Timeline of cancer treatment development

This is a historical timeline of the development and progress of cancer treatments, which includes time of discovery, progress, and approval of the treatments.

Ancient Era

Cancer was traditionally treated with surgery, heat, or herbal (chemical) therapies.

2600 BC – Egyptian physician Imhotep diagnosed several types of tumour and therapies for them. According to the Ebers medical papyrus, hard tumours were treated by placing a poultice near the tumour, followed by local incision.[1]
BC – Ancient Greeks, Romans, and Egyptians used heat to treat masses. Healers in ancient India used regional and whole-body hyperthermia as treatments.[2]
2 AD – Ancient Greeks describe surgical treatment of cancer.[3][4]

Modern Era

1800s

1820s – British Dr. James Arnott, "the father of modern cryosurgery", starts to use cryotherapy to freeze tumours in the treatment of breast and uterine cancers[5]
1880s – American Dr. William Stewart Halsted develops radical mastectomy for breast cancer[4]
1890s – German Dr. Westermark used localized hyperthermia to produce tumour regression in patients
1891 – American Dr. William B. Coley, "the father of immunotherapy", starts to treat cancer patients by injecting them with streptococci, containing immunostimulatory CpG motifs[6][7]
1896 – French Dr. Victor Despeignes, "the father of radiation therapy", starts to use X-rays to treat cancer[8]
1896 – American Dr. Emil Grubbe starts to treat breast cancer patients with X-rays[4]
1896 Sir George Thomas Beatson invented hormonal treatment of breast cancer by bilateral ovary removal in women with inoperable breast cancer.

1900s

1900 – Swedish Dr. Stenbeck cures a skin cancer with small doses of radiation[4]
1920s – Dr. William B. Coley's immunotherapy treatment, regressed tumors in hundreds of cases, the success of Coley's Toxins attracted heavy resistance from his rival and supervisor, Dr. James Ewing, who was an ardent supporter of radiation therapy for cancer. This rivalry and opposition to Dr. Coley leads to the disuse of immunotherapy for cancer, in favor of Dr. Ewing's preferred radiation therapy[9]
1939 – American Dr. Charles Huggins uses synthetic hormone therapy to treat prostate cancer[10]
1942 – First chemotherapy drug mustine used to treat cancer[11]
1947 – American Dr. Sidney Farber induces brief remission in a patient with leukaemia with the antifolate drug aminopterin (methotrexate)[4]
1949 – US FDA approves mechlorethamine, a nitrogen mustard compound, for treatment of cancer[12]
1949 – Oncolytic viruses began human clinical trials[13][14]
1951 – Dr. Jane C. Wright demonstrated the use of the antifolate, methotrexate in solid tumors, showing remission in breast cancer[4]
1950s – Anti-cancer anthracyclines isolated from the Streptomyces peucetius bacteria. Anthracycline-based derivatives include: daunorubicin, doxorubicin, amrubicin, idarubicin[15]
1953 – US FDA approves mercaptopurine (6 MP), an immunosuppressive agent[16]
1956 – Metastatic choriocarcinoma cancer is cured with the antifolate, methotrexate[4]
1956 – First bone marrow transplantation performed by E. Donnall Thomas in order to treat leukemia in one of two identical twins, the healthy twin being the donor[17]
1957 – Introduction of fluorouracil to treat colorectal, breast, stomach, and pancreatic cancers[10]
1957 – Introduction of interferon to treat kidney, skin, and bladder cancer[10]
1958 – Combination therapy consisting of 6-mercaptopurine and methotrexate results in a cure of leukaemia in a trial run in US hospitals[4][12]
1958 – US FDA approves cyclophosphamide for chemotherapy of cancer[18]
1960s – Introduction of laser therapy in treatment of cancer[19]
1960 – Invention of tamoxifen breast cancer anti-estrogen (SERM) hormonal therapy drug
1961 – Vincristine, anti-cancer alkaloid, isolated from the Madagascar periwinkle plant[20]
1962 – US FDA disapproves Dr. Coley's immunotherapy, making it illegal; radiation therapy remained the dominant treatment for cancer[9]
1963 – US FDA approves vincristine (Oncovin) for chemotherapy of cancer[20]
1964 – VAMP regimen combination therapy, consisting of: vincristine, amethopterin, 6-mercaptopurine, and prednisone, induces long-term remissions in juvenile acute lymphoblastic leukemia[21]
1965 – MOPP regimen combination therapy cures advanced Hodgkin's lymphoma, with the combination of: nitrogen mustard, vincristine, procarbazine, and prednisone[4][10]
1965 – MOMP regimen combination therapy, consisting of: methotrexate, vincristine, 6-MP, and prednisone, induces long-term remissions in juvenile acute lymphoblastic leukemia[10][21]
1965 – Latvian scientist Aina Muceniece identifies echovirus as a potential agent for oncolytic virotherapy, resulting in the development of RIGVIR[22]
1966 – Taxol, anti-cancer compound, isolated from the yew plant
1967 – Camptothecin, anti-cancer compound, isolated from the Camptotheca acuminata, the Chinese Happy Tree, which was used as a cancer treatment in traditional Chinese medicine.[23] It is the source of chemotherapy drugs: topotecan and irinotecan.
1968 – Japanese Dr. Tanaka pioneers the treatment of metastatic breast cancer with cryoablation, resulting in prolonged survival[24][25][26]
1972 – UK and other European countries approve tamoxifen for breast cancer
1972 – American Dr. Lawrence Einhorn cures metastatic testicular cancer with cisplatin[10]
1975 – Invention of monoclonal antibodies[4]
1975 – American Dr. Einhorn shows combination therapy consisting of cisplatinum, vinblastine, and bleomycin can cure 70% of advanced testicular cancer cases[21]
1975 – C-MOPP regimen combination therapy, consisting of: methotrexate, vincristine, cyclophosphamide, and prednisone, cured advanced diffuse large B-cell lymphoma[21]
1977 – US FDA approves tamoxifen for metastatic breast cancer only, not widely popular as chemotherapy remains first line of treatment[27][28]
1981 – American Dr. Bernard Fisher proves lumpectomy is as effective as mastectomy for breast cancer[4]
1989 – US FDA approves Carboplatin, a derivative of cisplatin, for chemotherapy[10]
1990 – US FDA approves tamoxifen for major additional use to help prevent the recurrence of cancer in "node-negative" patients[29]
1990 – China begins treating various cancers with photodynamic therapy[30]
1991 – First gene therapy treatment of cancer (melanoma)
1992 – Invention of tyrosine-kinase inhibitor Imatinib[31]
1992 – Invention of Etacstil breast cancer anti-estrogen (SERM/SERD) hormonal therapy drug that overcomes hormone-therapy resistance[32][33]
1996 – US FDA approves antiestrogen, aromatase inhibitor Anastrozole for advanced breast cancer[12]
1996 – Russia begins treating various cancers with photodynamic therapy[34]
1997 – First monoclonal antibody, Rituximab, is licensed[4]
1997 – Chinese doctors start treating uterine fibroids, liver cancer, breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, bone tumours, and renal cancer with ultrasound imaging-guided high-intensity focused ultrasound[35]
1998 – Chinese doctors start treating breast, kidney, lung, liver, prostate and bone cancer with imaging-guided cryoablation[36][37]
1998 – US FDA approves herceptin, a monoclonal antibody for HER2 metastatic breast cancer[10]
1998 – US FDA approves cryoablation for the treatment of prostate cancer[29]
1998 – US FDA approves Camptothecin-analogue irinotecan for chemotherapy of cancer[38]
1998 – US FDA approves tamoxifen to reduce breast cancer risk in high-risk patients[10]
1998 – US FDA approves monoclonal antibody, Trastuzumab for advanced HER-2 breast cancer[12]
1998 – Imaging-guided High-intensity focused ultrasound is approved for use in Europe for treatment of cancer[39]

2000s

2001 – UK NICE approves taxol for chemotherapy of breast, ovarian, and non-small cell lung cancers[40]
2002 – US FDA approves imatinib[10]
2002 – The State Food and Drug Administration of China approves Gendicine, gene therapy for cancer[10][41]
2002 – Corporate takeover of Dupont by BMS resulted in abandoning Etacstil breast cancer anti-estrogen (SERM/SERD) hormonal therapy drug that overcomes hormone-therapy resistance[33][42]
2003 – American Dr. Peter Littrup starts to treat early and metastatic breast cancer with cryoablation[26]
2004 – bevacizumab, the first approved drug to inhibit blood vessel formation by tumours, is licensed[4]
2005 – US FDA approves taxol for chemotherapy of breast, pancreatic, and non-small cell lung cancers[43]
2006 – US FDA approves herceptin[10]
2007 – US FDA approves sorafenib[10]
2007 – US FDA approves camptothecin-analogue topotecan for chemotherapy of cancer[43]
2010 – US FDA approves immunotherapy, sipuleucel-T dendritic cell vaccine for advanced prostate cancer[12]
2010 – China advances cryoimmunotherapy to treat breast, kidney, lung, liver, prostate and bone cancer[44][45][46]
2011 – US FDA approves monoclonal antibody, Ipilimumab for advanced melanoma[12]
2011 – Cuba develops and releases CimaVax-EGF, the first therapeutic cancer vaccine for lung cancer[47]
2012 – Cuba develops and releases monoclonal antibody, Racotumomab, the therapeutic cancer vaccine for lung cancer[48]
2015 – US FDA approves anti-CDK4/6, Palbociclib for advanced breast cancer[12]
2015 – US FDA approves imaging-guided high-intensity focused ultrasound for prostate cancer[49]

References

Kucerova P, Cervinkova M (April 2016). "Spontaneous regression of tumour and the role of microbial infection--possibilities for cancer treatment". Anti-Cancer Drugs. 27 (4): 269–77. doi:10.1097/CAD.0000000000000337. PMC 4777220. PMID 26813865.
Gian F. Baronzio (2006). "Introduction". Hyperthermia In Cancer Treatment: A Primer. Medical Intelligence Unit. Berlin: Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-33440-0.
"The History of Cancer".
"History of cancer treatment". 2015-06-04.
History of Cryosurgery. 2008.
Krieg, AM; Yi, AK; Matson, S; Waldschmidt, TJ; Bishop, GA; Teasdale, R; Koretzky, GA; Klinman, DM (1995). "CpG motifs in bacterial DNA trigger direct B-cell activation". Nature. 374 (6522): 546–9. Bibcode:1995Natur.374..546K. doi:10.1038/374546a0. PMID 7700380. S2CID 4261304.
McCarthy, EF (2006). "The Toxins of William B. Coley and the Treatment of Cancer". Iowa Orthop J. 26: 154–8. PMC 1888599. PMID 16789469.
Sgantzos, M.; Tsoucalas, G.; Laios, K.; Androutsos, G. (2014). "The physician who first applied radiotherapy, Victor Despeignes, on 1896". Hellenic Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 17 (1): 45–6. PMID 24563880.
McCarthy, EF (2006). "The Toxins of William B. Coley and the Treatment of Bone and Soft-Tissue Sarcomas". Iowa Orthop J. 26: 154–8. PMC 1888599. PMID 16789469.
Meyer, Lacey (3 October 2008). "Timeline: Milestones in Cancer Treatment". Cure. Special Issue 2008. 7 (4).
Fenn, John E.; Udelsman, Robert (2011). "First Use of Intravenous Chemotherapy Cancer Treatment: Rectifying the Record". Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 212 (3): 413–417. doi:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2010.10.018. PMID 21247779.
"Milestones in Cancer Research and Discovery". 2015-01-21.
"Clinical virotherapy: four historically significant clinical trials".
Huebner, RJ; Rowe, WP; Schatten, WE; Smith, RR; Thomas, LB (Nov–Dec 1956). "Studies on the use of viruses in the treatment of carcinoma of the cervix". Cancer. 9 (6): 1211–8. doi:10.1002/1097-0142(195611/12)9:6<1211::AID-CNCR2820090624>3.0.CO;2-7. PMID 13383455.
Fujiwara, A.; Hoshino, T.; Westley, J. W. (1985). "Anthracycline Antibiotics". Critical Reviews in Biotechnology. 3 (2): 133–157. doi:10.3109/07388558509150782.
Buchwald, Jed Z. (2012-01-05). A Master of Science History: Essays in Honor of Charles Coulston Gillispie. Springer. ISBN 9789400726260.
"1956: the first successful bone marrow transplantation". home.cancerresearch. Australian Cancer Research Foundation. 7 December 2014. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
Emadi A, Jones RJ, Brodsky RA (2009). "Cyclophosphamide and cancer: golden anniversary". Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 6 (11): 638–47. doi:10.1038/nrclinonc.2009.146. PMID 19786984. S2CID 18219134.
Goldman (1966). "A review: Applications of the laser beam in cancer biology". International Journal of Cancer. 1 (4): 309–318. doi:10.1002/ijc.2910010402. S2CID 72256690.
Ravina, Enrique (2011). The evolution of drug discovery : from traditional medicines to modern drugs (1. Aufl. ed.). Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. pp. 157–159. ISBN 9783527326693.
Devita, Vincent T.; Chu, Edward (2008). "A History of Cancer Chemotherapy". Cancer Research. 68 (21): 8643–8653. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-6611. PMID 18974103.
Muceniece A.J., Bumbieris J.V. 1982. Transplantation antigens and their changes in carcinogenesis and viral infection. In: Virusnyi onkoliz i iskusstvennaya geterogenizatsiya opukholei (Viral Oncolysis and Artificial Heterogenization of Tumors). Riga, pp. 217–234.
the stem bark of Mappia foetida, a tree native to India, has proved to be another source significant for the isolation of camptothecin. TR Govindachari and N. Viswnathan, Phytochemistry 11(12), 3529-31 (1972). Efferth T, Fu YJ, Zu YG, Schwarz G, Konkimalla VS, Wink M (2007). "Molecular target-guided tumor therapy with natural products derived from traditional Chinese medicine". Current Medicinal Chemistry. 14 (19): 2024–32. doi:10.2174/092986707781368441. PMID 17691944.
Tanaka (1982). "Immunological aspects of cryosurgery in general surgery". Cryobiology. 19 (3): 247–62. doi:10.1016/0011-2240(82)90151-1. PMID 7105777.
Richard J. Ablin, PhD (1998). "The Use of Cryosurgery for Breast Cancer". Arch Surg. 133 (1): 106. doi:10.1001/archsurg.133.1.106. PMID 9438770.
According to Littrup et al., who performed cryoablation of breast tumors in clinical stages I-IV with a multi-probe freeze approach, isotherms within cryozones can be accurately controlled and such cryoablation enables the destruction of much bigger lesions, up to 7 cm in diameter (15)Tarkowski, R; Rzaca, M (2014). "Cryosurgery in the treatment of women with breast cancer". Gland Surg. 3 (2): 88–93. doi:10.3978/j.issn.2227-684X.2014.03.04. PMC 4115762. PMID 25083502.
Maximov, Philipp Y.; McDaniel, Russell E.; Craig Jordan, V. (2013-07-23). Tamoxifen: Pioneering Medicine in Breast Cancer. Springer. ISBN 9783034806640.
Tamoxifen was born into a world of indifference in the '60s, when the focus of the research was on contraception. It grew up in the 70s, in a world where chemotherapy was king and hormonal therapies were perceived as non-starters in the quest to cure cancer.Jordan, V Craig (2000). "Tamoxifen: a personal retrospective" (PDF). The Lancet Oncology. 1 (1): 43–49. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(00)00009-7. PMID 11905688.
"Center for Devices and Radiological Health U.S. Food and Drug Administration". Food and Drug Administration.
Huang, Z (2006). "Photodynamic therapy in China: Over 25 years of unique clinical experience: Part One—History and domestic photosensitizers". Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy. 3 (1): 3–10. doi:10.1016/S1572-1000(06)00009-3. PMID 25049020. Xu, DY (2007). "Research and development of photodynamic therapy photosensitizers in China". Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy. 4 (1): 13–25. doi:10.1016/j.pdpdt.2006.09.003. PMID 25047186.
"The Story of Gleevec". Archived from the original on 2013-10-21.
Willson, TM; Henke, BR; Momtahen, TM; Charifson, PS; Batchelor, KW; Lubahn, DB; Moore, LB; Oliver, BB; Sauls, HR; Triantafillou, JA (1994). "a non-steroidal estrogen with functional selectivity for bone over uterus in rats". J Med Chem. 37 (11): 1550–2. doi:10.1021/jm00037a002. PMID 8201587.
"Tamoxifen-like drug suggests new ways to selectively block estrogen".
"Centre of laser medicine — Historical Aspects of Photodynamic Therapy Development". Retrieved 2011-08-05.
In 1997, a patient with osteosarcoma was first successfully treated with ultrasound imaging-guided HIFU in Chongqing, China. Over the last decade, thousands of patients with uterine fibroids, liver cancer, breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, bone tumors, and renal cancer have been treated with ultrasound imaging-guided HIFU. Based on several research groups’ reports, as well as our ten-year clinical experience, we conclude that this technique is safe and effective in treating human solid tumors.Zhang, Lian; Wang, Zhi-Biao (2010). "High-intensity focused ultrasound tumor ablation: Review of ten years of clinical experience". Frontiers of Medicine in China. 4 (3): 294–302. doi:10.1007/s11684-010-0092-8. PMID 21191835. S2CID 21219521.
History of Cryosurgery. 1997.
"FAQ".
"FDA Review Letter" (PDF).
"History of Ablatherm HIFU".
"British National Formulary".
Pearson, S; Jia, H; Kandachi, K (2004). "China approves first gene therapy". Nature Biotechnology. 22 (1): 3–4. doi:10.1038/nbt0104-3. PMC 7097065. PMID 14704685.
"how breast cancer drugs are developed". 17 June 2013.
"Paclitaxel, Protein-Bound Suspension". Paclitaxel, Protein-Bound Suspension. Cancer.Org. January 6, 2015. Retrieved January 24, 2015.
"International Cryosurgery Center". 2013.
Niu, LZ; Li, JL; Zeng, JY; Mu, F; Liao, MT; Yao, F; Li, L; Liu, CY; Chen, JB; Zuo, JS; Xu, KC (2013). "Combination treatment with comprehensive cryoablation and immunotherapy in metastatic hepatocellular cancer". World J. Gastroenterol. 19 (22): 3473–80. doi:10.3748/wjg.v19.i22.3473. PMC 3683687. PMID 23801841.
"thechinastory".
"Cuba Announces Release of the World's First Lung Cancer Vaccine". PopSci. 2011-08-09. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
Vázquez, A.M, Hernández, A.M., Macías, A., et al. (2012). Racotumomab: an anti-idiotype vaccine related to N-glycolyl-containing gangliosides – preclinical and clinical data. Front Oncol. 2012;2:150.
"FDA approves device used to treat prostate cancer".

External links

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[1] Kucerova P, Cervinkova M (April 2016). "Spontaneous regression of tumour and the role of microbial infection--possibilities for cancer treatment". Anti-Cancer Drugs. 27 (4): 269–77. doi:10.1097/CAD.0000000000000337. PMC 4777220. PMID 26813865.

[isbn0-387-33440-8-2] Gian F. Baronzio (2006). "Introduction". Hyperthermia In Cancer Treatment: A Primer. Medical Intelligence Unit. Berlin: Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-33440-0.

[3] "The History of Cancer".

[raconteur-4] "History of cancer treatment". 2015-06-04.

[Kecheng-5] History of Cryosurgery. 2008.

[pmid7700380-6] Krieg, AM; Yi, AK; Matson, S; Waldschmidt, TJ; Bishop, GA; Teasdale, R; Koretzky, GA; Klinman, DM (1995). "CpG motifs in bacterial DNA trigger direct B-cell activation". Nature. 374 (6522): 546–9. Bibcode:1995Natur.374..546K. doi:10.1038/374546a0. PMID 7700380. S2CID 4261304.

[7] McCarthy, EF (2006). "The Toxins of William B. Coley and the Treatment of Cancer". Iowa Orthop J. 26: 154–8. PMC 1888599. PMID 16789469.

[8] Sgantzos, M.; Tsoucalas, G.; Laios, K.; Androutsos, G. (2014). "The physician who first applied radiotherapy, Victor Despeignes, on 1896". Hellenic Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 17 (1): 45–6. PMID 24563880.

[PMC1888599-9] McCarthy, EF (2006). "The Toxins of William B. Coley and the Treatment of Bone and Soft-Tissue Sarcomas". Iowa Orthop J. 26: 154–8. PMC 1888599. PMID 16789469.

[curetoday-10] Meyer, Lacey (3 October 2008). "Timeline: Milestones in Cancer Treatment". Cure. Special Issue 2008. 7 (4).

[11] Fenn, John E.; Udelsman, Robert (2011). "First Use of Intravenous Chemotherapy Cancer Treatment: Rectifying the Record". Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 212 (3): 413–417. doi:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2010.10.018. PMID 21247779.

[Milestones-12] "Milestones in Cancer Research and Discovery". 2015-01-21.

[13] "Clinical virotherapy: four historically significant clinical trials".

[14] Huebner, RJ; Rowe, WP; Schatten, WE; Smith, RR; Thomas, LB (Nov–Dec 1956). "Studies on the use of viruses in the treatment of carcinoma of the cervix". Cancer. 9 (6): 1211–8. doi:10.1002/1097-0142(195611/12)9:6<1211::AID-CNCR2820090624>3.0.CO;2-7. PMID 13383455.

[15] Fujiwara, A.; Hoshino, T.; Westley, J. W. (1985). "Anthracycline Antibiotics". Critical Reviews in Biotechnology. 3 (2): 133–157. doi:10.3109/07388558509150782.

[16] Buchwald, Jed Z. (2012-01-05). A Master of Science History: Essays in Honor of Charles Coulston Gillispie. Springer. ISBN 9789400726260.

[17] "1956: the first successful bone marrow transplantation". home.cancerresearch. Australian Cancer Research Foundation. 7 December 2014. Retrieved 31 May 2021.

[pmid19786984-18] Emadi A, Jones RJ, Brodsky RA (2009). "Cyclophosphamide and cancer: golden anniversary". Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 6 (11): 638–47. doi:10.1038/nrclinonc.2009.146. PMID 19786984. S2CID 18219134.

[19] Goldman (1966). "A review: Applications of the laser beam in cancer biology". International Journal of Cancer. 1 (4): 309–318. doi:10.1002/ijc.2910010402. S2CID 72256690.

[Rav2011-20] Ravina, Enrique (2011). The evolution of drug discovery : from traditional medicines to modern drugs (1. Aufl. ed.). Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. pp. 157–159. ISBN 9783527326693.

[a1158-21] Devita, Vincent T.; Chu, Edward (2008). "A History of Cancer Chemotherapy". Cancer Research. 68 (21): 8643–8653. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-6611. PMID 18974103.

[MB1982-22] Muceniece A.J., Bumbieris J.V. 1982. Transplantation antigens and their changes in carcinogenesis and viral infection. In: Virusnyi onkoliz i iskusstvennaya geterogenizatsiya opukholei (Viral Oncolysis and Artificial Heterogenization of Tumors). Riga, pp. 217–234.

[23] the stem bark of Mappia foetida, a tree native to India, has proved to be another source significant for the isolation of camptothecin. TR Govindachari and N. Viswnathan, Phytochemistry 11(12), 3529-31 (1972). Efferth T, Fu YJ, Zu YG, Schwarz G, Konkimalla VS, Wink M (2007). "Molecular target-guided tumor therapy with natural products derived from traditional Chinese medicine". Current Medicinal Chemistry. 14 (19): 2024–32. doi:10.2174/092986707781368441. PMID 17691944.

[24] Tanaka (1982). "Immunological aspects of cryosurgery in general surgery". Cryobiology. 19 (3): 247–62. doi:10.1016/0011-2240(82)90151-1. PMID 7105777.

[25] Richard J. Ablin, PhD (1998). "The Use of Cryosurgery for Breast Cancer". Arch Surg. 133 (1): 106. doi:10.1001/archsurg.133.1.106. PMID 9438770.

[PMC4115762-26] According to Littrup et al., who performed cryoablation of breast tumors in clinical stages I-IV with a multi-probe freeze approach, isotherms within cryozones can be accurately controlled and such cryoablation enables the destruction of much bigger lesions, up to 7 cm in diameter (15)Tarkowski, R; Rzaca, M (2014). "Cryosurgery in the treatment of women with breast cancer". Gland Surg. 3 (2): 88–93. doi:10.3978/j.issn.2227-684X.2014.03.04. PMC 4115762. PMID 25083502.

[27] Maximov, Philipp Y.; McDaniel, Russell E.; Craig Jordan, V. (2013-07-23). Tamoxifen: Pioneering Medicine in Breast Cancer. Springer. ISBN 9783034806640.

[28] Tamoxifen was born into a world of indifference in the '60s, when the focus of the research was on contraception. It grew up in the 70s, in a world where chemotherapy was king and hormonal therapies were perceived as non-starters in the quest to cure cancer.Jordan, V Craig (2000). "Tamoxifen: a personal retrospective" (PDF). The Lancet Oncology. 1 (1): 43–49. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(00)00009-7. PMID 11905688.

[fda.gov-29] "Center for Devices and Radiological Health U.S. Food and Drug Administration". Food and Drug Administration.

[30] Huang, Z (2006). "Photodynamic therapy in China: Over 25 years of unique clinical experience: Part One—History and domestic photosensitizers". Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy. 3 (1): 3–10. doi:10.1016/S1572-1000(06)00009-3. PMID 25049020. Xu, DY (2007). "Research and development of photodynamic therapy photosensitizers in China". Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy. 4 (1): 13–25. doi:10.1016/j.pdpdt.2006.09.003. PMID 25047186.

[31] "The Story of Gleevec". Archived from the original on 2013-10-21.

[32] Willson, TM; Henke, BR; Momtahen, TM; Charifson, PS; Batchelor, KW; Lubahn, DB; Moore, LB; Oliver, BB; Sauls, HR; Triantafillou, JA (1994). "a non-steroidal estrogen with functional selectivity for bone over uterus in rats". J Med Chem. 37 (11): 1550–2. doi:10.1021/jm00037a002. PMID 8201587.

[gw5638uchospitals-33] "Tamoxifen-like drug suggests new ways to selectively block estrogen".

[magicray-34] "Centre of laser medicine — Historical Aspects of Photodynamic Therapy Development". Retrieved 2011-08-05.

[35] In 1997, a patient with osteosarcoma was first successfully treated with ultrasound imaging-guided HIFU in Chongqing, China. Over the last decade, thousands of patients with uterine fibroids, liver cancer, breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, bone tumors, and renal cancer have been treated with ultrasound imaging-guided HIFU. Based on several research groups’ reports, as well as our ten-year clinical experience, we conclude that this technique is safe and effective in treating human solid tumors.Zhang, Lian; Wang, Zhi-Biao (2010). "High-intensity focused ultrasound tumor ablation: Review of ten years of clinical experience". Frontiers of Medicine in China. 4 (3): 294–302. doi:10.1007/s11684-010-0092-8. PMID 21191835. S2CID 21219521.

[36] History of Cryosurgery. 1997.

[37] "FAQ".

[38] "FDA Review Letter" (PDF).

[39] "History of Ablatherm HIFU".

[40] "British National Formulary".

[Gend-41] Pearson, S; Jia, H; Kandachi, K (2004). "China approves first gene therapy". Nature Biotechnology. 22 (1): 3–4. doi:10.1038/nbt0104-3. PMC 7097065. PMID 14704685.

[42] "how breast cancer drugs are developed". 17 June 2013.

[Cancer.Org-43] "Paclitaxel, Protein-Bound Suspension". Paclitaxel, Protein-Bound Suspension. Cancer.Org. January 6, 2015. Retrieved January 24, 2015.

[44] "International Cryosurgery Center". 2013.

[45] Niu, LZ; Li, JL; Zeng, JY; Mu, F; Liao, MT; Yao, F; Li, L; Liu, CY; Chen, JB; Zuo, JS; Xu, KC (2013). "Combination treatment with comprehensive cryoablation and immunotherapy in metastatic hepatocellular cancer". World J. Gastroenterol. 19 (22): 3473–80. doi:10.3748/wjg.v19.i22.3473. PMC 3683687. PMID 23801841.

[46] "thechinastory".

[47] "Cuba Announces Release of the World's First Lung Cancer Vaccine". PopSci. 2011-08-09. Retrieved 2011-12-11.

[48] Vázquez, A.M, Hernández, A.M., Macías, A., et al. (2012). Racotumomab: an anti-idiotype vaccine related to N-glycolyl-containing gangliosides – preclinical and clinical data. Front Oncol. 2012;2:150.

[49] "FDA approves device used to treat prostate cancer".