Ukrainian oligarchs
Ukrainian oligarchs (Ukrainian: українські олігархи, romanized: ukrayins'ki oliharkhy) are business oligarchs who emerged on the economic and political scene of Ukraine after the 1991 Ukrainian independence referendum. This period saw Ukraine transitioning to a market economy, with the rapid privatization of state-owned assets. Those developments mirrored those of the neighboring post-Soviet states after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Pro-Western sources have criticised Ukraine’s lack of political reform or action against corruption, and the influence of Ukrainian oligarchs on domestic and regional politics, particularly their links to Russia.[1][2]
In 2008, the combined wealth of Ukraine's 50 richest oligarchs was equal to 85% of Ukraine's GDP.[3] In November 2013, this number was 45% (of GDP).[4] Ukrainian GDP fell by 7% in 2014, and shrank 12% in 2015.[5]By 2015, due to the Russo-Ukrainian War, the total net worth of the five richest and most influential Ukrainians at that time (Rinat Akhmetov, Viktor Pinchuk, Ihor Kolomoyskyi, Henadiy Boholyubov and Yuriy Kosiuk) had dropped from $21.6 billion in 2014 to $11.85 billion in June 2015.[6]
Usage
Oligarchs are usually defined as businessmen with direct influence on both politics and the economy. During the 1990s, oligarchs emerged in Ukraine as politically-connected nouveau riche whose wealth came through ties to the corrupt — but democratically elected — government of Ukraine in its transition to a market economy. Later, numerous Ukrainian business people took control of a political party. The Party of Greens of Ukraine, Labour Ukraine and Social Democratic Party of Ukraine (united) are examples of this,[1] while other oligarchs started new parties to gain seats and influence in the Verkhovna Rada (Ukrainian parliament).
The rise of the oligarchs has been connected to the privatization of state-owned assets, the distribution of property titles to state-owned enterprises, land, and real estate, on an equal basis to the entire population of the country, through instruments such as privatization vouchers, certificates, and coupons. Given different levels of risk-aversity, property titles were easily re-sold. Businessmen who could provide initial investment capital were able to collect these property titles and thus take control over of formerly public holdings.
Various Western nations have raised national security concerns over the oligarchic kleptocracy since the early 2000s but these gained greater salience after the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine raised the national security implications of a great deal of money—sourced from Ukraine or Russia but spent in the West—finding its way into matters of national security.[7]
The oligarchs' influence on the Ukrainian government was extreme. In 2011 some analysts and Ukrainian politicians believed that some Ukrainian businesses tycoons with "lucrative relations" with Russia were deliberately hindering Ukraine's European Union integration.[8]
List of oligarchs by wealth
In total, in September 2021 the top 100 wealthiest business people in Ukraine control around $44.5 billion, according to Forbes,[9] 27% of Ukrainian GDP.[10]
The top 10 Ukrainian oligarchs in 2021 were identified as:[10]
| Rank | Oligarch | Value | Notes | Sanctions |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Rinat Akhmetov | $7.6 billion | Energy generation and distribution, coal and iron ore mining, metallurgy, media industry | No sanctions, donating to Ukraine, assets confiscated by Russia |
| 2 | Victor Pinchuk | $2.5 billion | Steel rolling, media industry | Sanctioned by Russia,[11] donating to Ukraine |
| 3 | Kostyantyn Zhevago | $2.4 billion | Banking, vehicle manufacturing, iron ore mining | On Interpol wanted list, charged with bribing Supreme Court head Vsevolod Kniaziev |
| 4 | Ihor Kolomoyskyi | $1.8 billion | Banking, crude oil | Sanctioned in 2021, striped of Ukrainian citizenship, under investigation of embezzlement |
| 5 | Henadiy Boholyubov | $1.7 billion | Banking | Sanctioned by USA and being sued by Privatbank for $1.9bn [12] |
| 6 | Oleksandr and Halyna Hereha | $1.7 billion | Retail | Sanctions by Russia 2018 [13] |
| 7 | Petro Poroshenko | $1.6 billion | Vehicle manufacturing, confectionery | President of Ukraine 2014-19, no sanctions |
| 8 | Vadym Novynskyi | $1.4 billion | Metallurgy, shipbuilding, Russian Orthodox Church | Sanctioned by Russia 2018-2020 and by Ukraine in 2022 |
| 9 | Oleksandr Yaroslavsky | $820 million | Real estate, metallurgy | Sanctioned by Russia in 2018[13] |
| 10 | Yuriy Kosiuk | $780 million | Agriculture, food industry | Sanctioned by Russia in 2018[13] |
Chernenko study
An economic study by Demid Chernenko identified 35 oligarchic groups based on data points between 2002–2016:[14]
See also
References
- Wilson, Andrew (2005). Virtual Politics: Faking Democracy in the Post-Soviet World. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-09545-7.
- Feifer, Gregory (2010-06-03). "Ukraine's New Rulers: What Do They Want?". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. Retrieved 2022-03-03.
- Kuzio, Taras (2008-07-01). "Oligarchs Wield Power in Ukrainian Politics". Eurasia Daily Monitor. Vol. 5, no. 125.
- Wilson, Andrew (2016). Survival of the Richest: How Oligarchs Block Reform in Ukraine (PDF). Policy Brief. European Council on Foreign Relations.
- "The Ukrainian Economy Is Not Terrible Everywhere". The Economist. 2016-01-20. Retrieved 2022-03-03.
- "A Decisive Turn? Risks for Ukrainian Democracy After the Euromaidan". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. 2016-02-03. Retrieved 2022-03-03.
- "The Transnational Kleptocracy Threat / The Eastern Front: episode 44". AEI.org. 11 May 2022.
- Onyshkiv, Yuriy; Lavrov, Vlad (2011-12-16). "EU Hopes Fade As Gas Lobby Triumphs". Kyiv Post. Retrieved 2022-03-03.
- 100 найбагатших українців 2021. Forbes (in Ukrainian). 2022-03-03. Retrieved 2022-03-02.
- "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects". IMF.org. April 2021. Retrieved 2021-09-27.
- "Trump's Billionaire Buddy Victor Pinchuk Among Ukrainians Sanctioned By Russia". 4 November 2018.
- "Privatbank's $1.9bn UK fraud claim returns for trial after Russia's invasion of Ukraine delays case". 5 June 2023.
- "Russia imposes sanctions against Ukraine companies, businessmen, politicians". 1 November 2018.
- Chernenko, Demid (2018). "Capital Structure and Oligarch Ownership" (PDF). Economic Change and Restructuring. 52 (4): 383–411. doi:10.1007/S10644-018-9226-9. S2CID 56232563.
External links
- Chernovetsky enters Wprost list of 100 richest people by Kyiv Post (October 22, 2008)
- To Catch an Oligarch by Jason Felch and Justin Kane, Center for Investigative Reporting (October 4, 2004)