Statue of Kamehameha I (Honolulu)

The history of the Kamehameha I statue (second cast) is closely tied to the history of the first cast. The idea behind both works originated in 1878, when Walter M. Gibson, a member of the Hawaiian legislature, decided to commission a sculpture to commemorate the centennial of the arrival of Captain James Cook to the Hawaiian Islands. Government money was allocated to fund the project, and Gibson was put in charge of the committee overseeing its production.[1]

Gibson selected American artist Thomas Ridgeway Gould to create the statue, who finished the full-size plaster model for the work in 1880.[2] The model was sent to the Barbedienne Foundry in Paris, France to be cast in brass, and the finished product was shipped to Hawaiʻi in August; however, the ship delivering the statue encountered a storm and sank near the Falkland Islands. To replace it, the second cast was commissioned by Hawaiʻi officials using the approximately $12,000 insurance settlement collected from the loss of the original. The replacement statue arrived in Honolulu in January, 1883, but the original cast had already been recovered from the sea and finally completed its journey to Hawaiʻi in March, 1882. Because the second cast was in better condition, it was decided that it, not the original, would be placed outside the Aliʻiolani Hale government building in Honolulu. Having arrived too late to be used in the celebration of Cook’s arrival to the Islands, its unveiling was instead incorporated into the coronation ceremonies of King David Kalākaua in February, 1883.[3]

See Features of Kamehameha I statue (original cast).

After the shipwreck and loss of the original statue, Gibson and Gould worked together to provide the replacement cast with one additional feature: four partial-gilt bas-relief panels to decorate the sides of the statue’s plinth, paid for with an additional $4,000 from the insurance settlement. Each panel depicted a scene from Kamehameha’s life, though Gibson wanted the panels to serve as a kind of propaganda, much like Trajan’s Column and other representations of heroic battles in classical monuments. As such, the historical accuracy of the events depicted in the reliefs is questionable; debate exists as to whether or not Kamehameha was even present at some of the events.[4]

Gould returned to his studio in Florence to begin work on the reliefs, but died of a heart attack on November 26, 1881, after only managing to complete the maquette for the first relief. His son, Marshall S. Gould, completed the remaining three maquettes.[5]

The scenes depicted on the panels include:

• Kamehameha’s first encounter with Captain James Cook, on board the Resolution (See HMS Resolution (1771)) off the coast of Lahaina in 1778.
• Kamehameha as a warrior, fending off a barrage of spears.
• Kamehameha as he reviews a war fleet off the coast of Kohala, Hawaiʻi.
• A group of travelers resting alongside a road, meant to illustrate Kamehameha’s Kānāwai Māmalahoe, his guarantee of free and safe access to roadways.