Thessalonike of Macedon

Thessalonike (Greek: Θεσσαλονίκη; 342? – 295 BC) was a Greek Macedonian princess, the daughter of King Philip II of Macedon by his Thessalian wife or concubine, Nicesipolis.[1][2][3] History links her to three of the most powerful men in Macedon—daughter of King Philip II, half-sister of Alexander the Great and wife of Cassander.

Thessalonike
Θεσσαλονίκη
Inscription reading "To Queen Thessalonike, (Daughter) of Philip", Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki
Born342? BCE
Died295 BCE
SpouseCassander
Children
Parents
Relatives

Life

Thessalonike's date of birth is unknown. While there is a consensus that her name commemorates her father's victory in Thessaly (it is a composite of "Thessaly" and "nike," the Greek word for "victory"), it is unclear which victory it specifically references.[4] Some historians cite her birth as being as early as 353 or 352 BC,[5][6] but 346/5 may be more accurate.[4] According to one narrative, to commemorate the birth of his daughter, which fell on the same day as the armies of Macedon and Thessalian league won the significant battle of Crocus Field in Thessaly over the Phocians, King Philip is said to have proclaimed, "Let her be called victory in Thessaly."[7] Nicesipolis did not live long after Thessalonike's birth. According to Stephanus of Byzantium, Philip gave the baby to a woman named Nice to raise.[8] Olympias, who may have been a friend of Nicesipolis, may have taken Thessalonike to be raised as her own daughter following her mother's death.[9]

Little is known about Thessalonike's early life. Philip II did not arrange Thessalonike's marriage, as he did for her sisters, likely due to her youth at the time of his death.[4] Thessalonike appears to have been brought up by her stepmother Olympias, through little is recorded about her youth. Thessalonike was, by far, the youngest child Olympias' care. Her interaction with her older brother Alexander would have been minimal, as he was under the tutelage of Aristotle in "The Gardens Of Midas" when she was born, and at the age of six or seven when he left on his Persian campaign. She was only twenty-one when Alexander died. Alexander did not arrange a marriage for Thessalonike, likely to avoid creating political rivals. After Alexander's death, Olympias tried to arrange marriage for her own daughter, Cleopatra of Macedon, but did not do the same for Thessalonike (already old for a royal bride), likely also for political reasons.[4]

Thessalonike returned to Macedon in 317 BC with Olympias. She, along with Olympias, Roxana, Alexander IV of Macedon, and Alexander's betrothed, Deidameia, sought refuge in the fortress of Pydna on the advance of Cassander in 315 BC.[10][11][12] The fall of Pydna and the execution of her stepmother threw her into the power of Cassander, who embraced the opportunity to connect himself with the Argead dynasty by marrying her, possibly by force.[4][13][12] Historians disagree regarding if Cassander favored Thessalonike over her sister Cleopatra, possibly due to a weaker connection with Alexander and stronger one with Philip II, or if Thessalonike was his second choice.[14]

Cassander named the city Thessaloniki after his wife. Thessaloniki was founded on the site of ancient Therma, and soon became, and still is, one of the most wealthy and populous cities of Macedonia. Thessalonice was likely the first city to be named for a Macedonian woman, though the trend continued.[4]

Thessalonike became queen of Macedon and the mother of three sons, Philip, Antipater, and Alexander.[15][16][17][18] After the death of Cassander, Thessalonike appears to have at first retained much influence over her sons in 295 BC.[19][3] Her son Philip succeeded his father, but died shortly after taking the throne. Shortly after Philip's death, Antipater murdered his mother. The reason for this is unclear, but most sources say that it was due to jealousy. Justin (historian) claimed that Thessalonike demanded that the Antipater, the next eldest son, share the rule with Alexander. The decision to kill his mother, rather than Alexander, may imply that Thessalonike was acting as regent for Alexander, as many of her female relatives had done previously.[4]

The legend of Thessalonike

Thessalonike is the focus of a popular Greek legend[20] which describes a mermaid who lived in the Aegean for hundreds of years who was thought to be Thessalonike.[21]

The legend states that Alexander, in his quest for the Fountain of Immortality, retrieved with great exertion a flask of immortal water. In some versions of the story, he used the water to wash his sister's hair, making her immortal; in others, he forgot to tell her the contents of the flask and so used it to water a wild onion plant.[22] When Alexander died his grief-stricken sister attempted to end her life by jumping into the sea.[23] Instead of drowning, however, she became a mermaid who passes judgment on mariners throughout the centuries and across the seven seas. To the sailors who encounter her, she always poses the same question: "Is king Alexander alive?" (Greek: Ζει ο βασιλεύς Αλέξανδρος;), to which the correct answer would be "He lives and reigns and conquers the world" (Greek: Ζει και βασιλεύει, και τον κόσμο κυριεύει!). Given this answer, she would allow the ship and her crew to sail safely away in calm seas. Any other answer would transform her into the raging Gorgon, bent on sending the ship and every sailor on board to the bottom of the sea.

Notes
  1. Pausanias. Description of Greece. pp. viii 7.7 – via perseus.tufts.edu.
  2. Athenaeus. Deipnosophistae. p. xiii.
  3. Pausanias. Description of Greece. pp. ix. 7.3 – via perseus.tufts.edu.
  4. Carney, Elizabeth (1988). "The Sisters of Alexander the Great: Royal Relicts". Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. 37 (4): 385–404. ISSN 0018-2311. JSTOR 4436070.
  5. Ogden, Daniel (1999). Polygamy, Prostitutes and Death: The Hellenistic Dynasties. Duckworth with the Classical Press of Wales. p. 36. ISBN 0-7156-2930-1.
  6. Donnelly Carney, Elizabeth (2000). Women and monarchy in Macedonia. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 155. ISBN 0-8061-3212-4.
  7. Lewis, Peter E.; Bolden, Ron (2002). The Pocket Guide to Saint Paul. Wakefield Press. p. 118. ISBN 1-86254-562-6.
  8. Chantavaridou, Christina. (2020). Women and power in the court of Philip II. [Master's thesis, International Hellenic University]
  9. Monica D'Agostini. (2020) "Alexander the Great and his Sisters: Blood in the Hellenistic Palace." in Affective Relations and Personal Bonds in Hellenistic Antiquity : Studies in Honor of Elizabeth D. Carney. Ed. Monica D’Agostini, Edward M. Anson, & Frances Pownall. Oxbow Books.
  10. Diodorus Siculus. Bibliotheca. p. xix. 35.
  11. Justin. Epitome of Pompeius Trogus. p. xiv. 6.
  12. Waldemar Heckel. (2020) "The Limits of Brotherly Love: Neoptolemus II and Molossian Dynastic ." in Affective Relations and Personal Bonds in Hellenistic Antiquity : Studies in Honor of Elizabeth D. Carney. Ed. Monica D’Agostini, Edward M. Anson, & Frances Pownall. Oxbow Books.
  13. Carney, Elizabeth D. (2020-11-09). "Transitional royal women". The Routledge Companion to Women and Monarchy in the Ancient Mediterranean World. Routledge Handbooks Online. pp. 321–332. doi:10.4324/9780429434105-32. ISBN 978-1-138-35884-3. S2CID 224872759.
  14. Meeus, Alexander. "Confusing aim and result? Hindsight and the disintegration of Alexander the Great’s empire." Hindsight in Greek and Roman History (2013): 113-47.
  15. Diodorus Siculus. Bibliotheca. p. xix. 52.
  16. Pausanias. Description of Greece.
  17. Strabo, Geographica, vii
  18. Stephanus of Byzantium. Thessalonike. {{cite encyclopedia}}: |work= ignored (help)
  19. Diodorus Siculus. Bibliotheca. p. xxi.
  20. MacEwen, Gwendolyn (1978). Mermaids and Ikons: A Greek Summer. Anansi. p. 73. ISBN 978-0-88784-062-3.
  21. Manna, Anthony L.; Mitakidou, Soula (2002). Folktales from Greece. Libraries Unlimited. p. 96. ISBN 1-56308-908-4.
  22. Taietti, G. D. M. (2017). The greek reception of alexander the great (Order No. 10768496). [Doctoral Dissertation, University of Liverpool] Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (2116951715).
  23. Amy Richlin. (2016). "The Kings of Comedy." In Roman Drama and Its Contexts. Edited by Stavros Frangoulidis, Stephen J. Harrison, & Gesine Manuwald. (2016). De Gruyter.

References
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