The World Inside a Pillow

The story begins with a Daoist monk called Lü travelling when he meets a man named Lu. This man is unhappy with his life and laments that he was a great man born at the wrong time. The monk responds asking him if his life is not happy then whose life could possibly be happy. Lu monologues that a good and happy life ought to have a certain level of prestige, wealth, and glory, and immediately after he finishes speaking he falls into a deep slumber. The monk offers Lu a blue porcelain pillow on which to sleep. The pillow had an opening on each end.

While the man slept he entered the pillow. Inside the pillow the man was married to a wealthy family and a beautiful wife and became quite rich. He was appointed to be chancellor to the emperor during a time of war, as well. But soon afterwards his colleagues became jealous and started spreading rumors that Lu was a traitor; the rumors caused an edict that he should be imprisoned. Upon his capture he told his wife that he had been afflicted to have wanted such a large salary that he should deserve such a fate. He grew old inside the pillow and upon his dying breath wrote a memorandum about his life and divine fate explaining that his strife was in vain. When he died an old man inside the pillow he then awoke in an inn with the Daoist monk. He proclaims that it may have been a dream and the monk responds that "the happinesses of human life are all like that."

The Tang dynasty was an open system with many religious influences including Buddhism and Daoism.[3] Daoist themes are prevalent in the story. The Daoists believe in inaction-action and not striving to gain fortune, wealth, or status. This theme is evident in the moral of "The World Inside a Pillow" as the man Lu realizes that all of his strife was in vain. This theme is also argued to have Buddhist influence because the Buddhists also believe in ceasing desire which also has traces in the story.[1] According to John Hawley[4] the story is a formulaic dream tale in which a religious teacher (Buddhist or Daoist) causes a mortal person to become enlightened through some type of dream.

The Governor of Nanke is a work that was regarded by the Chinese literary critic, Lu Xun, as a superior dream tale to "The World Inside a Pillow".[4] The story was written in a similar time frame (also during the Tang dynasty) and follows a similar story method in which the mortal falls asleep and the lines between dream and reality are blurred.

The episode "Puhoy" of the American animated television series Adventure Time explores a similar story line when the show's main character Finn builds a giant pillow fort. While seemingly fallen asleep in it and dreaming, he ends up in a magical pillow world where he marries a pillow woman, grows old with a family and eventually dies. Unlike in the Chinese story, Finn later doesn't retain any memories to the happy life he experienced.