Tamoya haplonema

Tamoya haplonema
	Illustration from Medusae of the World by Alfred G. Mayer (1910)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Cnidaria
Class:	Cubozoa
Order:	Carybdeida
Family:	Tamoyidae
Genus:	Tamoya
Species:	T. haplonema
Binomial name
	Tamoya haplonema; F. Müller, 1859

Tamoya haplonema is a species of box jellyfish in the genus Tamoya. It is the type species of the genus and was described in 1859. The medusa possesses four tentacles, one each on an inter-radial pedal.[1]

Body

They possess 4 tentacles, one each on an inter-radial pedal.[1] Like other cubomedusae, Tamoya haplonema has four rhopalia with a statolith and four simple eyes and two camera eyes on each rhopalium.[2]

Diet

Tamoya haplonema prey on fish.[3] They have also been observed interacting with fish outside of the predator prey relationship, with the fish going inside the jellyfish and around the tentacles without being consumed.[4]

Habitat

It is native to the western Atlantic, and specimens have been found from Argentina to Long Island.[5] Some specimens have been found in the Gulf of Mexico, off the coasts of Mississippi and Alabama.[6] They were once thought to live off the coast of Africa, but those sightings have since been attributed to actually be a different species, Tamoya ancamori.[7]

Toxicity

Like other box jellyfish, they are highly venomous and have been known to sting humans. If stung, vinegar should be applied to deactivate the nematocysts in the skin. Cold seawater compress should also be applied.[8]

References

Morandini, André C.; Ascher, Denise; Stampar, Sergio N.; Ferreira, João Fernando V. (2005). "Cubozoa e Scyphozoa (Cnidaria: Medusozoa) de águas costeiras do Brasil". Iheringia. Série Zoologia. 95 (3): 281–294. doi:10.1590/s0073-47212005000300008. ISSN 0073-4721.
Gray, G. Clark; Martin, Vicki J.; Satterlie, Richard A. (2009). "Ultrastructure of the Retinal Synapses in Cubozoans". The Biological Bulletin. 217 (1): 35–49. doi:10.1086/BBLv217n1p35. ISSN 0006-3185. PMID 19679721. S2CID 24400231.
Nogueira Júnior, Miodeli; Haddad, Maria Angélica (2008). "The diet of cubomedusae (Cnidaria, Cubozoa) in southern Brazil". Brazilian Journal of Oceanography. 56 (3): 157–164. doi:10.1590/s1679-87592008000300001. ISSN 1679-8759.
Lawley, Jonathan W.; Faria Júnior, Edson (2018). "First record of association between Tamoya haplonema (Cnidaria: Cubozoa) and stromateid fish, with a review on interactions between fish and cubozoan jellyfishes". Plankton and Benthos Research. 13 (1): 32–38. doi:10.3800/pbr.13.32. ISSN 1880-8247.
Sept, J. Duane (2016). Atlantic seashore field guide : Florida to Canada (1st ed.). Mechanicsburg, PA. ISBN 978-0-8117-1421-1. OCLC 931476555.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Phillips, Philip J.; Burke, W. David (1970-10-01). "The Occurrence of Sea Wasps (Cubomedusae) in Mississippi Sound and the Northern Gulf of Mexico". Bulletin of Marine Science. 20 (4): 853–859.
Straehler-Pohl, Ilka (2020-08-14). "A new species found in the Collection of the Discovery Expedition from 1925–27: Tamoya ancamori sp. nov. (Cnidaria, Cubozoa, Carybdeida, Tamoyidae) from West African waters". Plankton and Benthos Research. 15 (3): 189–206. doi:10.3800/pbr.15.189. ISSN 1880-8247. S2CID 225422355.
Haddad, Vidal; Lupi, Omar; Lonza, Juan Pedro; Tyring, Stephen K. (2009). "Tropical dermatology: Marine and aquatic dermatology". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 61 (5): 733–750. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2009.01.046. ISSN 0190-9622. PMID 19836641.

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[:0-1] Morandini, André C.; Ascher, Denise; Stampar, Sergio N.; Ferreira, João Fernando V. (2005). "Cubozoa e Scyphozoa (Cnidaria: Medusozoa) de águas costeiras do Brasil". Iheringia. Série Zoologia. 95 (3): 281–294. doi:10.1590/s0073-47212005000300008. ISSN 0073-4721.

[2] Gray, G. Clark; Martin, Vicki J.; Satterlie, Richard A. (2009). "Ultrastructure of the Retinal Synapses in Cubozoans". The Biological Bulletin. 217 (1): 35–49. doi:10.1086/BBLv217n1p35. ISSN 0006-3185. PMID 19679721. S2CID 24400231.

[3] Nogueira Júnior, Miodeli; Haddad, Maria Angélica (2008). "The diet of cubomedusae (Cnidaria, Cubozoa) in southern Brazil". Brazilian Journal of Oceanography. 56 (3): 157–164. doi:10.1590/s1679-87592008000300001. ISSN 1679-8759.

[4] Lawley, Jonathan W.; Faria Júnior, Edson (2018). "First record of association between Tamoya haplonema (Cnidaria: Cubozoa) and stromateid fish, with a review on interactions between fish and cubozoan jellyfishes". Plankton and Benthos Research. 13 (1): 32–38. doi:10.3800/pbr.13.32. ISSN 1880-8247.

[5] Sept, J. Duane (2016). Atlantic seashore field guide : Florida to Canada (1st ed.). Mechanicsburg, PA. ISBN 978-0-8117-1421-1. OCLC 931476555.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

[6] Phillips, Philip J.; Burke, W. David (1970-10-01). "The Occurrence of Sea Wasps (Cubomedusae) in Mississippi Sound and the Northern Gulf of Mexico". Bulletin of Marine Science. 20 (4): 853–859.

[7] Straehler-Pohl, Ilka (2020-08-14). "A new species found in the Collection of the Discovery Expedition from 1925–27: Tamoya ancamori sp. nov. (Cnidaria, Cubozoa, Carybdeida, Tamoyidae) from West African waters". Plankton and Benthos Research. 15 (3): 189–206. doi:10.3800/pbr.15.189. ISSN 1880-8247. S2CID 225422355.

[8] Haddad, Vidal; Lupi, Omar; Lonza, Juan Pedro; Tyring, Stephen K. (2009). "Tropical dermatology: Marine and aquatic dermatology". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 61 (5): 733–750. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2009.01.046. ISSN 0190-9622. PMID 19836641.