Ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction

Ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction, colloquially known as Tommy John surgery (TJS), is a surgical graft procedure where the ulnar collateral ligament in the medial elbow is replaced with either a tendon from elsewhere in the patient's body, or with one from a deceased donor. The procedure is common among collegiate and professional athletes in several sports, particularly in baseball. The surgery is performed to restore optimal function for repetitive elbow movements or specifically throwing ability, often extending the careers of professional athletes. In many athletes, the surgery is done more than once during their careers.

Ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction
Other namesUCL reconstruction, Tommy John surgery (TJS)
ICD-9-CM81.85

The procedure was devised in 1974 by orthopedic surgeon Frank Jobe, a Los Angeles Dodgers team physician who served as a special advisor to the team until his death in 2014. It is named after the first baseball player to undergo the surgery, major league pitcher Tommy John, whose record of 288 career victories ranks seventh among left-handed pitchers. The initial operation, John's successful post-surgery career, and the relationship between the two men was the subject of a 2013 ESPN 30 for 30 documentary.[1]

Uses

The ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) can become stretched, frayed, or torn through the repetitive stress of the throwing motion. The risk of injury to the UCL is believed to be extremely high, as the amount of stress through the structure approaches its ultimate tensile strength during a hard throw.[2]

This injury is associated with baseball, although it sometimes appears in other sports. Compared to athletes who play other sports, baseball players are at elevated risk of overuse injuries and injuries caused by early sports specialization among children and teenagers.[3]

The results of a 2002 study suggest that the total number of pitches thrown is the greatest determinant.[4] The study examined the throwing volume, pitch type and throwing mechanics of 426 pitchers aged nine to fourteen for one year. Compared to pitchers who threw 200 or fewer pitches in a season, those who threw 201–400, 401–600, 601–800, and 800+ pitches faced an increased risk of 63%, 181%, 234%, and 161% respectively. The types of pitches thrown showed a smaller effect; throwing a slider was associated with an 86% increased chance of elbow injury while throwing a curveball was associated with an increase in pain. There was only a weak correlation between throwing mechanics perceived as bad and injury-prone.[4]

Research into throwing injuries in young athletes has led to age-based recommendations for pitch limits.[5]

Increasingly often, pitchers require a second procedure after returning to pitching. During the periods from 2001 to 2012 and 2013 to 2015, 18 major-league pitchers underwent the procedure for a second time. As of April 2015, the average amount of time between procedures is 4.97 years.[6]

Risks

There is a risk of damage to the ulnar nerve.[7]

Misconceptions

Some baseball pitchers believe that they can throw harder after ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction than they did beforehand. As a result, orthopedic surgeons have reported that parents of young pitchers have asked them to perform the procedure on their uninjured sons in the hope that it will increase performance.[8] However, many people, including Frank Jobe, believe that any postsurgical increases in performance are most likely the result of the increased stability of the elbow joint and pitchers' increased attention to their fitness and conditioning.[9] Jobe believed that rather than allowing pitchers to gain speed, the surgery and rehab protocols merely allow pitchers to return to their pre-injury levels of performance.

Technique

Reconstruction

A surgical incision of 3–4 inches (7.6–10.2 centimetres) is made near the elbow.[10] Holes to accommodate a replacement graft tendon are drilled in the ulna and humerus bones of the elbow.[10] A harvested tendon, such as the palmaris tendon[11] from the forearm of the same or opposite elbow, the patellar tendon, hamstring, toe extensor or a donor's tendon (allograft), is then woven in a figure-eight pattern through the holes and anchored.[10] The ulnar nerve is usually moved to prevent pain, as scar tissue can apply pressure to the nerve.[11] The procedure is performed on an outpatient basis allowing discharge the same day, with the arm in a splint to protect the repair for the first week.[10] After one week, a brace is employed to protect the reconstruction for about six weeks following surgery.[10]

Repair

Repair is largely viable in cases of acute UCL avulsion type-injury at the proximal or distal end, with the main benefit of the procedure is reduced rehabilitation time compared to that of UCL reconstruction.[12] Early attempts at UCL repair yielded poor results and were largely abandoned until anchor fixation was improved in 2008.[12]

Recovery

The rehabilitation process following surgery is typically divided into four separate phases.

  1. Rehabilitation phase 1 (postoperative weeks zero to three) consists of prevention of stiffness, promotion of healing, and simultaneous protection of the reconstructed graft with a hinged elbow brace[13]
  2. The goals of phase 2 (weeks four to eight) are to gain strength and gain full range of movement[13]
  3. During phase 3 (weeks nine to 13), the rehabilitation is focused on flexibility and neuromuscular control with a progression toward sports-related activities[13]
  4. The progression to a throwing program is made during phase 4 (weeks 14 to 26) for overhead athletes[13]

Full competition throwing is usually permitted at seven to nine months, and pitchers are ready to return to the game at approximately 10 to 18 months.[13]

Incidence

Over two decades preceding 2016, the number of UCLR surgeries increased threefold, a rate that was expected to continue to rise.[14] A 2015 study showed that the rate of UCLR surgery for those aged 15 to 19 was the highest among all age ranges and was increasing by 9% each year.[15]

USA Baseball, Major League Baseball, and Little League Baseball initiated the Pitch Smart program designed to lower the risk of elbow injuries in adolescent pitchers.[16] The main risk factors for elbow injury from overhand throwing are the number of pitches per game, innings pitched per season, months pitched per year and poor pitching biomechanics that may increase torque and force on the elbow.[17]

History
Main article: List of baseball players who underwent Tommy John surgery
Tommy John, for whom the surgery is named, in 2008

At the time of John's operation, Jobe estimated the chance for success of the operation at one in 100.[18] By 2009, the odds of complete recovery had risen to 85–92%.[19]

Following his 1974 surgery, John missed the entire 1975 season rehabilitating his arm before returning for the 1976 season. Before his surgery, John had won 124 games. He won 164 games after surgery, retiring in 1989 at age 46.

For baseball players, full rehabilitation takes about 12–15 months for pitchers and about six months for position players. Players typically begin throwing about 16 weeks after surgery.[20] While 80% of players return to pitching at the same level as before the surgery, for those Major League Baseball pitchers who receive the surgery twice, 35% never pitch again in the major leagues.[6]

Jobe has stated that if he had invented the technique ten years earlier, it might have been nicknamed Sandy Koufax surgery, after Dodgers hall of famer Sandy Koufax, who retired with "essentially the same thing as Tommy John."[21]

References
  1. Grantland staff (July 23, 2013). "30 for 30 Shorts: Tommy and Frank". Grantland. Retrieved August 17, 2013.
  2. Fleisig, G.S., “The biomechanics of baseball pitching”, in Biomechanical Engineering. 1994, University of Alabama: Birmingham. p. 163.
  3. Feeley BT, Agel J, LaPrade RF (January 2016). "When Is It Too Early for Single Sport Specialization?". The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 44 (1): 234–41. doi:10.1177/0363546515576899. PMID 25825379. S2CID 15742871.
  4. Lyman S, Fleisig GS, Andrews JR, Osinski ED (2002). "Effect of pitch type, pitch count, and pitching mechanics on risk of elbow and shoulder pain in youth baseball pitchers". The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 30 (4): 463–8. doi:10.1177/03635465020300040201. PMID 12130397. S2CID 17750974.
  5. Lyman S, Fleisig GS, Waterbor JW, Funkhouser EM, Pulley L, Andrews JR, et al. (November 2001). "Longitudinal study of elbow and shoulder pain in youth baseball pitchers". Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 33 (11): 1803–10. doi:10.1097/00005768-200111000-00002. PMID 11689728. S2CID 37361297.
  6. Verducci T. "The post-Tommy John surgery calculus that is changing the game". Sports Illustrated. No. April 21, 2015. Retrieved April 21, 2015.
  7. Purcell DB, Matava MJ, Wright RW (February 2007). "Ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction: a systematic review". Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 455: 72–7. doi:10.1097/BLO.0b013e31802eb447. PMID 17279038. S2CID 30674621.
  8. Longman J (July 20, 2007). "Fit Young Pitchers See Elbow Repair as Cure-All". The New York Times. Retrieved October 23, 2013.
  9. Keri J (September 13, 2007). "Interview With Dr. Frank Jobe". ESPN.com. Retrieved October 13, 2008.
  10. Khalfayan EE/MD/Surgeon (2016). "Tommy John surgery/UCL reconstruction (graphic surgical video)". Orthopedic Physician Associates, Seattle, WA. Retrieved January 7, 2017.
  11. Carroll W. "Dr. Frank Jobe, Tommy John and the Surgery That Changed Baseball Forever". Bleacher Report. Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. Retrieved July 17, 2013.
  12. Lawton CD, Lamplot JD, Wright-Chisem JI, James EW, Camp CL, Dines JS (June 2020). "State of the Union on Ulnar Collateral Ligament Reconstruction in 2020: Indications, Techniques, and Outcomes". Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine. 13 (3): 338–348. doi:10.1007/s12178-020-09621-3. PMC 7251011. PMID 32323247.
  13. Jang SH (December 2019). "Management of Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injuries in Overhead Athletes". Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow. 22 (4): 235–240. doi:10.5397/cise.2019.22.4.235. PMC 7714305. PMID 33330225.
  14. Mahure SA, Mollon B, Shamah SD, Kwon YW, Rokito AS (June 2016). "Disproportionate trends in ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction: projections through 2025 and a literature review". Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 25 (6): 1005–12. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2016.02.036. PMID 27197888.
  15. Erickson BJ, Nwachukwu BU, Rosas S, Schairer WW, McCormick FM, Bach BR, et al. (July 2015). "Trends in Medial Ulnar Collateral Ligament Reconstruction in the United States: A Retrospective Review of a Large Private-Payer Database From 2007 to 2011". The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 43 (7): 1770–4. doi:10.1177/0363546515580304. PMID 26129959. S2CID 33623945.
  16. "Pitch Smart". Major League Baseball. 2016. Retrieved October 26, 2016.
  17. Fleisig GS, Andrews JR (September 2012). "Prevention of elbow injuries in youth baseball pitchers". Sports Health. 4 (5): 419–24. doi:10.1177/1941738112454828. PMC 3435945. PMID 23016115.
  18. "Frank Jobe's Hall of Fame Life". Major League Baseball. July 22, 2013. Retrieved March 7, 2014.
  19. Rosenhek E (July 1, 2009). "The gory details of Tommy John surgery". The Good Point. Retrieved April 6, 2014.
  20. Dodd M (July 29, 2003). "A year of rehab for Tommy John patients". USA Today.
  21. Pouliot, Matthew (July 15, 2012). "Dr. Frank Jobe: 'It could have been Sandy Koufax surgery'". MLB | NBC Sports. Retrieved May 3, 2022.
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