Amorphophallus

Amorphophallus (from Ancient Greek amorphos, "without form, misshapen" + phallos, "penis", referring to the shape of the prominent spadix) is a large genus of some 200 tropical and subtropical tuberous herbaceous plants from the Arum family (Araceae), native to Asia, Africa, Australia and various oceanic islands.[2][3] A few species are edible as "famine foods" after careful preparation to remove irritating chemicals.[4] The genus includes the Titan arum (A. titanum) of Indonesia, which has the largest inflorescence of any plant in the genus, and is also known as the 'corpse flower' for the pungent odour it produces during its flowering period, which can take up through seven years of growth before it occurs.[5]

Amorphophallus
Titan arum (Amorphophallus titanum) is the Amorphophallus with the largest inflorescence
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Alismatales
Family: Araceae
Subfamily: Aroideae
Tribe: Thomsonieae
Genus: Amorphophallus
Blume ex Decne.
Type species
Amorphophallus paeoniifolius
Species

See text

Synonyms[1]
  • Allopythion Schott
  • Brachyspatha Schott
  • Candarum Schott
  • Conophallus Schott
  • Corynophallus Schott
  • Dunalia Montrouz.
  • Hansalia Schott
  • Hydrosme Schott
  • Kunda Raf.
  • Plesmonium Schott
  • Proteinophallus Hook.f.
  • Pseudodracontium N.E.Br.
  • Pythion Mart.
  • Pythonium Schott
  • Rhaphiophallus Schott
  • Synantherias Schott
  • Tapeinophallus Baill.
  • Thomsonia Wall.

History

The oldest systematic record of the plants was in 1692, when Van Rheede tot Drakenstein published descriptions of two plants. The name "Amorphophallus" was first mentioned in 1834 by the Dutch botanist Blume.[6] Between 1876 and 1911, Engler merged a number of other genera into Amorphophallus, with a final monograph published in 1911.[6]

Distribution

These are typical lowland plants, growing in the tropical and subtropical zones of the paleotropics, from West Africa through the Pacific Islands. None of them are found in the Americas, although a remarkably similar but not closely related genus, Dracontium, has evolved there. Most species are endemic. They grow preferentially on disturbed grounds, such as secondary forests.[7]

Description
Amorphophallus paeoniifolius, the elephant foot yam, a species cultivated in the tropical Indo-Pacific for their edible corms
Amorphophallus fruit

These small to massive plants grow from a subterranean tuber. Amorphophallus tubers vary greatly from species to species, from the quite uniformly globose tuber of A. konjac to the elongated tubers of A. longituberosus and A. macrorhizus to the bizarre clustered rootstock of A. coaetaneus. The weight of these tubers range from as little as ten grams (3/10ths of an ounce) in Amorphophallus pusillus of Vietnam[8] to as much as 305 pounds (139 kg) for Amorphophallus titanum, a 14,000 fold difference in weight. From the top of this tuber a single leaf, which can be several meters across in larger species, is produced atop a trunk-like petiole followed, on maturity, by a single inflorescence. This leaf consists of a vertical leaf stalk and a horizontal blade, which may consist of a number of small leaflets. The leaf lasts one growing season. The peduncle (the primary flower stalk) can be long or short.

As is typical of the Arum family, these species develop an inflorescence consisting of an elongate or ovate spathe (a sheathing bract) which usually envelops the spadix (a flower spike with a fleshy axis). The spathe can have different colors, but mostly brownish-purple or whitish-green. On the inside, they contain ridges or warts, functioning as insect traps.

The plants are monoecious. The spadix has tiny flowers: female flowers, no more than a pistil, at the bottom, then male flowers, each with one stamen, and then a blank sterile area. This last part, called 'the appendix', consists of sterile flowers, called staminodes, and can be especially large. The flowers do not have corollas.

Mature female flowers are usually receptive for only 1 day. In many species, the inflorescence emits a scent of decaying flesh in order to attract insects, though a number of species give off a pleasant odor. Through a number of ingenious insect traps, pollinating insects that entered a spathe when female flowers were receptive remain inside the spathe for about 1 day while male flowers mature and release pollen. Pollen falls on these insects, and they carry pollen as they exit the spathe and can pollinate female flowers in another spathe. Amorphophallus species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera (butterfly and moth) species including Palpifer sexnotatus and Palpifer sordida.

Pollinated flowers usually each develop into a globose berry, a fruit. The berries are red, orange-red, white, white and yellow, or blue, depending on the species.

Notable species

The species Amorphophallus titanum, 'corpse flower' or titan arum, has the world's largest unbranched inflorescence, with a height of up to 2.5 metres (8.2 ft) and a width of 1.5 metres (4.9 ft)..After an over 1.2 metres (3.9 ft)-tall flower opened at Chicago Botanic Gardens on September 29, 2015, thousands lined up to see and smell it. The floriculturalist described it as smelling "like roadkill, a barnyard, a dirty diaper, very strong, a little bit of mothball smell too". Native to the Indonesian rainforest, it takes about 10 years to blossom. Dubbed "Alice", its bloom was broadcast via live webcam. It is one of two plants at the Chicago Botanic Gardens, which kept open until 2 am on September 30 to accommodate visitors.[9]

A runner-up is Amorphophallus gigas, which is taller, but has a somewhat smaller inflorescence.

Amorphophallus konjac tubers are used to make konnyaku (コンニャク), a Japanese thickening agent and edible jelly containing glucomannan.

Some species are called voodoo-lily, as are some species of Typhonium (also in the Araceae).[10][11]

Taxonomy and Systematics
Amorphophallus Subgenera
Amorphophallus

Subgenus Scutrandrium

Subgenus Amorphophallus

Subgenus Metandrium

Subgenus Afrophallus

The genus was divided into 4 subgenera based on phylogenetic analysis in 2017,[12] with a number of SE Asian genera currently unplaced:

Subgenus Amorphophallus
ImageNameYearDistribution
Amorphophallus adamsensis Magtoto, Mones, Ballada, Austria, R.M.Dizon, Alangui, Regina2013Philippines
Amorphophallus angulatus Hett. & A.Vogel1994Borneo (Sarawak)
Amorphophallus ardii[13] Yuzammi & Hett.2020Sulawesi.
Amorphophallus asper (Engl.) Engl. & Gehrm.1911Sumatera
Amorphophallus bangkokensis Gagnep.1941Thailand
Amorphophallus beccarii Engl.1880Sumatera
Amorphophallus borneensis (Engl.) Engl. & Gehrm.1911Borneo
Amorphophallus boyceanus Hett.2001Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia
Amorphophallus brachyphyllus Hett.2001Borneo (Kuching)
Amorphophallus bufo Ridl.1909Malaysia
Amorphophallus calcicolus Tamayo MN, Magtoto LM, Sumalinog MS, Reyes TD, Austria CM2021Philippines
Amorphophallus caudatus Bustamante et al.2020Philippines
Amorphophallus cidarioides J.R.Callado, Medecilo & Hett.2020Philippines
Amorphophallus commutatus (Schott) Engl.1879Western India
Amorphophallus costatus Hett.1994Borneo (Sarawak, Kalimantan).
Amorphophallus declinatus Hett.1994Philippines
Amorphophallus decus-silvae Backer & Alderw. : West-Java giant amorphophallus1920Java
Amorphophallus discophorusBacker & Alderw.1920Java
Amorphophallus eburneus Bogner1989Borneo (Sarawak)
Amorphophallus elegans Ridl.1922Peninsular Malaysia
Amorphophallus flammeus Calaramo, Batuyong, Bulawin & Alejandro2022Philippines
Amorphophallus fontarumii N F. Bulawin, M P. Medecilo-Guiang, Grecebio J. D. Alejandro2022Philippines (Luzon)
Amorphophallus fornicatus Hett., J.R.C.Callado & Wistuba2020Philippines (Luzon)
Amorphophallus galbraF.M.Bailey1893New Guinea to N. Australia.
Amorphophallus gigas Teijsm. & Binn.: Sumatra giant amorphophallus1862Sumatra
Amorphophallus hewittii Alderw.1920Borneo
Amorphophallus hirsutus Teijsm. & Binn.1862Nicobar Islands, W. Sumatra
Amorphophallus hottae Bogner & Hett.1992Borneo (Sabah, Sarawak).
Amorphophallus infundibuliformis Hett., A.Dearden & A.Vogel1994Borneo
Amorphophallus julaihii Ipor, Tawan & P.C.Boyce2004Borneo (Sarawak).
Amorphophallus juliae P.C.Boyce & Hett.2010Borneo (Sarawak)
Amorphophallus koratensis Gagnep.1941Cambodia, Laos, Thailand
Amorphophallus lambii Mayo & Widjaja1982Borneo
Amorphophallus linguiformis Hett.1994Borneo (Kalimantan).
Amorphophallus longispathaceus Engl. & Gehrm.1911Philippines (Mindanao)
Amorphophallus longistylus Kurz ex Hook.f.1893Andaman Islands.
Amorphophallus luzoniensis Merr.1915Philippines (Luzon)
Amorphophallus manta Hett. & Ittenbach1994Sumatra to Peninsula Malaysia.
Amorphophallus merrilliiK.Krause1912Philippines
Amorphophallus minimus R.Bustam., C.Claudel & M.N.Tamay2021Philippines
Amorphophallus myosuroides Hett. & A.Galloway2006Laos
Amorphophallus niahensis P.C.Boyce & Hett.2010Borneo (Sarawak)
Amorphophallus obovoideus Alderw.1922Sumatra
Amorphophallus obscurus Hett. & Sizemore2001Thailand
Amorphophallus ongsakulii Hett. & A.Galloway2006Laos
Amorphophallus opertus Hett.1994Vietnam
Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson: Whitespot giant arum, elephant yam1977Andaman Island, Assam, Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, China South-Central, China Southeast, East Himalaya, Hainan, India, Java, Laos, Lesser Sundas Is., Malaya, Maluku, Myanmar, New Guinea, Northern Territory, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam
Amorphophallus palawanensis Bogner & Hett.1992Philippines
Amorphophallus pendulus Bogner & Mayo: Brunei amorphophallus1986Borneo (Brunei, Sarawak)
Amorphophallus plicatus Bok & H.J.Lam1936Sulawesi.
Amorphophallus polyanthus Hett. & Sizemore2001Thailand
Amorphophallus prainii Hook.f.1893Laos, Malaya, Sumatera, Thailand
Amorphophallus pulchellus Hett. & Schuit.2013Laos
Amorphophallus pusillus Hett. & Serebryanyi1994Vietnam
Amorphophallus ranchanensis Ipor, A.Simon & Meekiong2007Borneo (Sarawak)
Amorphophallus rayongii Hett. & Medecilo2020Philippines
Amorphophallus rostratus Hett.1994Vietnam
Amorphophallus rugosus Hett. & A.Lamb1994Borneo (Sabah)
Amorphophallus sagittarius Steenis1953Java
Amorphophallus salmoneus Hett.1994Philippines
Amorphophallus scaber Serebryanyi & Hett.1994Philippines
Amorphophallus serrulatus Hett. & A.Galloway2006Thailand
Amorphophallus spectabilis (Miq.) Engl.1879Java
Amorphophallus sumawongii (Bogner) Bogner & Mayo1985Thailand
Amorphophallus terrestris Hett. & Claudel2012Thailand
Amorphophallus tinekeae Hett. & A.Vogel2001Borneo
Amorphophallus titanum (Becc.) Becc. ex Arcang: Titan arum, krubi (largest flower structure on earth)1879Sumatra
Amorphophallus urceolatus Hett., A.Galloway & Medecilo2020Philippines
Amorphophallus variabilis Blume1873Jawa to Lesser Sunda Islands, Philippines
Amorphophallus venustus Hett., A.Hay & Mood2001Borneo
Amorphophallus verticillatus Hett.1994Vietnam
Amorphophallus yaoi Hett., A.Galloway & Medecilo2020Philippines

Subgenus Scutrandrium Hett. & Claudel
ImageNameYearDistribution
Amorphophallus albispathus Hett.1994Thailand
Amorphophallus albus P.Y.Liu & J.F.Chen1984China (Sichuan, Yunnan).
Amorphophallus annulifer Hett.1994Java
Amorphophallus asterostigmatus Bogner & Hett.1992Thailand
Amorphophallus bognerianus Sivad. & Jaleel2009India (Arunachal Pradesh)
Amorphophallus carneus Ridl.1904Malayasia, Thailand
Amorphophallus chlorospathus Kurz ex Hook.f.1893India, Myanmar
Amorphophallus coudercii (Bogner) Bogner1985Cambodia, Laos, Thailand and Vietnam
Amorphophallus curvistylis Hett.1994Thailand
Amorphophallus echinatus Bogner & Mayo1985Thailand.
Amorphophallus excentricus Hett.1994Thailand, Malaysia (Pulau Langkawi)
Amorphophallus fallax (Serebryanyi) Hett. & Claudel2012Vietnam
Amorphophallus flotoi (S.Y.Hu) Govaerts2018Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam
Amorphophallus fuscus Hett.2006Thailand.
Amorphophallus glaucophyllus Hett. & Serebryanyi2006Thailand.
Amorphophallus haematospadix Hook.f.1893Thailand, Malaysia (Pulau Langkawi)
Amorphophallus hohenackeri (Schott) Engl. & Gehrm.1911India
Amorphophallus kachinensis Engl. & Gehrm.1911China (Yunnan, Guangxi), Laos, Myanmar, Thailand
Amorphophallus konjac K.Koch: Devil's tongue, elephant foot, elephant-yam, leopard palm, snake palm, umbrella arum, voodoo lily1858China (Yunnan)
Amorphophallus khammouanensis A.Galloway2015Laos.
Amorphophallus krausei Engl.1911China (Yunnan), Laos, Myanmar, Thailand
Amorphophallus kuznetsovii (Serebryanyi) Hett. & Claudel2012Vietnam
Amorphophallus lacourii Linden & André1878Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam
Amorphophallus lanceolatus (Serebryanyi) Hett. & Claudel2012Vietnam
Amorphophallus longituberosus (Engl.) Engl. & Gehrm.1911Bangladesh, Malaya, Thailand
Amorphophallus macrophyllus (Gagnep. ex Serebryanyi) Hett. & Claudel2012Thailand, Vietnam
Amorphophallus maxwellii Hett.1994Thailand
Amorphophallus nicolsonianus Sivadasan1986India (Kerala).
Amorphophallus napalensis (Wall.) Bogner & Mayo1985Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal and India
Amorphophallus purpurascens Kurz ex Hook.f.1893Myanmar
Amorphophallus ravenii V.D.Nguyen & Hett.2018Laos
Amorphophallus rhizomatosus Hett.1994Laos, Vietnam
Amorphophallus saraburensis Gagnep. 1941Thailand.
Amorphophallus schmidtiae Hett. & A.Galloway2006Laos
Amorphophallus scutatus Hett. & T.C.Chapm.2001Thailand.
Amorphophallus smithsonianus Sivadasan1989India
Amorphophallus tenuistylis Hett.1994Cambodia, Thailand
Amorphophallus tenuispadix Hett.1994Thailand
Amorphophallus wasa Naive,K.Z.Hein & Hett.2022Myanmar

Subgenus Metandrium Stapf.
ImageNameYearDistribution
Amorphophallus aberrans Hett.1994Thailand
Amorphophallus amygdaloides Hett. & Sizemore2001SW. Thailand
Amorphophallus angustispathus Hett.1994Myanmar
Amorphophallus atrorubens Hett. & Sizemore2001NE. Thailand.
Amorphophallus atroviridis Hett.1994central Thailand
Amorphophallus bonaccordensis Sivad. & N.Mohanan1994Kerala
Amorphophallus brevispathus Gagnep.1941Central Thailand
Amorphophallus bulbifer (Schott) Blume1837Indian Subcontinent to Myanmar
Amorphophallus carnosus Engl.1911S. Andaman Islands
Amorphophallus cicatricifer Hett.1994SW. Thailand
Amorphophallus cirrifer Stapf1924Thailand
Amorphophallus coaetaneus S.Y.Liu & S.J.Wei1986China (Yunnan, Guangxi), Vietnam
Amorphophallus croatii Hett. & A.Galloway2006Laos
Amorphophallus cruddasianus Prain1898Laos, Myanmar, Thailand
Amorphophallus dunnii Tutcher1911SE. China
Amorphophallus dzui Hett.2001Vietnam
Amorphophallus elatus Hook.f.1893Thailand, Malaysia, Myanmar
Amorphophallus gallowayi Hett.2006Laos
Amorphophallus glossophyllus Hett.1994Vietnam
Amorphophallus harmandii Engl. & Gehrm.1911Indochina
Amorphophallus hayi Hett.1994SE China, northern Vietnam
Amorphophallus henryi N.E.Br.
(Taiwan amorphophallus)		1903Taiwan
Amorphophallus hirtus N.E.Br.1903Taiwan
Amorphophallus interruptus Engl. & Gehrm.1911northern Vietnam
Amorphophallus josefbogneri Hett.2006SW. Thailand
Amorphophallus kiusianus (Makino) Makino1913SE. China, Japan (Shikoku, S. Kyushu) to Taiwan
Amorphophallus konkanensis Hett., S.R.Yadav & K.S.Patil1994India
Amorphophallus lanuginosus Hett.1994Vietnam
Amorphophallus laoticus Hett.2006Laos
Amorphophallus linearis Gagnep.1941Thailand
Amorphophallus longicomus Hett. & Serebryanyi2001Vietnam
Amorphophallus longiconnectivus Bogner1995India (Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra)
Amorphophallus lunatus Hett. & Sizemore2006Thailand
Amorphophallus macrorhizus Craib1912Thailand
Amorphophallus margaritifer (Roxb.) Kunth1837Assam, Bangladesh, East Himalaya, India, Myanmar
Amorphophallus muelleri Blume1837Assam, Borneo, Jawa, Lesser Sunda Is., Myanmar, Sumatera, Thailand
Amorphophallus mysorensis E.Barnes & C.E.C.Fisch.1940India
Amorphophallus napiger Gagnep.1941Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam
Amorphophallus natolii Hett., Wistuba, V.B.Amoroso, Medecilo & Claudel2012Philippines
Amorphophallus ochroleucus Hett. & V.D.Nguyen2001Vietnam
Amorphophallus oncophyllus Prain ex Hook.f.1893Andaman Islands (Coco Islands)
Amorphophallus operculatus Hett. & Sizemore2003Thailand
Amorphophallus pilosus Hett.1994Vietnam
Amorphophallus prolificus Hett. & A.Galloway2006Thailand
Amorphophallus putii Gagnep.1941Myanmar, Thailand
Amorphophallus pygmaeus Hett.1994Thailand
Amorphophallus reflexus Hett. & A.Galloway2006Thailand
Amorphophallus sakonnakhonensis Chatan & Promprom2023Thailand
Amorphophallus saururus Hett.2001Thailand
Amorphophallus shyamsalilianum J.V. Gadpayale, S.R. Somkuwar & A.A. Chaturvedi2017India
Amorphophallus sinuatus Hett. & V.D.Nguyen2003Vietnam
Amorphophallus sizemoreae Hett.2001Thailand.
Amorphophallus sylvaticus (Roxb.) Kunth1841India, Sri Lanka
Amorphophallus symonianus Hett. & Sizemore2001Thailand
Amorphophallus synandrifer Hett. & V.D.Nguyen2001Vietnam
Amorphophallus thaiensis (S.Y.Hu) Hett.2012northern Thailand
Amorphophallus tonkinensis Engl. & Gehrm.1911Yunnan, northern Vietnam
Amorphophallus tuberculatus Hett. & V.D.Nguyen2006Vietnam
Amorphophallus vogelianus Hett. & Billensteiner2003Thailand
Amorphophallus xiei H.Li & Z.L.Dao2006China (W. Yunnan)
Amorphophallus yuloensis H.Li1998China (Yunnan), Myanmar
Amorphophallus yunnanensis Engl.
(Kerri's giant arum)		1911China, Laos, northern Thailand and Vietnam

Subgenus Afrophallus Hett. & Claudel
ImageNameYearDistribution
Amorphophallus abyssinicus (A.Rich.) N.E.Br.1901southern Ethiopia
Amorphophallus andranogidroensis Hett. & Mangelsdorff2006Madagascar
Amorphophallus angolensis (Welw. ex Schott) N.E.Br.1901Angola, Cabinda, Gabon, Sudan, Zaïre
Amorphophallus ankarana Hett., Ittenbach & Bogner1999Madagascar
Amorphophallus antsingyensis Bogner, Hett. & Ittenbach1999Madagascar
Amorphophallus aphyllus (Hook.) Hutch.1936Burkina, Central African Repu, Chad, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo
Amorphophallus barthlottii Ittenb. & Lobin1997Ivory Coast, Liberia
Amorphophallus baumannii (Engl.) N.E.Br.1901Benin, Burkina, Central African Repu, Chad, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo
Amorphophallus bequaertii De Wild.1922Zaïre
Amorphophallus calabaricus N.E.Br.1901Benin, Cameroon, Kenya, Nigeria, Uganda, Zaïre
Amorphophallus canaliculatus Ittenb., Hett. & Lobin1997Gabon
Amorphophallus consimilis Blume1837Gambia, Senegal
Amorphophallus dracontioides (Engl.) N.E.Br.1901Benin, Burkina, Central African Repu, Gambia, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Niger, Nigeria, Togo
Amorphophallus eichleri (Engl.) Hook.f.1889Zaïre
Amorphophallus elliottii Hook.f.1894Sierra Leone
Amorphophallus erythrorrhachis Hett., O. Pronk & R. Kaufmann 2014Madagascar
Amorphophallus gallaensis (Engl.) N.E.Br.1901Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia
Amorphophallus gomboczianus Pic.Serm.1950Ethiopia
Amorphophallus goetzei (Engl.) N.E.Br.1901Mozambique, Tanzania, Zaïre
Amorphophallus gracilior Hutch.1939Benin, Nigeria
Amorphophallus hetterscheidii Ittenb. & Lobin1997Central African Republic, Gabon, Zaïre
Amorphophallus hildebrandtii (Engl.) Engl. & Gehrm.1911Madagascar
Amorphophallus impressus Ittenb.1997Malawi, Tanzania
Amorphophallus johnsonii N.E.Br.1901Benin, Burkina, Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali
Amorphophallus lewallei Malaisse & Bamps1993Burundi
Amorphophallus mangelsdorffii Bogner2003Madagascar.
Amorphophallus margretae Ittenb.1997Zaïre
Amorphophallus maximus (Engl.) N.E.Br.1901Kenya, Mozambique, Somalia, Tanzania, Zimbabwe
Amorphophallus mildbraedii K.Krause1924Cameroon
Amorphophallus mossambicensis (Schott ex Garcke) N.E.Br.1901Mozambique, Tanzania, Zambia, Zaïre, Zimbabwe
Amorphophallus mullendersii Malaisse & Bamps1993Angola, Zaïre
Amorphophallus perrieri Hett. & Wahlert2014Madagascar.
Amorphophallus preussii (Engl.) N.E.Br.1901Cameroon
Amorphophallus richardsiae Ittenb.1997Zambia
Amorphophallus staudtii(Engl.) N.E.Br.1901Cameroon, Congo
Amorphophallus stuhlmannii (Engl.) Engl. & Gehrm.1911Kenya, Tanzania, Zaïre
Amorphophallus taurostigma Ittenb., Hett. & Bogner1999Madagascar
Amorphophallus teuszii (Engl.) Mottet1892Angola, Zaïre
Amorphophallus zenkeri (Engl.) N.E.Br.1901Cameroon, Gulf of Guinea Is., Nigeria

Subgenus unplaced
  • Amorphophallus forbesii (Engl.) Engl. & Gehrm. - Sumatra
  • Amorphophallus gliruroides Engl. - Myanmar
  • Amorphophallus incurvatus Alderw. - Sumatra
  • Amorphophallus lyratus (Roxb.) Kunth - SE India
  • Amorphophallus mekongensis Engl. & Gehrm. - Indochina
  • Amorphophallus minor Ridl. - Peninsula Malaysia
  • Amorphophallus paucisectus Alderw. - Sumatra
  • Amorphophallus perakensis Engl. - Peninsula Malaysia

References
  1. "Amorphophallus Blume ex Decne". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2022. Retrieved 6 December 2022.
  2. Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
  3. Sedayu, A., C. M. Eurlings, Gravendeel, B., & Hetterscheid, W. (2010). Morphological character evolution of Amorphophallus (Araceae) based on a combined phylogenetic analysis of trnL, rbcL and LEAFY second intron sequences. Botanical Studies, 51, 473–490.
  4. "Robert L. Freedman, The famine foods database". Archived from the original on 2009-12-21. Retrieved 2009-11-06.
  5. "Titan arum". Eden Project. 2018-02-04. Retrieved 2020-12-30.
  6. Hetterscheid, W., & Ittenbach, S. (1990). Everything you always wanted to know about Amorphophallus but were afraid to stick your nose into! Aroideana, 19, 17-20.
  7. Design, UBC Web. "Bulbs, White, House, Nursery". Amorphophallus Conjak | White House Nursery. Retrieved 2021-12-08.
  8. Bown, Deni (2000). Aroids - Plants of the Arum Family. Portland: Timber Press. p. 236.
  9. "Thousands line up to see huge stinky flower" (video). Reuters Editors' Picks. Reuters. 30 September 2015. Retrieved 30 September 2015. Chicago's floral celebrity is over four feet tall, incredibly rare, and smells like death
  10. "Voodoo Lily, Amorphophallus konjac". Master Gardener Program. Retrieved 2018-01-18.
  11. "Pacific Bulb Society | Sauromatum". pacificbulbsociety.org. Retrieved 2018-01-18.
  12. Claudel, Cyrille; Buerki, Sven; Chatrou, Lars W.; Antonelli, Alexandre; Alvarez, Nadir; Hetterscheid, Wilbert (2017-05-01). "Large-scale phylogenetic analysis of Amorphophallus (Araceae) derived from nuclear and plastid sequences reveals new subgeneric delineation". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. Oxford University Press (OUP). 184 (1): 32–45. doi:10.1093/botlinnean/box013. ISSN 0024-4074.
  13. Yuzammi, Yuzammi (October 2020). "A new species of Amorphophallus (Araceae—Thomsoniaea) from Sulawesi, Indonesia" (461): 295–300. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.461.4.6. S2CID 225167041. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  • Hetterscheid, W.L.A. 1994. Preliminary taxonomy and morphology of Amorphophallus Blume ex Decaisne (Araceae). In: M.M. Serebreyanyi (ed.), Proc. Moscow Aroid Conference 1992: 35-48. Moscow.
  • Hetterscheid, W.L.A. & G.J.C.M. v. Vliet, 1996. Amorphophallus, giant from the forest. CITES/C&M, 2(4): 86-96.
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