Swale (landform)

A swale is a shady spot, or a sunken or marshy place.[1] In US usage in particular, it is a shallow channel with gently sloping sides. Such a swale may be either natural or human-made. Artificial swales are often infiltration basins, designed to manage water runoff, filter pollutants, and increase rainwater infiltration.[2] Bioswales are swales that involve the inclusion of plants or vegetation in their construction, specifically.[3]

This article is about the land form. For other uses, see Swale.
A constructed swale or bioswale built in a residential area to manage stormwater runoff

On land

The use of swales has been popularized as a rainwater-harvesting and soil-conservation strategy by Bill Mollison, David Holmgren, and other advocates of permaculture. In this context a swale is usually a water-harvesting ditch on contour, also called a contour bund.[4][5]

A natural swale

Swales as used in permaculture are designed by permaculturalists to slow and capture runoff by spreading it horizontally across the landscape (along an elevation contour line), facilitating runoff infiltration into the soil. This archetypal form of swale is a dug-out, sloped, often grassed or reeded "ditch" or "lull" in the landform. One option involves piling the spoil onto a new bank on the still lower slope, in which case a bund or berm is formed, mitigating the natural (and often hardscape-increased) risks to slopes below and to any linked watercourse from flash flooding.

In arid and seasonally dry places, vegetation (existing or planted) in the swale benefits heavily from the concentration of runoff. Trees and shrubs along the swale can provide shade and mulch which decrease evaporation.

On beaches

The term "swale" or "beach swale" is also used to describe long, narrow, usually shallow troughs between ridges or sandbars on a beach, that run parallel to the shoreline.[6]

See also

References
  1. Chambers Dictionary, Edinburgh, 1998, p. 1668.
  2. "Storm Water Technology Fact Sheet: Vegetated Swales". Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). September 1999. EPA 832-F-99-006.
  3. "Stormwater Best Management Practice: Grassed Swales" (PDF). EPA. December 2021. p. 3. EPA 832-F-21-031P.
  4. "Water Harvesting: Microcatchment Contour Bunds". Food and Agriculture Organization. Retrieved 2009-11-26.
  5. "Soil contour bunds" (PDF). mamud.com. United Nations Office for Project Services. 1998. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-05-17. Retrieved 2009-11-26.
  6. "Wetlands of the Great Lakes Open Shoreline and Embayed Wetlands". Michigan State University Extension. July 31, 2010. Archived from the original on July 31, 2010. Retrieved September 21, 2009.
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