Holland (album)

Holland is the 19th studio album by American rock band the Beach Boys, released January 8, 1973 on Brother/Reprise. It is their first album recorded without Bruce Johnston since 1965, their second with Blondie Chaplin and Ricky Fataar, and their final studio album created under the de facto leadership of Carl Wilson and manager Jack Rieley. The LP was originally packaged with a bonus EP, Mount Vernon and Fairway, which consisted of a 12-minute fairy tale written and produced by Brian and Carl Wilson.

"Steamboat (song)" redirects here. For the Drifters song, see Steamboat (The Drifters song).

Holland
Studio album by
the Beach Boys
ReleasedJanuary 8, 1973 (1973-01-08)
RecordedJune 3 – November 28, 1972
Studio
Genre
Length36:19
LabelBrother/Reprise
ProducerThe Beach Boys
The Beach Boys chronology
Carl and the Passions – "So Tough"
(1972)		 Holland
(1973)		 The Beach Boys in Concert
(1973)
Singles from Holland
  1. "Sail On, Sailor" / "Only with You"
    Released: February 1973
  2. "California Saga/California" / "Funky Pretty"
    Released: May 1973

Per its title, Holland was recorded over the summer of 1972 at a barn in Baambrugge, near Amsterdam, where the band members and their entourage had decamped for several months in the pursuit of creative inspiration. Recording the album was an unprecedented and extremely costly venture, as the group had commissioned their engineers to renovate the barn, which had housed an existing studio, using components from the band's studio in Los Angeles that were dismantled, shipped to the Netherlands in crates, and then reassembled. Ultimately, only the album's basic tracks were recorded in the Netherlands, with the band finishing off the record in late 1972 at Village Recorders in Los Angeles. Total expenses were estimated at $250,000 (equivalent to $1.75 million in 2022).

Holland received generally favorable reviews and came to be viewed by many fans as the Beach Boys' last great album.[3] It peaked at number 36 in the US and number 20 in the UK, and it produced two singles: "Sail On, Sailor" and "California Saga/California". Subsequently, the band recorded little in the studio for the next two years. Instead, they released the live album The Beach Boys in Concert (1973), and did not follow up with another studio album until 15 Big Ones (1976). In 2022, an expanded version of Holland was packaged within the compilation Sail On Sailor – 1972.

Background

In late December 1970, the Beach Boys played three concert dates in Amsterdam as part of a short European tour.[4] On the first date, which had been scheduled to begin at 12:30 a.m., the band arrived four hours late due to a missed flight, and were surprised to find that the concert hall venue, the Concertgebouw, was still packed with attendees. Furthermore, the audience shouted for the group to perform their new songs, rather than their past hits. Carl Wilson told a local magazine, "I love this audience. Our last albums [20/20 and Sunflower] sold poorly in the US, our financial situation is disastrous – and here we have success. I like this country."[5][nb 1]

The Beach Boys performing at Central Park in July 1971.[6]

Reports from this period suggested that the group were planning to move from Los Angeles to Britain once their recording commitments were finished.[7] In one report, manager Jack Rieley said they were "definitely leaving Los Angeles because of the smog."[7] Later, Rieley told Rolling Stone, "I wanted to [shift our base] and so did Carl. [Holland] seemed like an interesting place. But most importantly, I felt that The Beach Boys had to do a record outside of California, to get away from that whole scene, find a new scene, and create in that new scene."[8][nb 2]

During the recording of Carl and the Passions – "So Tough", in late February 1972, the band returned to the Netherlands to film a promotional clip for their forthcoming single, "Marcella", and play a televised concert at the RAI Congrescentrum. There, the group decided on the Netherlands as the venue for their next recording project, and where they would set up headquarters for the next several months.[8] A few days later, the band announced drummer Ricky Fataar and guitarist Blondie Chaplin as new additions to their official line-up.[11] 1965 addition Bruce Johnston resigned from the group in April 1972.[12]

The band had expected to record their Netherlands-based album at a local studio, however, the country's few studios were already overbooked.[8][13] To get around this, the group commissioned their engineer, Steve Moffit, to design and construct a portable mixing desk – something which had never been done before – and have it shipped to their Netherlands base.[14] This meant dismantling the band's private studio located in Brian Wilson's home.[15][nb 3] Later, at the end of May, Moffit discovered a barn in Baambrugge, within 10 miles of Amsterdam, that housed an existing recording studio, which he then converted for the band's own purposes.[8][17] The group also tasked their publicist, Bill DeSimone, with finding eleven houses for the Beach Boys' entourage, unaware that the Netherlands had suffered from a chronic housing shortage. After two weeks, he successfully secured four houses for the group.[8][18] From May 5 to June 3, the group toured Europe and the UK while using their new homes and offices around Amsterdam as a base.[19]

Members of the group and their entourage – which included several wives, girlfriends, and relatives; Rieley and his dog; engineers Moffitt, Gordon Rudd, and Jon Parks; assistant Russ Mackie, and secretary Carol Hess and her husband – took residence at various locations within a 30-mile radius of central Amsterdam.[12][18] Carl and Chaplin lived in Hilversum; Fataar lived in Vreeland; and Mike Love and Al Jardine lived in Bloemendaal.[12] Brian, who had long resisted making the trip, ultimately settled in Laren with his wife Marilyn, their two children Carnie and Wendy, Marilyn's sister Diane Rovell, and a housekeeper.[20][nb 4] It took three attempts for Brian to successfully get on the flight from Los Angeles to Amsterdam.[20][nb 5]

Production

The sessions in Holland lasted from June 3 to August 15, 1972, at the BBC 2 Baambrugge studio near Amsterdam.[21][nb 6] Initially, the studio was in a non-functioning state, as there was not enough time to test the equipment shipped from Los Angeles before the group were due to record.[21] According to biographer Steven Gaines, Moffit "spent eighteen hours a day for the next four and a half weeks trying to get the equipment running. This ruined the touring schedule the Beach Boys expected to keep in Europe, severely limiting the needed income to cover the expense of living in Holland."[16] Al Jardine remembered, "It was rough being in Holland. We were working 24/7 in a small homemade rebuilt piecemeal little studio in a garage next to a cow pasture. Yeah, it was rough. We didn't even have the correct electricity [...] so that kind of affected the sound of our equipment. It was a mixed blessing."[22]

Holland was the last Beach Boys album led by Carl Wilson.[21]

According to Fataar, "Everybody would come in with a piece of a song or a completed song and kind of play around with it and then figure out how we wanted to record it. It was very casual."[23] Carl produced every track on Holland, except for the songs by Dennis Wilson, which Dennis produced himself.[24] In the middle of recording, Dennis moved to the Canary Islands, opting to return to the studio only for certain sessions.[25][26] Biographer Jon Stebbins explains that Dennis had not felt "comfortable living in Holland".[26]

Brian did not join most of his bandmate's sessions, instead preferring to work alone on late nights.[25] Fataar said, "I can't even remember seeing him in the studio in Holland. Everyone had their own family situation and we'd just go to work and occasionally see each other. It wasn't like a one-big-family thing."[23] Carl recalled, "It was a very creative time for me. Brian had me working on the album very hard so he could have some time for himself. He wasn't really up for doing much, as far as going into the studio every day."[20] Biographer Peter Ames Carlin writes,

Most days [Brian] avoided making the drive over to the studio in Baambrugge, choosing instead to sit in his house while peering out at the countryside, often dulling his senses with pot and glasses of hard apple cider. When Brian did drive off in his rented Mercedes, there was no telling where he might go or what condition he'd be in when he got back. One day he got so drunk that he wrapped the car around a telephone pole. The Mercedes was totaled, but Brian staggered out of the smoking wreckage without a scratch.[27]

At the end of the Holland stay, in early August, the band attended a party hosted by the Dutch record company Bovema Negram, where Rieley announced to local journalists that the Beach Boys' next release would be a double album titled Holland.[28] However, only the album's basic tracks were recorded in Holland; the band subsequently returned to California for further recording.[25] Rieley stayed behind, intending from this point onward to manage the group from his office in Amsterdam.[29][nb 7]

From late September through early October, the band refined the tracks at Village Recorders in Los Angeles, and a master was assembled on October 9.[29] It was expected that the album would be released on November 5, but this motion was halted by Reprise/Warner Bros. executives who felt that the LP was a weak effort and lacked a hit single.[29] The band were displeased; Gaines quoted one Warner Bros. executive as saying, "It was bloodshed. Everybody went wild."[30] To satisfy the record company, the group recorded one more song, "Sail On, Sailor", after which the album was remastered and completed in late November.[31] Production expenses for Holland totaled $250,000 (equivalent to $1.75 million in 2022).[32] Rieley remarked of the exorbitant cost, "Someday accounting will face a column just titled 'Holland.'"[18]

Songs

Side one

"Sail On, Sailor" was written primarily by Van Dyke Parks and Brian Wilson with Rieley, Tandyn Almer, and Ray Kennedy.[34] There are several contradicting accounts of the song's origins.[35] Carlin states that the song was essentially co-written by Wilson and Parks in 1971, with Kennedy and Almer's contributions dating from impromptu sessions at Three Dog Night singer Danny Hutton's house during the epoch.[36] Brian refused to participate on the recording.[37]

"Steamboat" was written by Dennis and Rieley, and sung by Carl.[23] The lyrics reference Robert Fulton, the inventor of the steamboat.[38] Carlin described the song as "a dreamlike journey back to the mythic heart of Mark Twain's America, borne by the insistent chug of an actual steam engine, hurtling keyboard glissandos, and a wonderfully bluesy slide guitar break".[39] Musician Scott McCaughey wrote, "the chugging, almost industrial rhythm bed sounds like a modern sampled tape loop or a latter-day Tom Waits creation."[40]

"California Saga" is a three-part series of songs – "Big Sur", "The Beaks of Eagles", and "California" – that the members of the group produced when they had been feeling homesick.[23] "Big Sur", an acoustic number about rural life in Northern California,[41] is the first song in which Mike Love wrote both the words and music.[23][42] It was originally recorded during the Surf's Up sessions; the version on Holland is a rerecording.[43][nb 8] "The Beaks of Eagles", composed by Jardine, is partly based on Robinson Jeffers' poem of the same name.[23][41] "California" has Brian, who was otherwise barely present at the group's sessions, singing the opening line "On my way to sunny Californ-i-a".[38][nb 9]

Side two

"The Trader" is a two-part composition by Carl, with lyrics by Rieley,[23] who explained, "Carl was speaking out about the fact that it's wrong to subjugate a people, as so many have been. The Trader is really about racism; these people who got their orders from the king or queen and colonised Africa, for example. The tender part of the song asks the Africans to reply. I believe it's quite touching. I wasn't consciously trying to do something political."[45] According to Carlin, the lyrics explore "Manifest Destiny as seen through the eyes of the conquering and the conquered."[39]

"Leaving This Town" was written primarily by Fataar, who said, "I had parts of it and Carl came in the studio and suggested other things, so we were just making it up as we went along."[23] "Only with You" was composed by Dennis, with words by Mike Love, and sung by Carl.[23] "Funky Pretty" was produced by Carl and Brian, and features every member of the group trading the lead vocal.[23]

Leftover

Among the outtakes, "We Got Love" is an anti-apartheid song by Blondie Chaplin, Fataar, and Love that was dropped from the album's track listing to make way for "Sail On, Sailor".[46] A live recording of "We Got Love" was included on the album The Beach Boys In Concert (1973).[47] "Hard Time" (not to be confused with another song with the title) was written by Chaplin and recorded on October 4.[29] "Pa, Let Her Go Out", written by Brian, was an alternate set of lyrics for the "Better Get Back in Bed" section of the fairy tale. In 2006, a user on a Beach Boys message board shared a recording of Brian singing "Little Children (Daddy Dear)" and "Susie Cincinnati" at a piano, recorded using a tape machine the user lent to Wilson while in Holland.[48] All the songs listed were released on the 2022 archival box set Sail On Sailor – 1972. Only one song from the sessions, "Lazy Lizzie", remains unreleased to this day.[49]

"Carry Me Home" was written by Dennis, who shared the lead vocal with Chaplin.[50] Stebbins refers to the song as "the most expressive of emotional pain" of any Beach Boys songs.[50] Dennis explained to an interviewer, "I wrote a song intended for Holland about Vietnam. I got the image of a soldier—me—dying in a ditch, and I ended up doing a song about it. The soldier began feeling, 'Why the hell am I here?' Then the coldness started move up his body, from his feet to his legs, to his chest ... until he was dead. See? It was too negative! How could I put that on a Beach Boys album?"[51] The song would have been released on the 2013 box set Made in California had there not already been a large number of Dennis songs on the compilation. Brother Records archive manager Alan Boyd said, "We also felt a little uncomfortable with the idea of at this point in time of Dennis singing (recites lyrics), 'Please God don't let me die'."[52] The song eventually was released fifty years after being recorded, as a teaser single for the Sail On Sailor boxset, which it was also included in.

Packaging and bonus disc
The Kromme Waal canal seen on the Holland cover, pictured in 2013

The front cover depicts (upside down) a tugboat in the Kromme Waal, a canal in central Amsterdam.[53] Holland was packaged with a 12-page booklet that provided a historical overview of the album's making,[54][21] plus a bonus EP, Mount Vernon and Fairway, that Brian and Carl had produced during the Holland sessions.[32] The EP represented a compromise, as Brian had wanted Mount Vernon and Fairway featured on the album, a proposal that his bandmates had vetoed.[35]

Release

Released on January 8, 1973, Holland peaked at number 36 in the U.S. and number 20 in the UK. Despite having a lower chart showing, the record outsold Carl and the Passions.[32] Lead single "Sail On, Sailor" (backed with "Only with You") was issued in February and reached number 79.[32] In the UK, the lead single was "California Saga/California" (backed with "Sail On, Sailor"), reaching number 75.[32][nb 10] In March, the band remixed and overdubbed new vocals onto "California Saga/California" for a U.S. single release.[55] Released in May, the single (backed with "Funky Pretty") reached number 84.[56]

From March 7 to May 17, the Beach Boys embarked on a ten-week U.S. tour with a supporting band that included guitarist Billy Hinsche, keyboardist Carlos Munoz, drummer Joe Pollard, bassist Ed Carter, and percussionist Richard "Didymus" Washington.[55] Their set list included "Funky Pretty", "Leaving This Town", "California Saga/California", and "Sail On, Sailor".[57] According to music historian Keith Badman, critics noted "some unusually long pauses between each song and the group's sometimes negative reaction to any audience requests for oldies."[55] Brian Wilson, who last appeared with his bandmates in concert in 1970, briefly joined them onstage during their encore at the Hollywood Palladium on April 20.[57]

Over the next two years, the group maintained a touring regimen, but recorded very little in the studio.[58] On November 19, Warner/Reprise issued The Beach Boys in Concert, a live double album that became the band's best-selling release on the label.[59] It included live performances of "Sail On, Sailor", "The Trader", "Leaving This Town", "Funky Pretty", and the Holland outtake "We Got Love".[60]

Critical reception

Contemporary

Holland received generally favorable reviews at the time of release.[32][36] Rolling Stone's Jim Miller, who was displeased with Carl and the Passions, praised Holland for its "occasionally unnerving simplicity of viewpoint [and] its frequently ornate perfection."[32] The magazine later ranked it among the five best albums of 1973.[61] Robert Christgau of The Village Voice praised the sound quality of Holland, but believed that the album had strayed too far from what the Beach Boys did best, stating, "I suppose that in time their tongue-tied travelogue of Big Sur may seem no more escapist than 'Fun Fun Fun', but who'll ever believe it's equally simple, direct, or innocent?"[62] In Britain, NME's Richard Williams wrote, "I expect more from the Beach Boys than from anyone else. Holland has the goods."[36]

Retrospective
Retrospective professional ratings
Review scores
SourceRating
AllMusic[63]
Blender[64]
Christgau's Record GuideC[62]
Encyclopedia of Popular Music[65]
MusicHound3/5[66]

Holland became regarded by many fans as the Beach Boys' "last, high-quality original album".[3] Music journalist Peter Doggett opined, "After the false start of Carl And The Passions, Holland proved that the Beach Boys could function as a creative rock band beyond the self-imposed limits of their 60s hits."[67] Mojo's Danny Ecleston referred to Holland as his favorite Beach Boys album, as well as their "least-heard (and certainly last) great record."[68]

The album has been included in some opinion polls and rankings.

Less favorably, AllMusic reviewer John Bush rued that Holland was a "surprisingly weak" effort.[63] Douglas Wolk of Blender thought that the band "got way self-indulgent, recording poetry, flutes and Moog solos."[64] Among biographers, Stebbins called the record "a very respectable effort", though "not of the caliber of Pet Sounds or Sunflower".[24] John Tobler praised the "California Saga" trilogy and "The Trader", but decreed, "some of the [other] tracks were less than exceptional".[72]

Brian's 2016 memoir, I Am Brian Wilson, states of Holland: "There are some great songs on that record. 'Steamboat' kicks ass. I really like 'Only with You' and 'Funky Pretty', too. It's a damned good album no matter where or how we made it."[73]

Influence

Elvis Costello ranked the album as one of his favorite records of all time.[74] Tom Petty penned liner notes for the 2000 CD reissue, in which he described the album as "beautiful" and singled out "The Trader" as the album's "centerpiece".[40] Primal Scream covered the Holland outtake "Carry Me Home".[75] Camper Van Beethoven stated that Holland was an enormous inspiration on their 2013 album La Costa Perdida.[76]

Track listing
Side one
No.TitleWriter(s)Lead vocal(s)Length
1."Sail On, Sailor"Brian Wilson, Tandyn Almer, Ray Kennedy, Jack Rieley, Van Dyke ParksBlondie Chaplin3:22
2."Steamboat"Dennis Wilson, RieleyCarl Wilson and Dennis Wilson4:33
3."California Saga/Big Sur"Mike LoveMike Love2:56
4."California Saga/The Beaks of Eagles"Robinson Jeffers, Al Jardine, Lynda JardineLove (first and third spoken word verses) and Al Jardine (second spoken word verse, choruses)3:49
5."California Saga/California"A. JardineLove (intro: Brian Wilson)3:21
Side two
No.TitleWriter(s)Lead vocal(s)Length
1."The Trader"C. Wilson, RieleyC. Wilson5:04
2."Leaving This Town"Ricky Fataar, Blondie Chaplin, C. Wilson, LoveChaplin with Fataar5:49
3."Only with You"D. Wilson, LoveC. Wilson2:59
4."Funky Pretty"B. Wilson, Love, RieleyC. Wilson, Jardine, Chaplin, Fataar, and Love4:09
Total length:36:19
CD and digital bonus tracks (Mount Vernon and Fairway)
No.TitleWriter(s)Length
10."Mt. Vernon and Fairway – Theme"B. Wilson1:34
11."I'm the Pied Piper – Instrumental"B. Wilson, C. Wilson2:20
12."Better Get Back in Bed"B. Wilson1:39
13."Magic Transistor Radio"B. Wilson1:43
14."I'm the Pied Piper"B. Wilson, C. Wilson2:09
15."Radio King Dom"B. Wilson, Rieley2:38
2015 Remastered iTunes bonus track
No.TitleWriter(s)Lead vocal(s)Length
16."We Got Love"Fataar, Chaplin, LoveFataar with Chaplin5:56

Personnel

Credits from Craig Slowinski, John Brode, Will Crerar and Joshilyn Hoisington.[77] Track numbering refers to CD and digital releases of the album.

The Beach Boys

  • Blondie Chaplin – lead (1, 7, 9), backing (1, 7), and round vocals (9), bass (1, 3–4, 7–8) and electric guitars (5)
  • Ricky Fataar – lead (7, 9), backing (1-2, 7), and round vocals (9); drums (all tracks except 9), congas (7); pedal steel guitar (3, 5, 8); Hammond organ (7), ARP Odyssey (7); producer (7)
  • Alan Jardine – lead (4, 9), harmony (5) and backing vocals (3-5, 8), narration (4); acoustic (3-4) and electric guitars (5), banjos (5); producer (3-5)
  • Mike Love – lead (3, 5, 9), harmony (3, 5), backing (1, 3–4, 7–8), and round vocals (9), narration (4)
  • Brian Wilson – backing (6, 9) and intro vocals (5); upright piano (9), Moog synthesizers (9); drums (9), congas (9); co-arranger (1), vocal arrangement (6); producer (9)
  • Carl Wilson – lead (2, 6, 8–9), harmony (2-3, 5, 8), backing (all tracks except 4 and 7), round (9), and response vocals (1); acoustic (2) and electric guitars (1, 6, 8–9); grand (1) and upright pianos (2-4, 6–7), Wurlitzer electric piano (1, 6–8), Hammond organ (1, 4–6), ARP Odyssey (1) and Moog synthesizers (5-6); jaw harp (2); vocal arrangement (6); producer (1-2, 6, 9)
  • Dennis Wilson – harmony (2), backing (2, 8), and bass vocals (2); clavinet (2), Wurlitzer electric piano (2), celeste (2), Moog synthesizers (2), upright piano (8); producer (2, 8)

Touring musician

Guests

Session musicians

Unaccounted credits

  • Hammond organ (2), ARP Odyssey (2), water chimes (2), diatonic harmonica (3-5); 2 violins (8), viola (8), cello (8)

Technical and production staff

  • Stephen Moffitt – engineer (all tracks except 7); co-engineer (1)
  • Rob Fraboni – engineer (7); co-engineer (1)
  • Jon Parks – second engineer (all tracks)
  • United Visuals (Amsterdam) – layout
  • Russ Mackie – album photography, art

Charts
Chart (1973) Peak
position
Canadian Album Chart[78] 12
Dutch Album Chart[79] 9
UK Top 40 Album Chart[32] 20
U.S. Billboard Top LPs & Tape[32] 36

Notes
  1. The next day, Bruce Johnston told an interviewer, "The audience is very respected by me and the band. ... They listen to the lyrics. I might consider living here."[5]
  2. The south of France, where the Rolling Stones had recently recorded Exile on Main St.,[9] was also under consideration as a possible venue.[8] Johnston stated that he had suggested that the group record their new album in France, "but somehow it ended up being recorded in Holland. I had to secretly come down and do vocals. ... even though I was out of the band, I still sang on albums."[10]
  3. The components were shipped to Amsterdam in crates that each costed $5,000 in shipping (equivalent to $33,000 in 2022).[16][15] It took over four weeks to accomplish this.[15]
  4. Wilson's family had initially made the trip without him, leaving him behind in Los Angeles.[20][13]
  5. In the first two attempts, Brian changed his mind after arriving to the airport. On the third, Brian got on the plane, but wandered away after it landed, leaving his ticket and passport. His family found him asleep in the lobby of Schiphol Airport.[20][13]
  6. Despite a similar name, the studio had no connection to the British Broadcasting Company.[17]
  7. Years later, the Baambrugge studio was demolished.[29]
  8. The original Surf's Up version of "Big Sur" was released on the 2021 compilation Feel Flows.[44]
  9. Jardine remembered, "We came down to the studio to do a mix-down so [Brian] could get home. Then suddenly, [he] came in and said, 'Give me a microphone.' He walked straight in. I hadn't seen him for a month. He walked up to the microphone and started singing, 'I'm on my way to sunny Califon-i-a.' He then left the microphone and walked out".[23]
  10. Dillon surmised that Jardine's song was chosen as the lead single in the UK because his production of "Cotton Fields" had been the band's last hit there.[33]

References
  1. Partridge, Kenneth (June 5, 2015). "Why a Comprehensive Beach Boys Biopic Would Likely Fail". Consequence of Sound.
  2. Marsh, Dave (May 31, 1979). "L.A. Light Album". Rolling Stone. Retrieved February 19, 2012 – via rollingstone.com.
  3. Stebbins 2000, p. 121.
  4. Badman 2004, pp. 283–285.
  5. Badman 2004, p. 285.
  6. Badman 2004, p. 297.
  7. Badman 2004, p. 283.
  8. Badman 2004, p. 304.
  9. Dillon 2012, p. 209.
  10. Sharp, Ken (September 4, 2013). "Bruce Johnston On the Beach Boys' Enduring Legacy (Interview)". Rock Cellar Magazine. Archived from the original on September 19, 2018. Retrieved September 2, 2018.
  11. Badman 2004, p. 305.
  12. Badman 2004, p. 308.
  13. Benoit 1997, p. 91.
  14. Badman 2004, pp. 304, 306.
  15. Benoit 1997, p. 92.
  16. Gaines 1986, p. 253.
  17. Benoit 1997, pp. 92–93.
  18. Benoit 1997, p. 90.
  19. Badman 2004, pp. 304, 309, 313, 316.
  20. Badman 2004, p. 317.
  21. Badman 2004, p. 316.
  22. Sharp, Ken (October 2013). "Brian Wilson, Al Jardine, Mike Love Interview Part 3". Rock Cellar. Archived from the original on October 22, 2014. Retrieved October 23, 2016.
  23. Badman 2004, p. 320.
  24. Stebbins 2000, p. 120.
  25. Badman 2004, p. 319.
  26. Stebbins 2000, p. 119.
  27. Carlin 2006, pp. 180–181.
  28. Badman 2004, p. 321.
  29. Badman 2004, p. 322.
  30. Gaines 1986, p. 255.
  31. Badman 2004, pp. 322–323.
  32. Badman 2004, p. 326.
  33. Dillon 2012, p. 212.
  34. Badman 2004, pp. 322, 326.
  35. Leaf 1978, p. 152.
  36. Carlin 2006, p. 184.
  37. Carlin 2006, p. 185.
  38. Dillon 2012, p. 210.
  39. Carlin 2006, p. 182.
  40. McCaughey, Scott (2000). Carl and the Passions – "So Tough" / Holland (CD Liner). The Beach Boys. Capitol Records.
  41. Carlin 2006, p. 183.
  42. Benoit 1997, p. 96.
  43. Badman 2004, pp. 274, 320.
  44. Legaspi, Althea (June 3, 2021). "The Beach Boys Detail Massive 1969-1971 Era Box Set, Share 'Big Sur'". Rolling Stone. Retrieved June 3, 2021.
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  46. Badman 2004, pp. 320, 322.
  47. Carlin 2006, pp. 183–184.
  48. "Rare song -- Brian playing "Susie Cincinnati" and "Little Child" in Holland!". smileysmile.net. Retrieved September 8, 2023.
  49. Chidester, Brian (March 7, 2014). "Busy Doin' Somethin': Uncovering Brian Wilson's Lost Bedroom Tapes". Paste. Retrieved December 11, 2014.
  50. Stebbins 2000, p. 143.
  51. White 1996, p. 304.
  52. Sharp, Ken (September 2013). "Beach Boys Producers Alan Boyd, Dennis Wolfe, Mark Linett Discuss 'Made in California' (Q&A)". Rock Cellar Magazine. Archived from the original on September 28, 2013. Retrieved April 9, 2022.
  53. "The Beach Boys: The River's A Dream In A Waltz Time". Aquarium Drunkard. March 14, 2017. Retrieved July 22, 2019.
  54. Leaf 1978, p. 151.
  55. Badman 2004, p. 327.
  56. Badman 2004, p. 329.
  57. Badman 2004, p. 328.
  58. Badman 2004, p. 323.
  59. Badman 2004, p. 331.
  60. Badman 2004, pp. 331–332.
  61. Dillon 2012, p. 213.
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  67. Doggett 1997, p. 102.
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Bibliography
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