Georgia Aquarium

Georgia Aquarium is a public aquarium in Atlanta, Georgia, United States. It exhibits hundreds of species and thousands of animals across its seven major galleries, all of which reside in more than 11 million US gallons (42,000 m3) of water.[1][2] It was the largest aquarium in the world from its opening in 2005 until 2012 when it was surpassed by the S.E.A. Aquarium in Singapore and the Chimelong Ocean Kingdom in China; the Georgia Aquarium remains the largest aquarium in the United States and the fourth largest in the world.[3]

Georgia Aquarium
33°45′46″N 84°23′41″W
Date openedNovember 23, 2005 (2005-11-23)
LocationAtlanta, Georgia, U.S.
Volume of largest tank6.3 million US gallons (24,000 m3)
Total volume of tanksMore than 11 million US gallons (42,000 m3)
Annual visitors2.5 million (2018)
Memberships
Websitegeorgiaaquarium.org

A $250 million donation from the foundation of local businessmen and The Home Depot co-founder Bernard Marcus provided the bulk of the funding needed to build and stock the new facility.

The aquarium's notable specimens include whale sharks, beluga whales, California sea lions, bottlenose dolphins, manta rays, sea otters, and tiger sharks.[4][5] Its centerpiece is a 6.3 million US gallons (24,000 m3) whale shark exhibit.[6][2]

History

In November 2001, Bernard Marcus announced his vision of presenting Atlanta with an aquarium that would encourage both education and economic growth. After visiting 56 aquariums in 13 countries with his wife, Billi Marcus,[7] he donated $250 million toward what was to become Georgia Aquarium.[8] Corporate contributions totaling an additional $40 million[8] allowed the Aquarium to open debt-free.

Founding president and executive director of the aquarium, Jeff Swanagan, was brought in as the aquarium's first employee in 2002 and served until 2008.[6] He is largely credited with the creation of the aquarium,[6][9] from the design of the structure to the procurement of animals for the exhibits.[6]

The aquarium is in Downtown Atlanta on land donated by The Coca-Cola Company, just north of Centennial Olympic Park. It has a blue metal-and-glass exterior. The world's largest when it opened in November 2005, the aquarium encompassed 550,000 square feet (5.1 ha; 13 acres) of covered space, and its exhibits held 8 million US gallons (30,000,000 L) of fresh and saltwater. Subsequent additions to the collection and redesign of some habitats have increased the total water held to 11 million US gallons (42,000,000 L).[10] 20,000 pounds of frozen food for the animals on exhibit is kept hidden from visitors in a stainless steel commissary at −20 °F (−29 °C).[11]

After 27 months of construction, the aquarium opened with 60 animal habitats. Though the non-profit aquarium's admission charges are among the highest in the United States, attendance has far exceeded expectations, with 1 million visitors in the first 100 days,[12] 3 million by August 2006, 5 million by May 2007, and 10 million by June 2009.[13] The Aquarium is part of the Smithsonian Affiliations program[14] and the Association of Zoos and Aquariums.

In February 2015, the new vice-president José Luis Barbero committed suicide after a campaign alleging mistreatment of dolphins during his service as trainer in Marineland Mallorca.[15]

In 2019, the show The Aquarium premiered on Animal Planet, documenting animal care and conservation work at the Georgia Aquarium.[16] After the show ended following a two-season, twenty-episode run, Discovery+ began streaming the series, and the Georgia Aquarium subsequently partnered with the service to produce more content about animal experiences and conservation.[17]

Collection

Whale sharks

The aquarium was designed around a 6.3 million US gallon (24,000 m3) whale shark exhibit,[6] making it the very first institution outside of Asia that houses the giant species.[6]

The whale sharks' importation from Taiwan (by air, truck, and boat) had never been attempted previously. They were taken from Taiwan's annual fishing kill quota, under which they would have been eaten had they not been purchased by the Aquarium. The Aquarium's most famous specimens were four youngsters named Ralph, Norton, Alice, and Trixie, after the primary characters from The Honeymooners. Ralph and Norton died in 2007,[18] but that same year the Aquarium received two replacements ("Taroko", commemorating Taroko Gorge National Park, and "Yushan" after Taiwan's Jade Mountain) just before a ban on capture of that species took effect.[18][19] Trixie died after her health declined in 2020.[20] Alice died in 2021.[21]

Manta rays
Nandi the manta ray

The aquarium is only one of four sites in the world displaying a manta ray.[22] Nandi, the aquarium's first manta ray, and the first manta ray on display in the country,[23] was accidentally caught in nets protecting the South African coast from sharks. She joined the Ocean Voyager Built by The Home Depot exhibit in 2008. A second, Tallulah, was added in September 2009.[5] A third, Raven, was added in 2010.[24]

Beluga whales

The aquarium has been home to as many as five 11-foot (3 m) beluga whales at once.

Males Nico and Gasper, acquired from an amusement park in Mexico, were joined by three females on breeding loan from the New York Aquarium: Marina, Natasha and Natasha's daughter, Maris. After Gasper[25] and Marina died in 2007, the belugas were transferred to SeaWorld San Antonio, where Nico died in 2009.[26] In 2010, Maris and a new male, Beethoven, were returned to the Georgia Aquarium while Natasha remained with a potential mate in San Antonio.[27] Two young belugas, Grayson (male) and Qinu (female), also from San Antonio, were added in November 2010.[28] Before transferring to the Shedd Aquarium in 2014, Beethoven fathered calves with Maris in 2012 and 2015, neither of which survived. Maris died of a heart defect in 2015. In 2016, Grayson was sent to Shedd Aquarium while SeaWorld Orlando's Aurek and Maple and Shedd Aquarium's Nunavik arrived on loan at Georgia Aquarium. In June 2017, Georgia Aquarium announced that Qinu was pregnant with her first calf, sired by Aurek, and was due in the fall of 2017. In September 2017, Aurek was transferred to Shedd Aquarium on a breeding loan. On November 8, 2017, the Aquarium announced that Qinu's calf had died from complications during birth.[29]

In 2012, the beluga whale Maris gave birth to a female calf. After less than a week, the calf, who was born underweight, died. Although mortality rates of calves born to first-time mothers are extremely high, even in wild populations,[30] Maris's second calf—born on Mother's Day in 2015—would survive less than a month. Maris died in October of the same year,[31] reigniting the debate as to whether the captive beluga breeding program was humane or successful.

In 2015, the aquarium applied to import 18 belugas from Russia; it had previously placed an order for their capture and planned to send them on breeding loans to partnered parks such as Shedd Aquarium[32] and SeaWorld, though SeaWorld ultimately opted out of the agreement.[33] However, the permit was denied by the National Marine Fisheries Service, prompting Georgia Aquarium to sue. In September 2015, a federal district court ruled that "Georgia Aquarium failed to demonstrate that its permit would not result in the taking of additional animals beyond those authorized by the permit", and that the denial would stand.[34]

On January 14, 2020, the Georgia Aquarium announced that 20-year-old Whisper was pregnant and due to deliver a calf in April.[35]

Exhibits

The aquarium's animals are displayed in seven galleries and exhibits: Tropical Diver, Ocean Voyager Built by The Home Depot, Cold Water Quest, Southern Company River Scout, Dolphin Coast, Truist Pier 225 and Aquanaut Adventure: A Discovery Zone. Each exhibit corresponds to a specific environment.

The Cold Water Quest features animals from the polar and temperate regions of the world and contains most of the mammal species in the Aquarium's collection. This exhibit includes beluga whales in an 800,000 US gallons (3,000,000 L) habitat, southern sea otters, Japanese spider crabs, weedy sea dragons, two types of puffins, and African penguins.[36]

The largest exhibit, Ocean Voyager, contains 6.3-million-U.S.-gallon (24,000,000 L) of water[37] and several thousand fish. It measures 284 ft × 126 ft (87 m × 38 m) and the depth ranges between 20 and 30 ft (6.1 and 9.1 m), making it the largest indoor aquatic habitat in the world.[38] This exhibit is designed to feature the life of the Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System and showcases the Aquarium's whale sharks and manta rays as well as a 100 ft (30 m) underwater acrylic tunnel and one of the world's largest viewing windows.

The Truist Pier 225 gallery holds California sea lions. Among its six animals, individuals named Jupiter and Neptune were rescued in the 2015 mass sea lion stranding in California. This exhibit also offers scheduled presentations about the species.[39]

The Aquanaut Adventure: A Discovery Zone contains several smaller exhibits and multiple hands-on activities, including an augmented reality scavenger hunt using the aquarium's mobile app.[40]

Sharks! Predators of the Deep is the newest gallery to be added to the Georgia Aquarium. It opened on October 23, 2020, and it has a new 20 ft deep tank that has great hammerhead sharks, sand tiger sharks, tiger sharks, silvertip sharks, silky sharks, zebra sharks, and round ribbontail rays.[41] It features a dive cage, where visitors can be submersed in the tank. It has a wading pool where visitors can walk with rays and zebra sharks.

The aquarium also features a 4D theater sponsored by KIA, and a virtual reality simulator that takes guests on a trip through prehistoric seas.[42]

Research and conservation
Whale shark in Georgia Aquarium

According to founder Bernard Marcus, the aquarium's conservation and environmental mission are equal in importance to its role as an attraction. Before opening, the aquarium was already working with Georgia Tech and Georgia State University in Atlanta and the University of Georgia in Athens to help save endangered species through education and research programs.

The acquisition of the male beluga whales, previously suffering in an inadequate environment, was hailed by Marcus as a prime example of the type of conservation activities the aquarium should be involved with. Roughly 100 tarpons stranded in a tidal pool at Skidaway Island, off the Georgia coast, were rescued for the collection. Coral used in exhibits at the Aquarium is grown in a collaboration between Georgia Tech and the University of the South Pacific, produced by suspending blocks of pumice over a reef near the village of Tagaqe, Fiji for eight months to allow seaweeds and reef invertebrates to establish colonies.

As of 2016, the Georgia Aquarium stated that it would not be taking whales or dolphins that have been caught in the wild.[43]

In 2019, the Georgia Aquarium began participating in a coral project in conjunction with the Association of Zoos and Aquariums and other AZA-accredited facilities. In an effort to save coral from a coral-bleaching disease in the Florida Keys, Georgia Aquarium is housing multiple species of coral at their facility. During the same year, the Aquarium temporarily provided housing for the sea turtles of the Georgia Sea Turtle Center being evacuated ahead of Hurricane Dorian.[44]

The aquarium is involved in research initiatives that focus on whale sharks in the Yucatán Peninsula, beluga whales in Alaska, penguins in South Africa, manatees in Quintana Roo, Mexico, loggerhead sea turtles on the Georgia coast and spotted eagle rays in Sarasota, Florida. Its newest research project centers on bottle-nose dolphins in the Indian River Lagoon. As permanent residents at the top of the lagoon's food chain, they are indicators of its environmental health. The Aquarium is partnering with Florida Atlantic University and the federal government to monitor the health of these animals, as well as identify potential threats from pollution and emerging infectious diseases.

New facilities and programs

In May 2008, the aquarium announced plans to build a $110 million expansion for a new dolphin exhibit. The expansion covers 84,000 square feet (7,800 m2)[6] and contains 1.8 million US gallons (6,800,000 L) of water.[37] Located on the west side of the facility, the exhibit features space for live presentations, observation windows, and opportunities for visitors to interact with animals.

Construction began later in 2008 and was completed in late 2010. During part of the construction, the aquarium's three beluga whales were temporarily relocated to SeaWorld San Antonio.[45] Beluga whales are very sensitive to sound, and while officials had not noted any excessive amounts of stress, it was decided to remove them anyway and eliminate the possibility.[45] Unexpectedly, one of the three belugas, Nico, died at SeaWorld on October 31, 2009. A preliminary necropsy was unable to determine if Nico's death was caused by the move or by something else.[26]

The Dolphin Celebration show opened to the public on April 2, 2011,[46] and has been controversial.[47] In 2016, the aquarium changed the format of the show to make it more educational.

On January 1, 2011, the aquarium purchased Marineland of Florida for a reported $9.1 million.[48] The seller was Jim Jacoby, a metro Atlanta developer and member of the Georgia Aquarium board of directors, who bought the park in 2004 and re-developed it. In 2019, another company acquired Marineland of Florida.

In 2018, the aquarium announced its largest expansion to date, a $100 million, 45,000-square-foot endeavor featuring a new 1-million-US-gallon (3,800,000 L) saltwater shark gallery, Sharks: Predators of the Deep, and a redesigned main entrance, planned to be completed in late Fall 2020. This new exhibit would include a variety of shark species.[49][50][51][52][53][54] A temporary entrance was constructed by the end of 2018 to facilitate construction of the new expansion.[55] The official opening date for the exhibit was October 23, 2020.[56]

Images
  • Aerial view of the facility
    Aerial view of the facility
  • Visitors observe US Navy divers as they dive in a tank at the Aquarium
    Visitors observe US Navy divers as they dive in a tank at the Aquarium
  • The Ocean Voyager exhibit tunnel
    The Ocean Voyager exhibit tunnel
  • Ocean Voyager exhibit tunnel
    Ocean Voyager exhibit tunnel
  • Outside Aquarium
    Georgia Aquarium exterior, with advertisements for the dolphin show

Notes
  1. "About Us". Georgia Aquarium. Retrieved 2021-12-31.
  2. "GAI Fun Facts" (PDF). news.georgiaaquarium.org. Retrieved 2021-12-31.
  3. "Aquarium sets Guinness record". Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Associated Press. 2010-08-23. Archived from the original on August 26, 2010. Retrieved 2010-08-24.
  4. "A Manta in 'Lanta - Oceana". 19 November 2008. Archived from the original on 19 November 2008. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
  5. Andres, Bob (2009-09-03). "Second manta ray at Georgia Aquarium". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. p. A1.
  6. Tharpe, Jim (2009-06-30). "Georgia Aquarium creator dies". Ajc.com. Archived from the original on 2011-06-04. Retrieved 2009-07-12.
  7. Patowary, Kaushik (11 March 2013). "Georgia Aquarium: The Largest Aquarium in the World". Amusing Planet. Austin TX: Amusing World. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
  8. Huettel, Steve (2009-06-30). "Jeff Swanagan, who turned around Florida Aquarium, dies at 51". Tampabay.com. Archived from the original on 2009-07-02. Retrieved 2009-07-12.
  9. Morris, Mike (2009-06-29). "Former Georgia Aquarium director Jeff Swanagan dies". Ajc.com. Archived from the original on 2009-08-28. Retrieved 2009-07-12.
  10. "subsection home page of in Georgia Aquarium official website". Archived from the original on 2018-10-29. Retrieved 2018-06-11.
  11. Rothstein, Edward (23 March 2006). "A Hundred Thousand Fish, Behind a Pane 2 Feet Thick". New York Times. New York NY.
  12. No fish story: Aquarium draws million in 3 months David E. Williams, CNN, 1 March 2006. Retrieved 24 August 2006
  13. Davis, Mark (2007-05-23). "Aquarium welcomes 5 millionth visitor". Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved 2007-05-24.
  14. "Georgia Aquarium". Affiliate detail. Smithsonian Affiliations. 2011. Archived from the original on 2011-07-10. Retrieved 16 Jul 2011.
  15. Jurado, Laura (5 December 2022). "La historia detrás del linchamiento que acabó con la vida del 'rey de los delfines'". elDiario.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 December 2022.
  16. "The Aquarium". Discovery. Animal Planet. Retrieved April 22, 2022.
  17. "Discovery and Georgia Aquarium Enter Into All-New Multi-Platform Content Partnership To Document Animal Experiences and Global Conservation Efforts". Georgia Aquarium. May 7, 2021. Retrieved April 22, 2022.
  18. Simons, Craig (2007-05-25). "Taiwan approves export of 2 whale sharks". Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Archived from the original on 2007-05-28. Retrieved 2007-05-25.
  19. Davis, Mark (2007-06-01). "Two whale sharks join trio at Georgia Aquarium". Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Archived from the original on 2012-07-16. Retrieved 2007-06-01.
  20. "Georgia Aquarium mourns death of largest female whale shark". FOX 5 Atlanta. 2020-11-27. Retrieved 2022-06-25.
  21. "Alice, Georgia Aquarium's 'larger-than-life' whale shark, dies". FOX 5 Atlanta. 2021-06-28. Retrieved 2022-06-25.
  22. "About Nandi". Georgia Aquarium. Archived from the original on 2014-11-29. Retrieved 2008-08-27.
  23. Leon Stafford (2008-08-25). "Georgia Aquarium adds 9-foot manta ray". Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved 2008-08-25.
  24. "Georgia Aquarium | Newsroom | Photo Library". Archived from the original on 2012-03-03. Retrieved 2009-09-03.
  25. Gasper Press Release Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine
  26. Howard Pousner (2009-11-02). "Aquarium beluga dies". Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved 2009-11-02.
  27. Howard Pousner (2010-03-02). "2 Belugas finally go on view at the Georgia Aquarium". Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved 2010-03-02.
  28. Georgia Aquarium welcomes 2 new beluga whales Archived 2010-12-03 at the Wayback Machine
  29. "Georgia Aquarium 'heartbroken' after baby beluga dies during birth". Fox5atlanta.com. 8 November 2017. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
  30. "Georgia Aquarium's baby beluga dies days after critical birth". Wsbtv.com. Retrieved 2012-10-16.
  31. Markiewicz, David. "Maris, the much-loved beluga whale at Georgia Aquarium, dies". Ajc.com. Retrieved 17 July 2016.
  32. "Georgia Aquarium Application to Import 18 Beluga Whales (File No. 17324)". nmfs.noaa.gov/. Retrieved 2012-10-16.
  33. Pedicini, Sandra. "SeaWorld says it won't take beluga whales captured in Russia". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved 1 August 2016.
  34. "IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF GEORGIA ATLANTA DIVISION" (PDF). Retrieved 17 July 2016.
  35. "'We're expecting!': Georgia Aquarium announces baby beluga". ABC News.
  36. Georgia Aquarium:Georgia Aquarium to Be Home to More Than 100,000 Fish. Archived 2013-12-24 at the Wayback MachineRetrieved 24 December 2013
  37. Georgia Aquarium: AT&T Dolphin Tales. Archived 2012-12-24 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 24 December 2013
  38. Jossy O'Donnel (September 7, 2013). "10 largest, biggest & best aquariums in the world". Conservation Institute. Retrieved June 10, 2018.
  39. Article in The Georgia aquarium official website
  40. "Aquanaut Adventures". Georgia Aquarium. Retrieved 2020-07-12.
  41. "Sharks". Georgia Aquarium. Retrieved 2020-10-21.
  42. "4D Theater". Georgia Aquarium. Retrieved 2020-07-19.
  43. Mark Davis, The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. "Georgia Aquarium: no more whales, dolphins taken from the wild". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved 2020-07-12.
  44. Georgia Aquarium. "Georgia Aquarium Provides Temporary Housing for Evacuated Sea Turtles". Georgia Aquarium. Retrieved 2020-07-19.
  45. Howard Pousner (2009-10-05). "Georgia Aquarium's beluga whales sent to Texas". AJC.com. Retrieved 2009-10-06.
  46. Terry Gardner. "Dolphins Splash Down at the Georgia Aquarium". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on 2013-01-19. Retrieved 2011-03-08.
  47. Melissa Ruggieri. "New dolphin exhibit triggers debate about captivity". Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved 2011-03-30.
  48. Ruggieri, Melissa (3 January 2011). "Georgia Aquarium buys Florida's Marineland". ajc.com. Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved 4 January 2011.
  49. Video on The Georgia aquarium's youtube channel
  50. Kahn, Michael (21 March 2018). "Visuals released for Georgia Aquarium's $100M expansion". Curbed Atlanta. Retrieved 30 March 2018.
  51. J. G. Godwin, Becca. "Check out renderings for Georgia Aquarium's large expansion in 2020". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved 30 March 2018.
  52. "Georgia Aquarium Expansion 2020 FAQs". Georgia Aquarium. Retrieved 30 March 2018.
  53. Park, Catherine. "Georgia Aquarium reveals renderings for expansion in 2020". WXIA/11Alive. Retrieved 30 March 2018.
  54. Ruggieri, Melissa. "Georgia Aquarium's expansion plans include new shark gallery". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
  55. Kahn, Michael (30 January 2018). "Georgia Aquarium plans major expansion to open in 2020". Curbed Atlanta. Retrieved 30 March 2018.
  56. "Georgia Aquarium shark exhibit opening in October". Narcity. 13 October 2020. Retrieved 15 October 2020.

References
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