Space Shuttle Independence

Space Shuttle Independence, formerly known as Explorer, is a full-scale, high-fidelity replica of the Space Shuttle. It was built by Guard-Lee in Apopka, Florida, installed at Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex in 1993, and moved to Space Center Houston in 2012. It was built using schematics, blueprints and archival documents provided by NASA and by shuttle contractors such as Rockwell International. While many of the features on the replica are simulated, some parts, including the landing gear's Michelin tires, have been used in the Space Shuttle program.[1] The model is 122.7 ft (37.4 m) long, 54 ft (16 m) high, has a 78 ft (24 m) wingspan,[2] and weighs 171,860 lb (77,950 kg).[3]

"Space Shuttle Explorer" redirects here. For the suborbital tourist spaceplane under development, see Explorer (space plane). For the fictional orbiter Explorer in the 2013 film, see Gravity (2013 film). For the fictional orbiter Independence in the 1998 film, see Armageddon (1998 film).
Independence
Space Shuttle replica Explorer (now Independence) at Kennedy Space Center, Florida
Country United States
Contract awardGuard-Lee
StatusOn display at Space Center Houston

Kennedy Space Center

Independence, then known as Explorer, was displayed at the Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex atop cement pilings and secured with steel cabling. Visitor access was provided by a gantry-style tower with ramps and an elevator for accessibility. Inside, visitors could view a mock-up payload, a mannequin wearing an early model of the orange launch/entry pressure suit used by shuttle astronauts, and a mock cockpit with controls and instruments. Adjacent to Explorer were two solid rocket boosters mated to a full-size mock-up of an external tank (originally used by Stennis Space Center for fit tests).[4][5]

Space Center Houston
Tugboats take Explorer into Clear Lake from Galveston Bay
Independence on display at Space Center Houston

Because Kennedy Space Center was to receive the retired Atlantis, Space Shuttle Explorer was removed from the KSC Visitor Center on December 11, 2011, and relocated to the Vehicle Assembly Building's turn basin dock adjacent to the Launch Complex 39 Press Site.[6] The move was performed by Beyel Bros. using a 144-wheel trailer towed by truck.[7] To accommodate the shuttle, several light poles and street signage along the route were taken down, and the shuttle itself was lifted by hydraulic jacks over a KSC guardhouse.[6][7]

The vehicle remained at the turn basin until May 24, 2012, when it began its move by barge to the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center outside Houston, Texas.[1] The replica shuttle was stripped of the name Explorer as part of the dismantling process.[8]

Upon arriving in the Houston area by barge on June 1, 2012, guided by the Presiding Officer of the Houston Pilots Robert Thompson, the shuttle was taken to the Johnson Space Center dock on Clear Lake, and preparations were made to move the shuttle to Space Center Houston during the early morning hours. As with Florida, several light poles along NASA Parkway were taken down and trees trimmed back to allow passage. The shuttle was moved by another 144-wheel trailer down the closed highway to the visitor center.[9]

Johnson Space Center hosted a celebration for the arrival of the replica. "Shuttlebration" events began on June 1, at the southeast corner of Clear Lake by the Nassau Bay Hilton Hotel. The festivities included the arrival of the shuttle at the dock and its move onto visitor center grounds. This was the largest item to arrive at the JSC dock since a Saturn V arrived for display in 1977.[10][11]

Space Center Houston announced on May 2, 2013, that it had acquired NASA 905, one of NASA's two modified Boeing 747 Shuttle Carrier Aircraft. The center planned to display the replica shuttle atop the SCA with interiors of both vehicles accessible to visitors.[12] A competition to name the shuttle opened on July 4, 2013, and concluded on September 2, 2013, with over 10,000 entries received.[8][13] The winning entry was submitted by Timothy Judd, and the new name, Independence, was revealed on October 5, 2013.[13][14]

Independence underwent extensive renovation in 2013 and 2014 to repair damaged components and update its appearance to more closely match that of the modern shuttle fleet. Modifications include a re-skinning of the exterior, replica thermal tiles, publicly accessible mid-deck and payload bay, a glass cockpit on the flight deck, and display cases with shuttle program artifacts.[15]

On August 14, 2014, a heavy lift was completed to place Independence on top of NASA 905,[16] which had been moved to Space Center Houston from Ellington Field on April 30, 2014.[17] The combined exhibit, named "Independence Plaza", opened to the public on January 23, 2016,[18] at an estimated cost of US$12 million.[15][19]

See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Space Shuttle Independence.

References
  1. "Space shuttle replica sets sail for Houston". CollectSpace.com. May 24, 2012. Retrieved May 25, 2012.
  2. Kremer, Ken (May 24, 2012). "Shuttle Replica Departs Kennedy for Ocean Voyage to Houston on a Barge – Enterprise is Next". Universe Today. Retrieved August 16, 2014.
  3. Moeller, Nathan (August 15, 2014). "Independence rises into history atop SCA at Space Center Houston". Spaceflight Insider. Retrieved August 16, 2014.
  4. "NASA's Fla. visitor center clearing way for Atlantis arrival". CollectSpace.com. November 29, 2011. Retrieved July 18, 2012.
  5. NASA Office of Inspector General (September 14, 2000). "Transfer of External Tank Display to Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex" (PDF). NASA.gov. IG-00-044. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 28, 2015. Retrieved July 18, 2012.
  6. "Mock space shuttle moved to make way for the real thing". CollectSpace.com. December 11, 2011. Retrieved August 16, 2014.
  7. Siceloff, Steven (December 16, 2011). "Shuttle Model Move Shows Way for Atlantis". NASA. Retrieved August 16, 2014.
  8. "Houston's space shuttle replica to get new name in public event". CollectSpace.com. September 20, 2013. Retrieved October 6, 2013.
  9. "Sunday drive: Shuttle replica's road trip to Space Center Houston". CollectSpace.com. June 3, 2012. Retrieved August 16, 2014.
  10. "Shuttlebration Weekend". Space Center Houston. Archived from the original on June 25, 2012. Retrieved July 18, 2012.
  11. "NASA Joins Community In Shuttlebration Weekend Celebration" (Press release). PRNewswire. NASA. May 30, 2012. Retrieved July 18, 2012 – via MarketWatch.com.
  12. "Houston museum to top historic NASA jet with mock space shuttle". CollectSpace.com. May 2, 2013. Retrieved August 16, 2014.
  13. "Space Center Houston unveils official name of Space Shuttle replica as 'Independence'". KTRK-TV. Associated Press. October 5, 2013. Retrieved August 15, 2014.
  14. "Houston's space shuttle replica christened 'Independence'". CollectSpace.com. October 5, 2013. Retrieved October 6, 2013.
  15. "Exclusive! Inside Independence: First look at Houston space shuttle's new cockpit". CollectSpace.com. July 3, 2014. Retrieved August 16, 2014.
  16. Rice, Harvey (August 14, 2014). "Shuttle replica makes final landing atop 747 at Space Center Houston". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved August 15, 2014.
  17. "Space Shuttle Carrier to be Museum Piece". The Courier. Associated Press. April 28, 2014. Retrieved August 15, 2014.
  18. Zaveri, Mihir (January 3, 2016). "New Space Center exhibit revives the spirit of shuttle program". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved January 16, 2016.
  19. Korsgard, Ryan; Aufdenspring, Matt (August 14, 2014). "Shuttle Independence replica placed atop Space Center Houston carrier". KPRC-TV. Retrieved August 16, 2014.

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