Stress shielding

Stress shielding is the reduction in bone density (osteopenia) as a result of removal of typical stress from the bone by an implant (for instance, the femoral component of a hip prosthesis).[1] This is because by Wolff's law,[2] bone in a healthy person or animal remodels in response to the loads it is placed under.It is possible to mention the elastic modulus of Magnesium (41–45 GPa) compared to Titanium (110-127 GPa), stainless steel (189-205 GPa), iron (211.4 GPa), or zinc (78-121 GPa), which makes it further analogous to the natural bone of the body (3–20 GPa) and prevents stress shielding phenomena[3][4]


Porous implantation is one typical alleviation method.[5][6]

References
  1. Ibrahim, H.; Esfahani, S. N.; Poorganji, B.; Dean, D.; Elahinia, M. (January 2017). "Resorbable bone fixation alloys, forming, and post-fabrication treatments". Materials Science and Engineering: C. 70 (1): 870–888. doi:10.1016/j.msec.2016.09.069. PMID 27770965.
  2. Frost, HM (1994). "Wolff's Law and bone's structural adaptations to mechanical usage: an overview for clinicians". The Angle Orthodontist. 64 (3): 175–188. PMID 8060014.
  3. Kong, L.; Heydari, Z.; Lami, G.H.; Saberi, A.; Baltatu, M.S.; Vizureanu, P. A Comprehensive Review of the Current Research Status of Biodegradable Zinc Alloys and Composites for Biomedical Applications. Materials 2023, 16, 4797. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16134797https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37445111/
  4. A. Saberi, H.R.R. Bakhsheshi-Rad, E. Karamian, M. Kasiri-Asgarani, H. Ghomi, Magnesium-graphene nano-platelet composites: Corrosion behavior, mechanical and biological properties, J. Alloys Compd. 821 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.153379
  5. Dhandapani, Ramya; Krishnan, Priya Dharshini; Zennifer, Allen; Kannan, Vishal; Manigandan, Amrutha; Arul, Michael R.; Jaiswal, Devina; Subramanian, Anuradha; Kumbar, Sangamesh Gurappa; Sethuraman, Swaminathan (March 2020). "Additive manufacturing of biodegradable porous orthopaedic screw". Bioactive Materials. 5 (3): 458–467. doi:10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.03.009. PMC 7139166. PMID 32280835.
  6. US patent 5702449, William F. McKay, "Reinforced porous spinal implants", published 1997-12-30, issued 1997-12-30, assigned to Danek Medical,Inc.,Memphis,Tenn. and SDGI Holdings Inc.


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