Toomelah

Toomelah (formerly Toomelah Aboriginal Mission or Toomelah Station) is an Aboriginal Australian community in the far north of inland New South Wales, Australia.

For the film, see Toomelah (film).

Toomelah
New South Wales
Toomelah is located in New South Wales
Toomelah
Toomelah
Coordinates28°40′15″S 150°28′45″E
Population205 (2016 census)[1]
Postcode(s)2409
Elevation230 m (755 ft)
Location
LGA(s)Moree Plains Shire
State electorate(s)Barwon
Federal division(s)Parkes

Location and governance

Toomelah is located north of Moree on the MacIntyre River and is close to the town of Goondiwindi across the border in Queensland.

It lies within the Boggabilla locality in Moree Plains Shire.

History

The Toomelah Aboriginal Station was originally established as the Euraba Aboriginal Reserve in 1897 by the NSW Government's Aboriginal Protection Board. It was initially located on Whalan Creek a few miles south of the town of Boomi, New South Wales.[2] The site was located in a wet-weather swamp and had poor access to potable water during dry periods. In 1925, the residents of the Euraba reserve, as well as Aboriginal people from the reserve at Terry Hie Hie, were moved to a new site halfway between the towns of Boomi and Boggabilla. This reserve was given the name Toomelah, but is now referred to as 'Old Toomelah'.[3] In 1938, the water supply to this reserve failed and the Toomelah reserve was relocated to its present site at the junction of the Dumaresq River and the Macintyre River around 10 km south-east of Boggabilla.[4]

Euraba

The Euraba Aboriginal Reserve was established in 1897 and consisted of a few huts and some rough shelters alongside Whalan Creek. In 1912, a school was established and the population of approximately 100 people was placed under the control of a government appointed manager. Rations of basic food items were handed out weekly. Aboriginal men on the reserve were utilised by local farmers for shearing, labouring and mustering.[5] The Euraba men were also occasionally allowed to conduct exhibition corroborees and rugby league matches in neighbouring towns.[6]

Three Aboriginal men from Euraba signed up as soldiers in WWI. Charles Bird, George Bennett and Jack Stacy fought in Western Europe and the Middle East. They all survived and returned as heroes with congratulation ceremonies being conducted in English and the Gamilaraay language.[7][8][9]

During the 1918-20 influenza pandemic, most of the reserve fell sick. With no access medical facilities, the residents' only carers were the manager and school-teacher, Herbert E. Hockey, and his wife.[10]

Old Toomelah

In 1925, the Euraba settlement was deemed unsuitable and the residents were moved to a new location halfway between the towns of Boomi and Boggabilla. It was named Toomelah but is now known as Old Toomelah.[11] The local graziers requested that the site be enclosed in a dog-proof fence.[12]

Around 200 to 250 Aboriginal people lived at Old Toomelah. In 1936, a major outbreak of conjunctivitis affected a majority of the children in the reserve. They were treated in tents outside Moree hospital with their parents being forced away to prevent the infection spreading to the white population.[13]

Toomelah

In 1937, it was proposed by the NSW Aborigines Protection Board to move the Toomelah reserve to the banks of the Macintyre River near Boggabilla. The residents of Goondiwindi protested against the proposal, claiming that the Aborigines would pollute their water supply.[14] The Queensland Health department also submitted a formal protest against it.[15] The protests were ignored and around 200 Aboriginal people were moved to the new site in 1938. In response, the Goondiwindi hospital board refused to allow any Aboriginal people into Goondiwindi hospital as general patients.[16]

Several Toomelah residents joined the army in the early 1940s to serve in WWII.[17]

By the 1970s, the overcrowding and lack of basic facilities at Toomelah were starting to become public knowledge.[18][19] Media attention focused on Toomelah in 1987 when a large brawl between hundreds of whites and Aboriginal people occurred outside the Victoria Hotel in Goondiwindi after a Toomelah resident was refused entry and beaten up. The incident resulted in several investigations revealing that the Toomelah community had no household water supply, no sewerage, poor housing, poor access to medical facilities, high rates of malnutrition and 80% unemployment. Strongly entrenched racism at Goondiwindi High School which prevented young residents from accessing education was also found.[20][21][22][23]

Following a report by the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission on the community in 1987, there was a public outcry over poor sanitation at Toomelah and action was taken to improve water and housing.[24]

In 2004, the "Tomkins incident" made international headlines when farm employees David and Clint Tomkins caught a 16 year old Aboriginal boy from Toomelah breaking into a property located across the river from the settlement. They beat the boy, stripped him naked, tied a noose around his neck, dragged him around and put guns to his head threatening to shoot him. The Tomkins men were charged with assault and received small fines as punishment. This outcome highlighted issues of racism in the judicial system and caused outrage amongst the Aboriginal community.[25]

In 2008 the Special Commission of Inquiry into Child Protection Services in New South Wales heard evidence of abuse and neglect of children at Toomelah.[26]

A drama film about the settlement entitled Toomelah, directed by Ivan Sen, was released in 2011.[27]

In May 2012 the ABC's 7.30 program ran a special report dealing with child abuse, housing and the collapse of social services in Toomelah. In August 2013 a house fire killed a 14-year-old girl while two other children managed to escape.[28]

A specialised unit of the Australian Army was deployed in Toomelah in 2017 to run a six-month works project to restore infrastructure including roads and the community hall.[29]

Notable residents

Flight Sergeant Leonard Waters, the first Aboriginal air-force pilot and the only Aboriginal pilot allowed to serve in World War II, was born at the Euraba Aboriginal Reserve and spent part of his childhood at 'Old Toomelah'.[30]

Madeline McGrady, pioneering Aboriginal film-maker.[31]

Singer/songwriter Roger Knox is from Toomelah.[32]

In 1994, the Toomelah Tigers rugby league team won the Aboriginal NSW Koori Knockout, defeating La Perouse in the grand final.[33]

Toomelah Country Women’s Association

The first Aboriginal branch of the Country Women's Association was established by a Queensland Country Women's Association (QCWA) member from the Goondiwindi district, Una Armstrong.[34][35] The branch of the CWA was established in 1956, at Boggabilla Aboriginal Station, and was known as Toomelah Country Women's Association.[34] This branch in NSW was supported by Queenslanders because their own by-laws prohibited Aboriginal women from joining their organisation in Queensland.[34] Although it was established on the New South Wales side of the border, the Gwydir CWA reported that "the Queensland folk have taken it under their kindly wing and have promised to help in every way".[34] Toomelah CWA remained a stand-alone initiative in New South Wales until 1959, when it was suggested by an Aboriginal Welfare Board inspector that a branch be formed in the Kempsey area at Green Hill.[34]

References
  1. Australian Bureau of Statistics (27 June 2017). "Toomelah (ILOC)". 2016 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
  2. "ABORIGINES' PROTECTION BOARD". The Sydney Morning Herald. No. 18, 627. New South Wales, Australia. 26 November 1897. p. 3. Retrieved 21 August 2023 – via National Library of Australia.
  3. ""TOOMELAH" For the Aboriginies". The North Western Courier. Vol. 7, no. 61. New South Wales, Australia. 20 August 1925. p. 5. Retrieved 21 August 2023 – via National Library of Australia.
  4. "NEW ABORIGINAL SETTLEMENT". The Sydney Morning Herald. No. 31, 439. New South Wales, Australia. 6 October 1938. p. 6. Retrieved 21 August 2023 – via National Library of Australia.
  5. "Euraba". Sydney Mail. Vol. IV, no. 95. New South Wales, Australia. 21 January 1914. p. 8. Retrieved 21 August 2023 – via National Library of Australia.
  6. "Black Footballers' Corroboree". Warwick Daily News. Vol. 2, no. 439. Queensland, Australia. 2 August 1920. p. 2. Retrieved 22 August 2023 – via National Library of Australia.
  7. "An Aborigine in Khaki". Daily Advertiser. New South Wales, Australia. 22 September 1916. p. 2. Retrieved 22 August 2023 – via National Library of Australia.
  8. "Aboriginal Welcome Home". The Queanbeyan Age And Queanbeyan Observer. New South Wales, Australia. 12 September 1919. p. 6. Retrieved 22 August 2023 – via National Library of Australia.
  9. "Charles Turner Bird". State Library of Queensland. Retrieved 22 August 2023.
  10. "Local and General News". The Richmond River Herald and Northern Districts Advertiser. Vol. 34, no. 2215. New South Wales, Australia. 23 December 1919. p. 2. Retrieved 21 August 2023 – via National Library of Australia.
  11. "Toomelah". North West Champion. Vol. 13, no. 59. New South Wales, Australia. 13 August 1925. p. 3. Retrieved 22 August 2023 – via National Library of Australia.
  12. "Graziers' Association". Moree Gwydir Examiner and General Advertiser. Vol. 50, no. 5. New South Wales, Australia. 19 January 1928. p. 6. Retrieved 22 August 2023 – via National Library of Australia.
  13. "Eye Disease Among Blacks". Daily Examiner. Vol. 27, no. 8693. New South Wales, Australia. 9 June 1936. p. 8. Retrieved 22 August 2023 – via National Library of Australia.
  14. "ABORIGINALS ON THE MACINTYRE". Queensland Country Life. Vol. 2, no. 40. Queensland, Australia. 22 April 1937. p. 2. Retrieved 22 August 2023 – via National Library of Australia.
  15. "ABORIGINAL SETTLEMENT". Warialda Standard and Northern Districts' Advertiser. Vol. 26, no. 31. New South Wales, Australia. 26 July 1937. p. 6. Retrieved 22 August 2023 – via National Library of Australia.
  16. "Goondiwindi Hospital". Warwick Daily News. No. 5876. Queensland, Australia. 21 May 1938. p. 6. Retrieved 22 August 2023 – via National Library of Australia.
  17. "Farewell To Men Of The South-West". Queensland Country Life. Vol. 7, no. 2. Queensland, Australia. 24 July 1941. p. 3. Retrieved 24 August 2023 – via National Library of Australia.
  18. "HOUSING". Tharunka. Vol. 21, no. 10. New South Wales, Australia. 7 May 1975. p. 9. Retrieved 24 August 2023 – via National Library of Australia.
  19. "Aborigines to lose electricity supply". The Canberra Times. Vol. 53, no. 15, 728. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 14 October 1978. p. 1. Retrieved 24 August 2023 – via National Library of Australia.
  20. "Brawl in streets of Goondiwindi". The Canberra Times. Vol. 61, no. 18, 727. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 11 January 1987. p. 3. Retrieved 24 August 2023 – via National Library of Australia.
  21. "ABORIGINAL PEOPLE". Tribune. No. 2459. New South Wales, Australia. 25 February 1987. p. 3. Retrieved 24 August 2023 – via National Library of Australia.
  22. "'Preposterous' 30 authorities control 496 Aborigines". The Canberra Times. Vol. 61, no. 18, 927. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 30 July 1987. p. 3. Retrieved 24 August 2023 – via National Library of Australia.
  23. "Qld rejects judge's request on Toomelah". The Canberra Times. Vol. 62, no. 19, 251. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 21 June 1988. p. 3. Retrieved 24 August 2023 – via National Library of Australia.
  24. Toomelah lesson, Sydney Morning Herald 21 June 2008; Jews bring water, hope to Aboriginal town Archived 22 November 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Australian Jewish News, 24 January 2007.
  25. "Noose case inflames race tensions in Queensland". AAP. New Zealand Herald. 19 May 2005. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
  26. Heartbroken nurse quits over child abuse, Sydney Morning Herald 23 June 2008.
  27. "Toomelah". YouTube. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
  28. Toomelah house fire Sydney Morning Herald
  29. Army begins six-month program ABC News
  30. "Flight Sergeant Leonard Waters". monumentaustralia.org.au. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
  31. Dunn, Amelia (13 July 2018). "'I was using my camera as a tool against the system': Trailblazing filmmaker Madeline McGrady". SBS. NITV News. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
  32. "Roger KnoxKoori King of Country". ABC Radio National. Awaye!. 23 May 2003. Archived from the original on 31 May 2008. Retrieved 20 August 2023.
  33. Morelli, Laura (28 September 2017). "Could this be the year the Knockout gets kicked back to the country?". SBS. NITV. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
  34. Jones, Jennifer (18 February 2016). "More Than Tea and Scones?". History Australia. 6 (2): 41.1–41.19. doi:10.2104/ha090041. S2CID 144767623.
  35. Jones, Jennifer (18 February 2016). "Inside the CWA Rest Room". History Australia. 3 (1): 09.1–09.12. doi:10.2104/ha060009. S2CID 144447337.
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