Symmetrical voice

S‹um›ulat ya=ng poesia ing lalaki king pisara.

‹AV›will.write 3SG.DIR=ACC poem DIR boy OBL blackboard

"The boy will write a poem on the blackboard."

* Sumulat yang lalaki ing poesia king pisara.

Intended: "The boy will write a poem on the blackboard."
(Grammatical for: "The poem will write a boy on the blackboard.")

* Sumulat yang poesia ing pisara king lalaki.

Intended: "The boy will write a poem on the blackboard."
(Grammatical for: "The blackboard will write a poem on the boy.")

B‹um›ili ng mangga sa palengke ang lalaki.

‹ASP.AV›buy IND mango OBL market DIR man

"The man bought a mango at the market."

* Bumili ng lalaki sa palengke ang mangga.

Intended: "The man bought a mango at the market."
(Grammatical for: "The mango bought a man at the market.")

* Bumili ng mangga sa lalaki ang palengke.

Intended: "The man bought a mango at the market."
(Grammatical for: "The market bought a mango from the man.")

I-sulat n=e ning lalaki ing poesia king pisara.

PV-will.write 3SG.ERG=3SG.DIR ERG boy DIR poem OBL blackboard

"The poem will be written by the boy on the blackboard."

* Isulat ne ning poesia ing lalaki king pisara.

Intended: "The poem will be written by the boy on the blackboard."
(Grammatical for: "The boy will be written by the poem on the blackboard.")

* Isulat ne ning lalaki ing pisara king poesia.

Intended: "The poem will be written by the boy on the blackboard."
(Grammatical for: "The blackboard will be written by the boy on the poem.")

B‹in›ili-∅ ng lalaki sa palengke ang mangga.

‹ASP›buy-PV IND man OBL market DIR mango

"The mango was bought by the man at the market."

* Binili-∅ ng mangga sa palengke ang lalaki.

Intended: "The mango was bought by the man at the market."
(Grammatical for: "The man was bought by the mango at the market.")

* Binili-∅ ng lalaki sa mangga ang palengke.

Intended: "The mango was bought by the man at the market."
(Grammatical for: "The market was bought by the man at the mango.")

Pi-sulat-an n=e=ng poesia ning lalaki ing pisara.

LV-will.write-LV 3SG.ERG=3SG.DIR=ACC poem ERG boy DIR blackboard

"The blackboard will be written a poem on by the boy."

* Pisulatan neng poesia ning pisara ing lalaki.

Intended: "The blackboard will be written a poem on by the boy."
(Grammatical for: "The boy will be written a poem on by the blackboard.")

* Pisulatan neng pisara ning lalaki ing poesia.

Intended: "The blackboard will be written a poem on by the boy."
(Grammatical for: "The poem will be written a blackboard on by the boy.")

B‹in›ilh-an ng lalaki ng mangga ang palengke.

‹ASP›buy-LV IND man IND mango DIR market

"The market was bought a mango at by the man."

* Binilhan ng palengke ng mangga ang lalaki.

Intended: "The market was bought a mango at by the man."
(Grammatical for: "The man was bought a mango from by the market.")

* Binilhan ng lalaki ng palengke ang mangga.

Intended: "The market was bought a mango at by the man."
(Grammatical for: "The mango was bought a market at by the man.")

{} AGENT {} THEME {} GOAL {} {}

Nagpadala ang mama ng pera sa anak niya.

M-n-pag-padala {} {} {} {} {} {} {}

AV-ASP-¿?-send DIR man IND money OBL child 3SG.GEN

"The man sent money to his child."

{} AGENT {} THEME {} GOAL {} {}

P‹in›adalh-an ng mama ng pera ang anak niya.

‹ASP›send-LV IND man IND money DIR child 3SG.GEN

"His_i child was sent money by the man_i."

{} {} AGENT {} THEME {} GOAL {} {}

* Nagpadalhan ang mama ng pera ng anak niya.

{} M-n-pag-padalh-an {} {} {} {} {} {} {}

{} AV-ASP-¿?-send-LV DIR man IND money IND child 3SG.GEN

Intended: "The man sent his child money."

AGENT {} THEME GOAL {}

Ayah mengirim uang kepada saya.

{} meN-kirim {} {} {}

father {ACTIVE VOICE}-send money to 1SG

"Father sent money to me."

GOAL {} THEME AGENT {}

Saya di-kirim-i uang oleh Ayah.

1SG {PASSIVE VOICE}-send-APPLICATIVE money by father

"I was sent money by Father."

AGENT {} GOAL THEME

Ayah mengirimi saya uang.

{} meN-kirim-i {} {}

father {ACTIVE VOICE}-send-APPLICATIVE 1SG money

"Father sent me money."

* K‹um›aen Semay Cau.

{} ‹AV›eat rice man

"The man is eating some rice."

* Kaen-en nu Cau Semay.

{} eat-PV ERG man rice

"A/the man is eating the rice." (or "The rice is being eaten by a/the man.")

* Kaen-an nu Cau Semay Rumaq.

{} eat-LV ERG man rice house

"The man is eating rice in the house." (or "The house is being eaten rice in by the man.")

* Si-kaen nu Cau Semay lima-ni-á.

{} IV-eat ERG man rice hand-GEN-3SG

"The man is eating rice with his hand." (or "His_i hand is being eaten rice with by the man_i.")

Mi-ʔaɬup ku kapah tu vavuy.

AV-hunt DIR {young man} ACC pig

"A young man hunts a pig."

Ma-ʔaɬup nu kapah ku vavuy.

PV-hunt ERG {young man} DIR pig

"A young man hunts a pig." (or "A pig is hunted by a young man.)

Pi-ʔaɬup-an nu kapah kura lutuk tu vavuy.

LV-hunt-LV ERG {young man} that.DIR mountain ACC pig

"A young man hunts a pig on that mountain." (or "That mountain is hunted a pig on by a young man.")

Sa-pi-ʔaɬup nu kapah ku ʔiluc tu vavuy.

IV-hunt ERG {young man} DIR spear ACC pig

"A young man hunts a pig with a spear." (or "A spear is hunted a pig with by a young man.")

M-aras cuʔ qusiaʔ kuʔ makurakis.

AV-fetch ACC water DIR girl

"The girl fetches water."

Ras-un nkuʔ makurakis kuʔ qusiaʔ.

fetch-PV ERG girl DIR water

"The girl fetches water." (or "Water is fetched by the girl.")

Ras-an nkuʔ makurakis cuʔ qusiaʔ kuʔ βintaŋ ka hani.

fetch-LV ERG girl ACC water DIR {water bucket} LIG this

"The girl fetches water in this water bucket." (or "This water bucket is fetched water in by the girl.")

Si-ʔaras nkuʔ makurakis cuʔ qusiaʔ kuʔ mamaliku=niaʔ.

CV-fetch ERG girl ACC water DIR husband=3SG.GEN

"The girl fetches water for her husband." (or "Her husband_i is fetched water for by the girl_i.")

Si-ʔaras nkuʔ makurakis cuʔ qusiaʔ kuʔ βintaŋ ka hani.

CV-fetch ERG girl ACC water DIR {water bucket} LIG this

"The girl fetches water with this water bucket." (or "This water bucket is fetched water with by the girl.")

M-aniq qulih qu’ Tali’.

AV-eat fish DIR Tali

"Tali eats fish."

Niq-un na’ Tali’ qu’ qulih qasa.

eat-PV ERG Tali DIR fish that

"Tali eats that fish." (or "That fish is eaten by Tali.")

Niq-an na’ Tali’ qulih qu’ ngasal qasa.

eat-LV ERG Tali fish DIR house that

"Tali eats fish in that house." (or "That house is eaten fish in by Tali.")

S-qaniq na’ Tali’ qulih qu’ Sayun.

CV-eat ERG Tali fish DIR Sayun

"Tali eats fish for Sayun." (or "Sayun is eaten fish for by Tali.")

S-qaniq na’ Tali’ qulih qu’ qway.

CV-eat ERG Tali fish DIR chopsticks

"Tali eats fish with chopsticks." (or "Chopsticks are eaten fish with by Tali.")

Hli-um-u=cu=aku hlavate usua.

ASP-AV-eat=ASP=1SG.DIR guava two

"I have eaten two guavas."

Hli-paipekel-a=cu a Eleke a tangusuhlu=na.

ASP-mould-PV=ASP DET Eleke DET rice.cake=DEF

"Eleke has moulded the rice cake." (or "The rice cake has been moulded by Eleke.")

Hli-aala-ana ’Angai vutukuhlu a hluuhlungu=na.

ASP-take-CV ’Angai fish DET stream=DEF

"’Angai has caught fish in the stream." (or "The stream has been caught fish in by ’Angai.")

Hli-aala-ana=ku a vahlituku-isa ama’a.

ASP-take-CV=1SG.ERG DET money-3 father

"I have taken father's money." (or "Father's money has been taken by me.")

K‹um›aʉn (sua) ŋiau tapianaŋai.

‹AV›eat DIR cat bird

"A cat ate a bird."

Cʉʔʉr-ai maanu iisi (sua) tacau iisa.

see-PV child this DIR dog that

"This child saw that dog." (or "That dog was seen by this child.")

Riucuucu-an Mu'u (sua) PaicU.

kiss-LV Mu'u DIR PaicU

"Mu'u kissed PaicU." (or "PaicU was kissed by Mu'u.")

Si-puʔa maanu-maku ʔʉnai sua vantuku iisi.

IV-buy child-1SG.GEN land DIR money this

"My child bought land with this money." (or "This money was bought land with by my child.")

Q‹em›al tu rasung ya sunis.

‹AV›dig ACC well DIR child

"The child dug a well."

Qal-an na sunis ya rasung.

dig-PV ERG child DIR well

"The child dug the well." (or The well was dug by the child.")

Ti-tangan=ku tu ineb ya suqsuq.

CV-open=1SG.ERG ACC door DIR key

"I opened the door with the key." (or "The key was opened the door with by me.")

Ti-sammay na tama=ku ya tina=ku.

CV-cook ERG father=1SG.GEN DIR mother-1SG.GEN

"My father cooked for my mother." (or "My mother was cooked for by my father.")

Q‹m›ałup a tsautsau tua vavuy i (tua) gadu tua vuluq.

‹AV›hunt DIR man OBL pig PREP (OBL) mountain OBL spear

"The man hunts the pigs in the mountains with a spear."

Qałup-en nua tsautsau a vavuy i (tua) gadu tua vuluq.

hunt-PV ERG man DIR pig PREP (OBL) mountain OBL spear

"The man hunts the pigs in the mountains with a spear." (or "The pigs are hunted by the man in the mountains with a spear.")

Qałup-an nua tsautsau tua vavuy a gadu tua vuluq.

hunt-LV ERG man OBL pig DIR mountain OBL spear

"The man hunts the pigs in the mountains with a spear." (or "The mountains are hunted the pigs in by the man with a spear.")

Si-qałup nua tsautsau tua vavuy i (tua) gadu a vuluq.

IV-hunt ERG man OBL pig PREP (OBL) mountain DIR spear

"The man hunts the pigs in the mountains with a spear." (or "The spear is hunted the pigs with by the man in the mountains.")

Mu-ngazip yaku ki wazu.

AV-bite 1SG DIR dog

"The dog bit me."

Ngazib-en wazu lia ki rakihan.

bite-PV dog ASP DIR child

"A dog bit the child." (or The child was bitten by a dog.")

Pu-batu’-an lia ki babaw daran.

pave-stone-LV ASP DIR above road

"The road surface was paved with stones."

Saa-talek alaw ki bulayan.

IV-cook fish DIR pan

"The pan was cooked fish with."

Tr‹em›akaw dra paisu i Isaw.

‹AT.RL›steal ACC money DIR Isaw

"Isaw stole money."

Tu=trakaw-aw na paisu kan Isaw.

3.ERG=steal-PT.RL DIR money ERG Isaw

"Isaw stole the money." (or "The money was stolen by Isaw.")

Tu=trakaw-ay=ku dra paisu kan Isaw.

3.ERG=steal-LT.RL=1SG.DIR ACC money ERG Isaw

"Isaw stole money from me." (or "I was stolen money from by Isaw.")

Tu=trakaw-anay i tinataw dra paisu.

3.ERG=steal-CT.RL DIR his.mother ACC money

"He stole money for his mother." (or "His_i mother was stolen money for by him_i.")

Ku=dirus-anay na enay kan Aliwaki.

1SG.ERG=wash-CT.RL DIR water ACC Aliwaki

"I washed Aliwaki with water." (or "The water was washed Aliwaki with by me.")

S‹em›ebuc ricah ka Pawan.

‹AV›hit plum DIR Pawan

"Pawan is hitting plums."

Sebet-un na Pawan ka ricah.

hit-PV ERG Pawan DIR plum

"Pawan is hitting the plum." (or "The plum is being hit by Pawan.")

Sebet-an na Pawan ricah ka peepah.

hit-LV ERG Pawan plum DIR farm.field

"Pawan is hitting plums in the farm field." (or "The farm field is being hit plums in by Pawan.")

Se-sebuc na Pawan ricah ka butakan.

IV-hit ERG Pawan plum DIR stick

"Pawan is hitting plums with the stick." (or "The stick is being hit plums with by Pawan.")

K‹em›erut babuy ka Masaw.

‹AV›cut pig DIR Masaw

"Masaw slaughters a/the pig."

Keret-an Masaw ka babuy.

cut-GV Masaw DIR pig

"Masaw slaughters the pig." (or "The pig is slaughtered by Masaw.")

Keret-an laqi sagas ka keti’inuh ni’i.

cut-GV child watermelon DIR board this

"The child cuts watermelon on this board." (or "This board is cut watermelon on by the child.")

Se-kerut babuy Masaw ka baki.

CV-cut pig Masaw DIR old.man

"Masaw slaughters a/the pig for the old man." (or "The old man is slaughtered a/the pig for by Masaw.")

Se-kerut babuy Masaw ka puting.

CV-cut pig Masaw DIR knife

"Masaw slaughters a/the pig with the knife." (or "The knife is slaughtered a/the pig with by Masaw.")

Mi-’o mo-si to peisu ne Nookay.

AUX.AV-1SG.DIR AV-put OBL money OBL Nookay

"I deposit money in Nookay."

Os-’o si-a to panka ’o peisu.

AUX.NAV-1SG.ERG put-PV OBL table DIR money

"I put the money on the/a table." (or "The money was put on the/a table by me.")

Os-’o si-i to chumu ’o kopu.

AUX.NAV-1SG.ERG put-LV OBL water DIR cup

"I put water into the cup." (or "The cup was put water into by me.")

Os-’o si-i-neni to ocha ’o Pasuya.

AUX.NAV-1SG.ERG put-LV-BV OBL tea DIR Pasuya

"I served tea for Pasuya." (or "Pasuya was served tea for by me.")

Mangamoqmo qo tao so motdeh no boday do vahay.

m-pang-qamoqmo {} {} {} {} {} {} {} {}

AV-¿?-frighten DIR man ACC child IND snake OBL house

"The man is frightening a child with a snake in the house."

Qamoqmo-hen no tao qo motdeh no boday do vahay.

frighten-PV IND man DIR child IND snake OBL house

"The man is frightening a child with a snake in the house." (or "A child is being frightened with a snake in the house by the man.")

Pangamoqmoan no tao so motdeh no boday qo vahay.

pang-qamoqmo-an {} {} {} {} {} {} {} {}

¿?-frighten-LV IND man ACC child IND snake DIR house

"The man is frightening a child with a snake in the house." (or "The house is being frightened a child in with a snake by the man.")

Qipangamoqmo no tao so motdeh qo boday do vahay.

qi-pang-qamoqmo {} {} {} {} {} {} {} {}

CV-¿?-frighten IND man ACC child DIR snake OBL house

"The man is frightening a child with a snake in the house." (or "The snake is being frightened a child with in the house by the man.")

Qipangamoqmo no tao so motdeh no boday do vahay qo kayvan-a.

qi-pang-qamoqmo {} {} {} {} {} {} {} {} {} {}

CV-¿?-frighten IND man ACC child IND snake OBL house DIR friend-3SG.GEN

"The man is frightening a child with a snake in the house for his friend." (or "His_i friend is being frightened a child for with a snake in the house by the man_i.")

K‹om›an so wakay si Salang.

‹AV›eat OBL {sweet potato} DIR Salang

"Salang ate a sweet potato."

Kan-en na ni Salang o wakay.

eat-PV 3SG.ERG ERG Salang DIR {sweet potato}

"Salang ate the sweet potato." (or "The sweet potato was eaten by Salang.")

Ni-akan-an na o mogis ori ni Salang.

ASP-eat-LV 3SG.ERG DIR rice that ERG Salang

"Salang ate from some of that rice." (or "Some of that rice was eaten from by Salang.")

I-akan na ni Salang o among ya.

IV-eat 3SG.ERG ERG Salang DIR fish this

"Salang ate (a meal) with this fish." (or "This fish was eaten (a meal) with by Salang.")

Mo-luto’ si Maria ug kalamay para kang Pedro.

AV-cook DIR Maria ACC type.of.dessert for OBL Pedro

"Maria will cook kalamay for Pedro."

Luto’-on sa babaye ang bugas sa lata.

cook-PV ERG woman DIR rice OBL can

"The woman will cook the rice in the can."
(or "The rice will be cooked by the woman in the can.")

Luto’-an sa babaye ang lata ug bugas.

cook-CV ERG woman DIR can ACC rice

"The woman will cook rice in the can."
(or "The can will be cooked rice in by the woman.")

Luto’-an ni Maria si Pedro ug kalamay.

cook-CV ERG Maria DIR Pedro ACC type.of.dessert

"Maria will cook Pedro kalamay."
(or "Pedro will be cooked kalamay for by Maria.")

Sulat-an ni Inday si Perla ug sulat.

write-CV ERG Inday DIR Perla ACC letter

"Inday will write Perla a letter."
(or "Perla will be written a letter to by Inday.")

I-sulat ni Linda ang lapis ug sulat.

IV-write ERG Linda DIR pencil ACC letter

"Linda will write a letter with the pencil."
(or "The pencil will be written a letter with by Linda.")

K‹um›amang aku sa tubig na lata kan Ma’ adti balkon na lunis.

‹AV›get 1SG.DIR OBL water PREP can for Dad on porch PREP Monday

"I will get the water with the can for Dad on the porch on Monday."

Kamang-in ku ya tubig na lata kan Ma’ adti balkon na lunis.

get-PV 1SG.ERG DIR water PREP can for Dad on porch PREP Monday

"I will get the water with the can for Dad on the porch on Monday."
(or "The water will be gotten by me with the can for Dad on the porch on Monday.")

Pag-kamang ku ya lata sa tubig kan Ma’ adti balkon na lunis.

IV-get 1SG.ERG DIR can OBL water for Dad on porch PREP Monday

"I will get the water with the can for Dad on the porch on Monday."
(or "The can will be gotten the water with by me for Dad on the porch on Monday.")

Kamang-an ku ya Ma’ sa tubig na lata adti balkon na lunis.

get-CV 1SG.ERG DIR Dad OBL water PREP can on porch PREP Monday

"I will get the water with the can for Dad on the porch on Monday."
(or "Dad will be gotten the water for by me with the can on the porch on Monday.")

Kamang-an ku ya balkon sa tubig na lata kan Ma’ na lunis.

get-CV 1SG.ERG DIR porch OBL water PREP can for Dad PREP Monday

"I will get the water with the can for Dad on the porch on Monday."
(or "The porch will be gotten the water from by me with the can for Dad on Monday.")

S‹um›ulat yang poesia ing lalaki king pen king papil.

{} ya=ng {} {} {} {} {} {} {}

‹AV›will.write 3SG.DIR=ACC poem DIR boy OBL pen OBL paper

"The boy will write a poem with a pen on the paper."

I-sulat ne ning lalaki ing poesia king mestra.

{} na+ya {} {} {} {} {} {}

PV-will.write 3SG.ERG+3SG.DIR ERG boy DIR poem OBL teacher.F

"The boy will write the poem to the teacher."
(or "The poem will be written by boy to the teacher.")

Sulat-anan ne ning lalaki ing mestro.

{} na+ya {} {} {} {}

will.write-GV 3SG.ERG+3SG.DIR ERG boy DIR teacher.M

"The boy will write to the teacher."
(or "The teacher will be written to by the boy.")

Pi-sulat-an neng poesia ning lalaki ing blackboard.

{} na+ya=ng {} {} {} {} {}

LV-will.write-LV 3SG.ERG+3SG.DIR=ACC poem ERG boy DIR blackboard

"The boy will write a poem on the blackboard."
(or "The blackboard will be written a poem on by the boy.")

Panyulat neng poesia ning lalaki ing pen.

paN-sulat na+ya=ng {} {} {} {} {}

CV-will.write 3SG.ERG+3SG.DIR=ACC poem ERG boy DIR pen

"The boy will write a poem with the pen."
(or "The pen will be written a poem with by the boy.")

Pamasa nong libru ning babai reng anak.

paN-basa na+la=ng {} {} {} {} {}

CV-will.read 3SG.ERG+3PL.DIR=ACC book ERG woman PL.DIR child

"The woman will read a book for the children."
(or "The children will be read a book for by the woman.")

Nandalus si Malia=t danat palatu.

n-man-dalus {} {} {} {}

ASP-AV-wash DIR Malia=OBL PL plate

"Malia washed some plates."

Binayum din pagoy.

b‹in›ayu-∅=m {} {}

‹ASP›pound-PV=2SG.ERG DIR rice

"You pounded the rice."
(or "The rice was pounded by you.")

D‹in›alus-an ud Malia danat palatu.

‹ASP›wash-LV ERG Malia DIR.PL plate

"Malia washed the plates."
(or "The plates were washed by Malia.")

I-n-dalus-an ud Malia si ina=na=t nat palatu.

BV-ASP-wash-BV ERG Malia DIR mother=3SG.GEN=OBL SG plate

"Malia washed a plate for her mother."
(or "Her_i mother was washed a plate for by Malia_i.")

I-n-dalus ud Malia nat sabun sinat palatu.

IV-ASP-wash ERG Malia DIR soap OBL.SG plate

"Malia washed a plate with the soap."
(or "The soap was washed a plate with by Malia.")

S‹om›ombali’ so mama’ sa karabao ko maior.

‹AV›butcher DIR man OBL water.buffalo PREP mayor

"The man will butcher water buffalo for the mayor."

Sombali’-in o mama’ so karabao.

butcher-PV ERG man DIR water.buffalo

"The man will butcher the water buffalo."
(or "The water buffalo will be butchered by the man.")

Sombali’-an o mama’ so maior sa karabao.

butcher-CV ERG man DIR mayor OBL water.buffalo

"The man will butcher water buffalo for the mayor."
(or "The mayor will be butchered water buffalo for by the man.")

Koaq-an o mama’ sa bolong so tinda.

get-CV ERG man OBL medicine DIR store

"The man will get the medicine at/from the store."
(or "The store will be gotten medicine at/from by the man.")

I-sombali’ o mama’ so gelat ko karabao.

butcher-IV ERG man DIR knife PREP water.buffalo

"The man will butcher the water buffalo with the knife."
(or "The knife will be butchered the water buffalo with by the man.")

‹Mog›lamuʔ libun in ot lugow kot mosakit sot apuy.

‹ASP.AV›cook woman that.DIR IND congee for {sick person} on fire

"The woman will cook congee on the fire for the sick person."

La~lamuʔ-on ot libun lugow in kot mosakit sot apuy.

ASP~cook-PV IND woman congee that.DIR for {sick person} on fire

"The woman will cook the congee on the fire for the sick person."
(or "The congee will be cooked on the fire for the sick person by the woman.")

I-la~lamuʔ ot libun lugow kot mosakit apuy in.

IV-ASP~cook IND woman congee for {sick person} fire that.DIR

"The woman will cook congee with the fire for the sick person."
(or "The fire will be cooked congee with for the sick person by the woman.")

La~lamuʔ-an ot libun ot lugow sot apuy mosakit in.

ASP~cook-CV IND woman IND congee on fire {sick person} that.DIR

"The woman will cook congee on the fire for the sick person."
(or "The sick person will be cooked congee for on the fire by the woman.")

La~lamuʔ-an ot libun ot lugow kot mosakit apuy in.

ASP~cook-CV IND woman IND congee for {sick person} fire that.DIR

"The woman will cook congee on the fire for the sick person."
(or "The fire will be cooked congee on for the sick person by the woman.")

S‹um›aluy og polopanad nog kolatas.

‹ASP.AV›buy DIR teacher IND paper

"A teacher will buy some paper."

Soluy-on nog polopanad og kolatas.

buy-ASP.PV IND teacher DIR paper

"A teacher will buy some paper."
(or "Some paper will be bought by a teacher.")

Soluy-an nog polopanad og bata′ nog kolatas.

buy-ASP.CV IND teacher DIR child IND paper

"A teacher will buy some paper for a child."
(or "A child will be bought some paper for by a teacher.")

B‹um›ili ng mangga sa palengke para sa ale sa pamamagitan ng pera ang mama.

‹ASP.AV›buy IND mango OBL market for OBL woman OBL means IND money DIR man

"The man bought a mango at the market for the woman by means of money."

B‹in›ili-∅ ng mama sa palengke para sa ale sa pamamagitan ng pera ang mangga.

‹ASP›buy-PV IND man OBL market for OBL woman OBL means IND money DIR mango

"The man bought the mango at the market for the woman by means of money."
(or "The mango was bought by the man at the market for the woman by means of money.")

B‹in›ilh-an ng mama ng mangga para sa ale sa pamamagitan ng pera ang palengke.

‹ASP›buy-LV IND man IND mango for OBL woman OBL means IND money DIR market

"The man bought a mango at the market for the woman by means of money."
(or "The market was bought a mango at by the man for the woman by means of money.")

B‹in›ilh-an ng mama ng mangga sa palengke sa pamamagitan ng pera ang ale.

‹ASP›buy-LV IND man IND mango OBL market OBL means IND money DIR woman

"The man bought a mango at the market for the woman by means of money."
(or "The woman was bought a mango for by the man at the market by means of money.")

I-b‹in›ili ng mama ng mangga sa palengke sa pamamagitan ng pera ang ale.

BV-‹ASP›buy IND man IND mango OBL market OBL means IND money DIR woman

"The man bought a mango at the market for the woman by means of money."
(or "The woman was bought a mango for by the man at the market by means of money.")

Ipinambili ng mama ng mangga sa palengke para sa ale ang pera.

Ip‹in›aN-bili {} {} {} {} {} {} {} {} {} {} {}

‹ASP›IV-buy IND man IND mango OBL market for OBL woman DIR money

"The man bought a mango at the market for the woman by means of money."
(or "The money was bought a mango with by the man at the market for the woman.")

Ik‹in›a-iyak ng bata ang pag-kagat sa kaniya ng langgam.

‹ASP›RV-cry IND child DIR NMLZ-bite OBL 3SG.OBL IND ant

"The child cried because an/the ant bit him."
(or "An/the ant's biting of him was cried about by the child.")

‹Um›iyak ang bata dahil k‹in›agat-∅ siya ng langgam.

‹ASP.AV›cry DIR child because ‹ASP›bite-PV 3SG.DIR IND ant

"The child cried because an/the ant bit him."
(or "The child cried because he was bitten by an/the ant.")

Si tuama k‹um›eoŋ roda wo n-tali waki pasar.

AN.SG man ‹AV›will.pull cart with INAN-rope to market

"The man will pull the cart with the rope to the market."

Roda keoŋ-ən ni tuama wo n-tali waki pasar.

cart will.pull-PV ERG.AN.SG man with INAN-rope to market

"The man will pull the cart with the rope to the market."
(or "The cart will be pulled with rope to the market by the man.")

Pasar keoŋ-an ni tuama roda wo n-tali.

market will.pull-LV ERG.AN.SG man cart with INAN-rope

"The man will pull the cart with the rope to the market."
(or "The market will be pulled the cart to with the rope by the man.")

Tali i-keoŋ ni tuama roda waki pasar.

rope CV-will.pull ERG.AN.SG man cart to market

"The man will pull the cart with the rope to the market."
(or "The rope will be pulled the cart with to the market by the man.")

Se okiʔ i-lutuʔ ni mama seraʔ

AN.PL child CV-will.cook ERG.AN.SG mother fish

"Mother will cook fish for the children."
(or "The children will be cooked fish for by mother.")

Ləloŋkotan i-wareŋ ni tuama waki wale.

ladder CV-will.return ERG.AN.SG man to house

"The man will return the ladder to the house."
(or "The ladder will be returned by the man to the house.")

Sia imagi louk nyu.

{} in-N-bagi {} {}

3SG.DIR RL-AV-divide fish 2PL.GEN

"He divided your fish."

Louk nyu biagi nya.

{} {} b‹in›agi-∅ {}

fish 2PL.GEN ‹RL›divide-PV 3SG.ERG

"He divided your fish." (or "Your fish was divided by him.")

Badiʔ ku pimagi nya louk nyu.

{} {} p‹in›əN-bagi {} {} {}

machete 1SG.GEN ‹RL›IV-divide 3SG.ERG fish 2PL.GEN

"He divided your fish with my machete." (or "My machete was divided your fish with by him.")

Ou bigiadn nya louk nyu.

{} b‹in›agi-adn {} {} {}

1SG.DIR ‹RL›divide-CV 3SG.ERG fish 2PL.GEN

"He divided your fish for me." (or "I was divided your fish for by him.")

Ou biniriadn nya siidn.

{} b‹in›ori-adn {} {}

1SG.DIR ‹RL›give-CV 3SG.ERG money

"He gave money to me." (or "I was given money to by him.")

Mog-ovit i ama’ di tanak do buuk.

AV-bring DIR father IND child ACC book

"Father is bringing the child a book."

Ovit-on di ama’ di tanak i buuk.

bring-PV IND father IND child DIR book

"Father is bringing the child the book." (or "The book is being brought to the child by Father.")

Ovit-an di ama’ i tanak do buuk.

bring-BV IND father DIR child ACC book

"Father is bringing the child a book." (or "The child is being brought a book to by Father.")

La’ih sineh nenekul nubaq nedih ngen seduk.

{} {} in-N-tekul {} {} {} {}

man that ASP-AV-spoon.up rice 3SG.GEN with spoon

"That man spooned his rice up with a spoon."

Sikul la’ih sineh nubaq nedih ngen seduk.

t‹in›ekul-∅ {} {} {} {} {} {}

‹ASP›spoon.up-PV man that rice 3SG.GEN with spoon.

"That man spooned his rice up with a spoon." (or "His_i rice was spooned up with a spoon by that man_i.")

Seduk penenekul la’ih sineh nubaq nedih.

{} p‹in›eN-tekul {} {} {} {}

spoon ‹ASP›IV-spoon.up man that rice 3SG.GEN

"That man spooned his rice up with a spoon." (or "A spoon was spooned his_i rice up with by that man_i.")