Hórreo

An hórreo is a typical granary from the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula (Asturias, Galicia, where it might be called a Galician granary, and Northern Portugal), built in wood or stone, raised from the ground (to keep rodents out) by pillars (pegollos in Asturian, pegoyos in Cantabrian, esteos in Galician, espigueiros in Portuguese, abearriak in Basque) ending in flat staddle stones (vira-ratos in Galician, mueles or tornarratos in Asturian, or zubiluzea in Basque) to prevent access by rodents. Ventilation is allowed by the slits in its walls.

Asturian hórreo

Hórreo in Galicia

Names

In some areas, hórreos are known as horriu, horru (Asturian), horriu (Leonese), hurriu (Cantabrian), hórreo, paneira, canastro, piorno, cabazo (Galician), espigueiro, canastro, caniço, hôrreo (Portuguese), garea, garaia, garaixea (Basque).[1]

Distribution

Illustration from a manuscript of the Galician Cantigas de Santa Maria (c. 1280)

Hórreos are mainly found in the Northwest of Spain (Galicia and Asturias) and Northern Portugal. There are two main types of hórreo, rectangular-shaped, the more extended, usually found in Galicia and coastal areas of Asturias; and square-shaped hórreos from Asturias, León, western Cantabria and eastern Galicia.

Origins

The oldest document containing an image of an hórreo is the Cantigas de Santa Maria by Alfonso X "El Sabio" (song CLXXXVII) from the 13th century. In this depiction, three rectangular hórreos of gothic style are illustrated.[2]

Types

There are several types of Asturian hórreo, according to the characteristics of the roof (thatched, tiled, slate, pitched or double pitched), the materials used for the pillars or the decoration. The oldest still standing date from the 15th century, and even nowadays they are built ex novo. There are an estimated 18,000 hórreos and paneras in Asturias, some are poorly preserved but there is a growing awareness from owners and authorities to maintain them in good shape.

The longest hórreo in Galicia is located in Carnota, A Coruña, and is 35 metres (115 ft) long.

Other similar granary structures include Asturian paneras (basically, big hórreos with more than four pillars), cabaceiras (Galician round basketwork hórreo), trojes or trojs in Castile or silos.

A Galician hórreo.
Hórreo of Carnota, Galicia.
Hórreo from Cosgaya, Cantabria.
Hórreo from Piornedo, Galicia.
Corn cobs inside an hórreo, Boiro, Galicia.
Hórreo from Siero, Asturias.
Stone pillar (pegollu) standing on a footing stone (pilpayu) and capped with a staddle stone (muela).
Building sitting on staddle stones, at the Somerset Rural Life Museum, similar to Iberian hórreos.
Decorated granary in Ames.
Brick granary in Dodro.
Granary set in Combarro.
Stone granary in Portuguese Soajo.
Alvenary granary over pillars in Carnota.
Alvenary granary over pillars and slab in Lira.
Alvenary granary over barn in Rianxo.
Mixed granary over masonry strains in Oroso.
Wooden granary over masonry strains in Vedra.

Hórreo-like granaries in Europe

Similar granaries were common throughout Atlantic Europe: Northwest Iberian Peninsula, France, the British Isles, Scandinavia.

There are espigueiros or canastros in northern Portugal (the most famous concentration is located in Soajo).

French Savoy has its regard, also encountered in the Swiss Valais (raccard) and the Italian Aosta Valley (rascard). Norway has its stabbur, Sweden its härbre or more precisely stolphärbre or stolpbod. Hambars are found in the Balkans, and serender in northern Turkey.

Similar buildings (barns) on staddle stones are found in Southern England.

Espigueiros from Arcos de Valdevez, Portugal
Raccards in Valais, Switzerland
Stabbur originally from Bergsrud in Sør-Aurdal, Norway later relocated to the Bautahaugen Samlinger
Ambar from 1888 in Banovci, Croatia during winter
Ambar from 1888 in Banovci, Croatia during summer

References

"RACCARD : Définition de RACCARD".
Hórreo: granary (Spain), in Encyclopedia of Vernacular Architecture of the World (Paul Oliver ed.), Vol. 1, Theories and Principles, pp. 713-714: "Not until the 13th century, in the 'Cantigas' of Alfonso X, was there confirmation of buildings that were morphologically similar to the basic Galician hórreos."

External links

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[1] "RACCARD : Définition de RACCARD".

[2] Hórreo: granary (Spain), in Encyclopedia of Vernacular Architecture of the World (Paul Oliver ed.), Vol. 1, Theories and Principles, pp. 713-714: "Not until the 13th century, in the 'Cantigas' of Alfonso X, was there confirmation of buildings that were morphologically similar to the basic Galician hórreos."