%

County results

U.S. senator before election Connie Mack III Republican Elected U.S. senator Connie Mack III Republican

Republican incumbent Connie Mack III won a second term by scoring an easy re-election over attorney Hugh Rodham, brother of First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton.

Rodham left the public defenders office to run for the United States Senate in Florida in 1994. He won the Democratic Party nomination by defeating Mike Wiley in a runoff election,[9][10] after earlier finishing first in a four-person primary field with 34 percent.[10] After the first primary, the third-place finisher, Miami lawyer Ellis Rubin joined forces with Rodham as a "senior executive consultant" and hatchet man.[11] In the presence of Rodham at a press conference, Rubin levelled the accusation that Wiley was hiding his Jewish faith by changing his name from his birth name, Michael Schreibman,[10] and that Wiley "changed his name before the campaign to deceive voters about his Jewish religion." Wiley accordingly refused to endorse Rodham after the runoff.[10] Rodham then lost by a 70%–30% margin to incumbent senator Republican Connie Mack III in the general election.[12] Although Bill and Hillary Clinton both campaigned for him, his organization was unable to take advantage of their help,[13] he had few funds, almost no television commercials, and little support from the Florida Democratic party establishment in a year that saw Republican gains everywhere.[12][14] After the election, Rubin switched allegiance again and charged Rodham with election law violations in the first primary; the Federal Elections Commission eventually dismissed the allegations.[15]

Hawaii election

Nominee Daniel Akaka Maria Hustace Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 256,189 86,320 Percentage 71.8% 24.2%

County Results

U.S. senator before election Daniel Akaka Democratic Elected U.S. senator Daniel Akaka Democratic

Democratic incumbent Daniel Akaka was first appointed to this seat April 1990 after the death of senator Spark Matsunaga. He won his first full term by defeating Republican cattle rancher Mary Hustace[16] in a landslide.

Indiana election

Nominee Richard Lugar Jim Jontz Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 1,039,625 470,799 Percentage 67.4% 30.5%

County results

U.S. senator before election Richard Lugar Republican Elected U.S. senator Richard Lugar Republican

Three-term Republican incumbent Richard Lugar scored an overwhelming 37-point win against former Democratic Rep. Jim Jontz, who was attempting a comeback after losing re-election in 1992.

Lugar won 91 of Indiana's 92 counties, Jontz won only the Democratic stronghold of Lake County.[18]

Maine election

Nominee Olympia Snowe Tom Andrews Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 308,244 186,042 Percentage 60.24% 36.36%

County results

U.S. senator before election George J. Mitchell Democratic Elected U.S. senator Olympia Snowe Republican

One of the Republicans' biggest prizes was the seat of retiring Majority Leader George Mitchell. Longtime Congresswoman Olympia Snowe gained the seat in a landslide victory over Democratic Congressman Thomas Andrews, a stark contrast to retiring senator Mitchell's landslide win six years prior.

Maryland election

Nominee Paul Sarbanes Bill Brock Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 809,125 559,908 Percentage 59.1% 40.9%

County results

U.S. senator before election Paul S. Sarbanes Democratic Elected U.S. senator Paul S. Sarbanes Democratic

Democratic incumbent Paul Sarbanes won a third term by soundly defeating Republican Bill Brock, a former U.S. senator from Tennessee (1971–77), RNC chairman (1977-81), U.S. Trade Representative (1981–85) and U.S. Secretary of Labor (1985–87).

Massachusetts election

Nominee Ted Kennedy Mitt Romney Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 1,265,997 894,000 Percentage 58.1% 41.0%

Results by town. Red indicates towns carried by Mitt Romney, blue indicates towns carried by Ted Kennedy.

U.S. senator before election Ted Kennedy Democratic Elected U.S. senator Ted Kennedy Democratic

Ted Kennedy usually coasted to re-election, but in this election he faced an unusually tough challenge from Republican businessman Mitt Romney. Though the final result was a 17-point Kennedy victory, it marked the first time since his initial election in 1962 that Kennedy received less than 60% of the vote.

Romney defeated his closest competitor, John Lakian, to win the Republican primary with over 80% of the vote. He campaigned as a political moderate and Washington outsider, and posed the greatest challenge ever made against Kennedy for the Senate seat since he first took office in 1962. Democratic congressmen across the country were struggling to maintain their seats, and Kennedy in particular was damaged by character concerns and an ongoing divorce controversy. The contest became very close.

Kennedy launched ads criticizing Romney's tenure as the leader of the company known as Bain Capital, accusing him of treating workers unfairly and taking away jobs, while also criticizing what were widely considered to be Romney's shifting political views. Romney also performed inadequately in the debates between the two candidates, and made a number of poorly received statements that reduced his standing in the polls.

In the closest Senate election of his career since after 1962, Kennedy won by a reasonably comfortable margin, despite a series of losses for Democrats around the country.

Romney was initially behind businessman John Lakian in the battle to win the Massachusetts Republican Party's nomination for the U.S. Senate.[22] However, after using his personal wealth to advertise heavily on television, he gained overwhelming support at the state party convention.[22]

Romney then defeated Lakian easily in the September 1994 Republican Party primary with over 80 percent of the vote.[23][24]

In the general election, Kennedy faced the first serious re-election challenger of his career in the younger, telegenic, and very well-funded Romney.[26] Romney ran as a successful entrepreneur and Washington outsider with a strong family image and moderate stands on social issues.[26] After two decades out of public view, his father George re-emerged during the campaign.[27][28] George Romney had urged Mitt to enter the race and moved into his son's house for its duration, serving as an unofficial advisor.[29][30]

Kennedy was more vulnerable than usual in 1994, in part because of the unpopularity of the Democratic Congress as a whole and also because this was Kennedy's first election since the William Kennedy Smith trial in Florida, in which Kennedy had taken some public relations hits regarding his character.[26] Kennedy was saddled not only with his recent past but the 25th anniversary of the Chappaquiddick incident and his first wife Joan Bennett Kennedy seeking a renegotiated divorce settlement.[26]

Some early polls showed Romney close to Kennedy. By mid-September 1994, polls showed the race to be even.[26][31] One Boston Herald/WCVB-TV poll taken after the September 20, 1994 primary showed Romney ahead 44 percent to 42 percent, within the poll's sampling margin of error.[32] In another September poll, Romney had a 43 to 42 percent lead.[33] President Bill Clinton traveled to Massachusetts to campaign for Kennedy.[34]

Religion became an issue for a while, after Kennedy's campaign said it was fair to ask Romney about his LDS Church's past policy of not allowing blacks into the priesthood.[24] Romney accused Kennedy of having violated senator John F. Kennedy's famous September 1960 pledge not to allow his own Catholic doctrine to inform policy, made during his ultimately victorious presidential campaign.[24] George Romney forcefully interjected during his son's press conference, "I think it is absolutely wrong to keep hammering on the religious issues. And what Ted is trying to do is bring it into the picture."[24]

After Romney touted his business credentials and his record at creating jobs within his company, Kennedy ran campaign ads showing an Indiana company, Ampad, bought out by Romney's firm, Bain Capital. They showed interviews with its union workers who had been fired and who criticized Romney for the loss of their jobs, with one saying, "I don't think Romney is creating jobs because he took every one of them away."[35] Romney claimed that 10,000 jobs were created because of his work at Bain, but private detectives hired by Kennedy found a factory bought by Bain Capital that had suffered a 350-worker strike after Bain had cut worker pay and benefits.[36] Kennedy's charges were effective, as more voters decided that Romney was interested in profits more than people.[24]

Kennedy's attack ads also focused both on Romney's shifting political views;[26][37] although both Kennedy and Romney supported the abortion rights established under Roe v. Wade, Kennedy accused Romney of being "multiple choice" on the issue, rather than "pro choice."[38] Romney said his stance dated back to his mother, Lenore Romney, and her position during her 1970 U.S. Senate campaign: "My mother and my family have been committed to the belief that we can believe as we want, but we will not force our beliefs on others on that matter. And you will not see me wavering on that."[24] Nevertheless, women's groups and Democrats viewed Romney's position with suspicion.[24] (In subsequent years, Romney became anti-abortion and opposed Roe.[39])

Kennedy's campaign ran short on money, and belying his image as endlessly wealthy, he was forced to take out a second mortgage on his Virginia home.[40] Kennedy's new wife Vicki Reggie Kennedy proved to be a strong asset in campaigning.[31]

By early October, Kennedy was ahead by 49 to 44 percent in a poll by The Boston Globe.[24] In their first televised debate, held at Faneuil Hall on October 25, Kennedy came out charging with his aging but still booming voice; regarding the Ampad deal, he said to Romney, "I don't know why you wouldn't meet with the strikers with that flimflam deal of yours out there in Indiana."[24] Romney charged that Kennedy had benefited from a real-estate deal that had been done on a no-bid basis, but Kennedy responded with a rehearsed line: "Mr. Romney, the Kennedys are not in public service to make money. We have paid too high a price in our commitment to the public service of this country."[24] Each candidate was asked to discuss one of their own failings. In a dramatic moment, Kennedy indirectly referred to his personal problems and acknowledged that he was "painfully aware" that on such occasions he had let his supporters down. By contrast, Romney mentioned work for several local charities he was engaged with on a near daily basis. When the moderator reminded him of the question, Romney responded "I guess what I regret is that I'm not able to provide even more help for those less fortunate than myself.... I wish I could do even more." Kennedy won this key debate as he reconnected with his traditional bases of support:[26] two polls of voters conducted afterwards both showed Kennedy as the victor in the debate.[41] One post-debate October general election poll showed Kennedy leading 50 percent to 32,[36] and another by 56 to 36 percent.[24] A second debate, held two days later at Holyoke Community College, focused more on policy details and lacked the intensity of the first one; Romney failed to gain any traction from it.[41]

In the November general election, despite a very bad result for Democrats overall, Kennedy won re-election by a 58 percent to 41 percent margin,[42] the closest re-election race of his career; only his initial victory in the 1962 Senate special election in Massachusetts was closer.[43]

Michigan election

Nominee Spencer Abraham Bob Carr Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 1,578,770 1,300,960 Percentage 51.9% 42.7%

County Results

U.S. senator before election Don Riegle Democratic Elected U.S. senator Spencer Abraham Republican

Democratic senator Donald W. Riegle Jr. retired after three terms. Former Michigan Republican Party Chairman Spencer Abraham defeated Democratic Congressman Milton Robert Carr in the race to succeed Riegle.

Riegle, a three-term incumbent, was considered one of the most vulnerable Senate Democrats in the 1994 mid-term elections due to the unpopularity of President Bill Clinton[44] and his being involved as a member of the Keating Five, a group of five senators who were accused of corruption. After months of speculation, Riegle announced he would not seek a 4th term in a speech on the Senate floor.[45]

Minnesota election

Nominee Rod Grams Ann Wynia Party Ind.-Republican Democratic (DFL) Popular vote 869,653 781,860 Percentage 49.1% 44.1%   Nominee Dean Barkley Party Reform Popular vote 95,400 Percentage 5.4%

County results

U.S. senator before election David Durenberger Ind.-Republican Elected U.S. senator Rod Grams Ind.-Republican

Incumbent Republican David Durenberger decided to retire instead of seeking a third full term. Republican Rod Grams won the open seat. After surviving a messy Republican primary, former TV news anchor and one-term Rep. Rod Grams defeated his Democratic opponent, former state assembly minority leader Ann Wynia by five points for the seat being vacated by incumbent Republican Dave Durenberger.

Mississippi election

Nominee Trent Lott Ken Harper Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 418,333 189,752 Percentage 68.8% 31.2%

County results

U.S. senator before election Trent Lott Republican Elected U.S. senator Trent Lott Republican

Republican incumbent Trent Lott won a second term by easily defeating former Democratic state senator Ken Harper.[47]

Missouri election

Nominee John Ashcroft Alan Wheat Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 1,060,149 633,697 Percentage 59.7% 35.7%

County results

U.S. senator before election John Danforth Republican Elected U.S. senator John Ashcroft Republican

Republican senator John Danforth retired after three terms. Former Republican Gov. John Ashcroft defeated his Democratic opponent, six-term Rep. Alan Wheat by more than twenty points.

Montana election

Nominee Conrad Burns Jack Mudd Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 218,542 131,845 Percentage 62.4% 37.6%

County results

U.S. senator before election Conrad Burns Republican Elected U.S. senator Conrad Burns Republican

Democrat Jack Mudd, former dean of the University of Montana law school, defeated former U.S. senator John Melcher in the Democratic primary and then went on to lose to Republican incumbent Conrad Burns, who was seeking a second term.

Nebraska election

Nominee Bob Kerrey Jan Stoney Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 317,297 260,668 Percentage 54.8% 45.0%

County results Kerrey:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80% Stoney:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%

U.S. senator before election Bob Kerrey Democratic Elected U.S. senator Bob Kerrey Democratic

Democrat Bob Kerrey won re-election over Republican Jan Stoney, Vice President of Personnel at Northwestern Bell, by ten points.[50]

Nevada election

Nominee Richard Bryan Hal Furman Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 193,804 156,020 Percentage 50.9% 41.0%

County results

U.S. senator before election Richard Bryan Democratic Elected U.S. senator Richard Bryan Democratic

Democratic incumbent Richard H. Bryan scored a ten-point win over Republican Hal Furman,[51] a water policy advisor for the Interior Department.

New Jersey election

Nominee Frank Lautenberg Chuck Haytaian Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 1,033,487 966,244 Percentage 50.3% 47.0%

County results

U.S. senator before election Frank Lautenberg Democratic Elected U.S. senator Frank Lautenberg Democratic

Two-term Democratic incumbent Frank Lautenberg narrowly defeated his Republican opponent, state assembly speaker Chuck Haytaian by three points.

[53]

New Mexico election

Nominee Jeff Bingaman Colin McMillan Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 249,989 213,025 Percentage 54.0% 46.0%

County Results

U.S. senator before election Jeff Bingaman Democratic Elected U.S. senator Jeff Bingaman Democratic

Two-term Democratic incumbent Jeff Bingaman defeated his Republican opponent, former George H. W. Bush Assistant Secretary of Defense Colin McMillan by eight points.

New York election

Nominee Pat Moynihan Bernadette Castro Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 2,646,541 1,988,308 Percentage 55.3% 41.5%

County results

U.S. senator before election Pat Moynihan Democratic Elected U.S. senator Pat Moynihan Democratic

Veteran Democratic incumbent Daniel Patrick Moynihan easily defeated his Republican opponent, businesswoman Bernadette Castro.

1994 was significant for the Republican Revolution, mostly as a referendum against President Bill Clinton and his health care plan, and was seen as a tough year for Democratic incumbents. Moynihan, however, was New York State's most popular politician at the time, and ran ahead of all other Democrats competing statewide.[55]

Republican Castro was running for office for the first time and had trouble raising funds due to being seen as unlikely to win; at times during the race she trailed by up to 30 percentage points.[55] She portrayed herself as a fiscally conservative, socially moderate Republican in the mold of Governor of New Jersey Christie Todd Whitman, and attempted to portray Moynihan as excessively liberal and prone to government spending.[55] But Moynihan repeated his past strong performance among upstate voters, in addition to the usual Democratic strongholds in New York City.[55]

North Dakota election

Nominee Kent Conrad Ben Clayburgh Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 137,157 99,390 Percentage 58.0% 42.0%

County results Conrad:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80% Clayburgh:      50–60%

U.S. senator before election Kent Conrad Democratic Elected U.S. senator Kent Conrad Democratic

Incumbent Dem-NPL-er Kent Conrad won re-election to his first full term as senior senator, although technically his second term in the position, having served the end of Quentin Burdick's term after his death. Conrad also had served an additional term as senator, but as junior senator from 1986 to 1992.

Ohio election

Nominee Mike DeWine Joel Hyatt Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 1,836,556 1,348,213 Percentage 53.4% 39.2%   Nominee Joseph Slovenec Party Independent Popular vote 252,031 Percentage 7.3%

County Results

U.S. senator before election Howard Metzenbaum Democratic Elected U.S. senator Mike DeWine Republican

Senator Howard Metzenbaum retired and his son-in-law Joel Hyatt received the Democratic nomination to succeed him. Hyatt would go on to be badly defeated by Lieutenant Governor Mike DeWine.

1994 United States Senate special election in Oklahoma

November 8, 1994

Nominee Jim Inhofe Dave McCurdy Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 542,390 392,488 Percentage 55.2% 40.0%

County Results

U.S. senator before election David L. Boren Democratic Elected U.S. senator Jim Inhofe Republican

Incumbent Democrat David L. Boren decided to resign his position to accept the position as President of the University of Oklahoma, which prompted a special election. Republican Congressman Jim Inhofe defeated the Democratic Congressman Dave McCurdy.

Pennsylvania election

Nominee Rick Santorum Harris Wofford Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 1,735,691 1,648,481 Percentage 49.4% 46.9%

County results

U.S. senator before election Harris Wofford Democratic Elected U.S. senator Rick Santorum Republican

Democrat Harris Wofford was appointed to the Senate when three-term Republican H. John Heinz III died in a 1991 plane crash. He won a special election to hold that seat later that year. In his tough re-election against Republican Congressman Rick Santorum, the pro-choice Wofford lost the endorsement of anti-abortion Democratic Governor Robert Casey. This contributed to his loss to Santorum by two percentage points.

Wofford's campaign was hurt from the outset by his strong connection with President Bill Clinton's failed healthcare reform proposals; Wofford had made working toward universal healthcare a crucial issue in his prior campaign and was one of the executive's strongest allies on the issue. After this failure, however, the senator ran a relatively passive campaign. He instead attempted to focus attention on his challenger, an arch-conservative who did not attempt to moderate his views after the primary election. The polarizing Santorum took strong positions against abortion, gay rights, and affirmative action, and he even clashed with some of the traditional fixtures of the state's moderate Republican establishment. Early in the campaign and with little statewide name recognition, Santorum made a critical error by attacking Social Security, and Wofford appeared to be in relatively safe position. However, Santorum ran an effective grassroots campaign and specifically targeted many union Democrats who had reservations about the liberal social values advocated by many of their party's leaders.[59]