Somerset Coal Canal

House at Tucking Mill, next to the canal, reputedly lived in by William Smith

In 1763 coal was discovered in Radstock and mining began in the area, but transport was a major problem because of the poor state of the roads. This cost and the potential for cheaper delivery of coal from south Wales via the Monmouthshire Canal[3] led to the proposal for a canal which could transport the coal to Bath and Wiltshire.[4] Initial surveys were conducted during 1793 by William Jessop and William Smith under the direction of John Rennie who presented the report on 14 October 1793 estimating the cost of construction of the canal at £80,000. Smith, who also worked at the Mearns Pit at High Littleton, made the original observations leading to his important stratification theory by observing the dips in the geological strata through which the canal was cut.[5][6] Smith became Surveyor to the company, but was dismissed in April 1799, apparently because he had used his position as surveyor to buy a local house at advantageous terms.[7] He then set himself up in a private practice in Bath but was re-engaged by the company in 1811, to provide advice when repairs became necessary to the canal bed.[8]

Derelict lock next to Caisson House, Combe Hay

The canal was authorised by an Act of Parliament entitled "An Act for making and maintaining a navigable Canal, with certain Railways and Stone Roads, from several Collieries in the county of Somerset, to communicate with the intended Kennet and Avon Canal, in the parish of Bradford, in the county of Wilts" of 1794,[3] and further detailed surveys were carried out by Robert Whitworth and John Sutcliffe, who was then appointed as chief engineer.

In May 1795, tenders were invited for the first section to be built from the meadows near Goosehard (or Gooseyard) near Paulton to Hopyard in the parish of Camerton. In June 1795 a contractor, Houghton & Son from Shropshire, started the terminus at Paulton meadows using local labour. This first section of the canal was completed on Monday 1 October 1798; the first load of coal carried on the canal was delivered to Bath via Dunkerton. Some 14 collieries at Timsbury and Paulton were connected to their respective basins in the meadow terminus by tramways; this required the construction of three tramway bridges over the Cam brook. A further bridge at Upper Radford was required over the canal; at this point tramways connected the Withy Mills and Radford workings. The course of the Cam brook was modified at various places to protect the canal from erosion. In 1799 William Whitmore and his partner, Norton, offered to build a balance (or geometrical) lift without payment, on condition that if successful they were to have £17,300 and a royalty of 4 pence per ton of goods passed.[9]

The design of the caisson lock at Combe Hay was not a success: on 15 February 1798 the first descent failed. Mr Weldon (the inventor) made one successful descent on 7 June and said "I will undertake to pass 1,500 tons of goods through the lock in 12 hrs". Tenders were invited on 28 June for further constructions. Two more attempts to use the lock took place on 11 April and 2 May, but only the latter was successful. By 22 August 1799 the second rebuilding of the caisson had been abandoned. It was replaced by three locks and an inclined plane trackway, but the trackway was not successful either, and the company proposed to raise more money to finance the building of a flight of 19 locks to replace it, the use of which would incur an additional toll of one shilling per ton on all traffic.[3] This was vigorously opposed by the owners of the Kennet and Avon Canal and the Wilts and Berks Canal, on the grounds that the price of coal to their customers would be too high. After negotiation, the company obtained a new Act of Parliament on 30 April 1802, which authorised the formation of a separate body called "The Lock Fund of the Somerset Coal Canal Company", with powers to raise the sum of £45,000. The money was raised by the Kennet and Avon, the Wilts and Berks and the Somerset Coal Canal each contributing £15,000, and the one shilling surcharge was to be levied until the capital had been repaid, after which it would cease.[10] The act set the tonnage rates to be charged:

Somerset Coal Canal at Dundas Aqueduct

Tonnage rates on the Somerset Coal Canal in 1805[11]

Cargo	Rate
For all Coal, Coke, &c	2+1⁄2d per Ton, per Mile.
For all Iron, Lead, Ores, Cinders, &c	4d ditto. ditto.
For all Stones, Tiles, Bricks, Slate, Timber, &c	3d ditto. ditto.
For all Cattle, Sheep, Swine and other Beasts	4d ditto. ditto.
For all other Goods	4d ditto. ditto.
For every Horse or Ass Travelling on the Railway	1d each.
For every Cow or other Neat Cattle ditto	1⁄2d ditto. ditto.
For Sheep, Swine and Calves ditto	5d per Score.

Fractions of a Mile to pay for Half a Mile, and of a Ton as a Quarter of a Ton; Rates for Wharfage to be determined by the Company. In addition to the above Rates, One Shilling per Ton is paid on all Goods to the Lock Fund, which also receives Three Farthings per Ton from the Coal Canal company.[11]

The boats were weighed at Midford, where a weigh house was built in 1831. Boats were floated into a one-ended lock, the gate closed and the water drained. This left the boat resting on a cradle suspended by angled rods attached to a beam which took the weight of the boat. One-pound weights were then added to a pan, with one pound being equivalent to one hundredweight (112 pounds or 51 kilograms), until the system was in equilibrium, then the weight was recorded. The weigh house at Midford was one of only four known to have been built in England and Wales.[3]

Somerset Coal Canal
Kennet and Avon Canal Dundas aqueduct Stop lock River Avon Limpley Stoke moorings End of navigable section  A36  bridge Tucking Mill Wharf Toll point (weigh house)  B3110  bridge S&D Railway (from 1874) Radstock Branch Midford Aqueduct Midford Basin Tramway Twinhoe Basin Wellow Tunnel Stoney Littleton Aqueduct Radstock Basin Combe Hay Locks 20–22 Adit to pumping engine Temporary inclined plane (1801-1806) Combe Hay Locks 1–19 Combe Hay pumping engine Combe Hay Aqueduct Combe Hay Tunnel  A367  Dunkerton Tunnel Dunkerton Big Aqueduct Dunkerton Little Aqueduct Dunkerton pumping engine Dunkerton Colliery Wharf Camerton Colliery Wharf Radford Colliery Wharf Withy Mills Colliery Wharf Dry Dock Paulton Basin Timsbury Basin

The canal opened in 1805[3] and was used for passenger traffic as well as coal. In 1814 the Benedictine monks who came to Downside Abbey are said to have used the canal for the last stage of their journey.[12] Another cargo carried by the canal was limestone from Combe Down.[13] The peak level of cargo carried was in 1838 at 138,403 tons[14] resulting in over £17,000 of tolls being paid. Cargoes of over 100,000 tons were common until the 1870s when the decline in output of coal from the various Somerset coalpits, along with competition from the railways, dramatically reduced the canal's profitability. When the main pump at Dunkerton failed it was not replaced and there was not sufficient water for continual operation of the locks. The canal went into liquidation in 1894; it closed in 1898 and was finally abandoned in 1904 when it was sold to the Great Western Railway for £2,000,[15] and used as a branch of the Bristol and North Somerset Railway. The closure caused problems across the Somerset coalfield especially to the pits along the Paulton branch, which had relied on the canal for transportation.[16]

When the Radstock branch was constructed, it was intended to link it to the main line of the Paulton branch at Midford, which was at a lower level at this point. The Lock Fund created in 1802 was to have paid for the construction of the locks, but because there was little regular traffic on the branch, the company built one lock, an aqueduct over the Midford Brook, and a short tramway to bridge the gap.[10] This contributed to the economic failure of the branch, and its replacement by a tramway in 1815.[17] The tramway was laid along the former canal's towpath. It was single-line with passing places every 600 yards (550 m), and was originally laid using cast iron plates on stone block sleepers, but was relaid using wrought iron plates.[3]

Portrait of John Rennie, 1810, by Sir Henry Raeburn

William Smith

• William Bennet (d. 1826)
• John Hodgkinson
• Benjamin Outram (1764–1805)
• John Rennie (1761–1821)
• William Smith (1769–1839)
• John Sutcliffe
• Robert Weldon (?1754–1810)
• Robert Whitworth (d. 1799)

Data from Jim Shead's Waterways Information.[9]

Operation of caisson lock

The fall over the route is 135 ft (41 m), which meant problems with supplying adequate water. The Cam brook was an inadequate source of water above Camerton, and the mills along it had water rights. Each narrow boat travelling through the series of locks (22 of them each 6 ft (1.8 m) deep) with a 25-ton load of coal caused 85 tons of water to be discharged into the brook below the locks. As a result, the canal was designed with all 22 locks in one flight near Combe Hay and a pumping engine to raise water from the Cam; this was the first canal to depend entirely on pumping.

A potential solution to the water supply problem was the use of caisson locks as proposed by Robert Weldon, three of which could replace the 22 conventional locks, because it wasted no water, but the technology had only been tried in a one-third scale prototype. Each lock was 80 ft (24 m) long and 60 ft (18 m) deep and contained a closed wooden box which could take a barge. This box moved up and down in the 60 ft (18 m) deep pool of water, which never left the lock. The box was demonstrated to the Prince Regent (later George IV), but had engineering problems and was never successful commercially or built elsewhere.

It was temporarily replaced with an inclined plane by Benjamin Outram who had successfully installed inclined planes at the Peak Forest Canal in Derbyshire, whilst 22 locks and a Boulton & Watt Steam Pumping Station, capable of lifting 5,000 tons of water in 12 hours, were built to the latest design with metal plate clad wooden gates.[18][19][20]

Outlet view of spillway drain 25 feet (8 m) long and 10 feet (3 m) wide

Internal view of spillway drain about 66 feet (20 m) in length

The two images show a spillway drain from c. 1796 (uncovered in 2009–10) at Upper Midford, a location where a caisson to take the canal from the 180 ft (55 m) level to the 134 ft (41 m) level at Midford Aqueduct was proposed.

Each caisson would have had such a drain for maintenance purposes over the exit arch made to the same dimensions. The following extract from the Bath Herald newspaper provides the details of the chosen sites:

14 Jun 1798 Travel: Somerset coal canal – caisson cisterns to be formed at Combe Hay & nr. Midford. Sealed proposals reqd. on embanking & excavation with the masonry; or each separately – send to sub-committee, Waldegrave Arms, Radstock 20 Jul Plans & specs. on appl.

For further Newspaper articles see s:Bath Georgian Newspaper - Somerset Coal Canal

The spoil tip in Paulton, referred to locally as "The Batch"

located between the villages of Paulton and Timsbury was the terminus of the northern branch of the Somerset Coal Canal and was a central point for at least 15 collieries around Paulton, Timsbury and High Littleton, which were connected to the canal by tramroads. Timsbury basin was some 600 ft (180 m) to the west of Paulton basin.

On the northern side of Timsbury basin was the terminus for the tramroads which served Old Grove, Prior's, Tyning and Hayeswood pits, with a branch line to Amesbury and Mearns pits. Parts of this line were still in use in 1873, probably all carrying horse-drawn wagons of coal. Tramroads on the southern side of the Paulton basin served Brittens, Littleborrok, Paulton Ham, Paulton Hill, Simons Hill terminating at Salisbury Colliery. In addition the Paulton Foundry used this line. The entire line was disused by 1871 as were the collieries it served.[16]

The area has been designated as an 'area of special architectural or historic interest, the character or appearance of which it is desirable to preserve or enhance' under section 69 of the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990.[21]

To help preserve the area, security fencing and gates were installed in 2023 around some parts of the canal and car park to control access.[22]

Aqueduct on the Somerset Coal Canal at Dunkerton

The first railway to affect the canal was the Bristol and North Somerset Railway's Frome to Radstock line completed in 1854 which took traffic away from the tramway. It finally closed in 1874 with the Somerset and Dorset Railway's extension to Bath, built along its route from Radstock to Midford. Another branch line was constructed in 1882 from Hallatrow to Camerton, running alongside the canal for the last 1+1⁄2 miles (2 km) of its route.[3]

The Great Western Railway built a railway line (the Bristol and North Somerset Railway) over some parts of the canal route from Limpley Stoke to Camerton, where it joined the existing 1882 branch line from Hallatrow to Camerton. This opened in 1910 for passenger and goods traffic, closed for the First World War, re-opened after the war, ran for passengers only for two more years in the mid-1920s and finally closed to all traffic in the 1950s. The line was used in the 1950s Ealing comedy film The Titfield Thunderbolt.[23][24]

The 1⁄4-mile (400 m) stretch at Brassknocker Basin where the canal joins the Kennet and Avon at Dundas Aqueduct was restored during the 1980s and is now a thriving marina with moorings. Excavations of the old stop lock (at the junction with the Kennet and Avon Canal) showed that this had originally been a broad (14 feet, 4.3 m) lock that at some point was narrowed to 7 feet (2.1 m) by moving the lock wall.[3]

Excavated canal dry dock and restored entrance arch at Paulton Basin, on the Somerset Coal Canal.

Work started in 2013 to reveal and excavate the drydock next to the eastern Paulton Basin. This drydock appears to be the largest drydock anywhere on the canal system in England, being about 30 feet (9.1 m) wide and 83 feet (25 m) long, large enough for three full-length narrowboats to be worked on at the same time.[29]

The drainage culvert at the southeast corner of the drydock was rebuilt in December 2013, and the drydock itself completely excavated in April 2014. The entrance to the drydock, at the western end, was surmounted by a bridge, partially demolished in 2002 but rebuilt during 2014.[29]

Excavations began in May 2014 at Terminus Bridge; the abutments were found to be in poor condition; an earth bund between the abutments carried the public footpath and stopped the water draining from the Paulton and Timsbury Basins. A new earth bund was installed about 25 m (27 yd) west of Terminus Bridge to stop the water and allow work to continue on the bridge.[30]

During excavations a drainage culvert was discovered about 20 m (22 yd) west of Terminus bridge.[31] Work resumed in September and November 2014 to batter and reshape the canal embankments. Excess topsoil was removed and the towpath reinstated on the stretch to the east from Terminus bridge for about 200 m (220 yd). On the same stretch a retaining wall was discovered in the south embankment continuing for about 100 m (110 yd), possibly built as a repair to a weak section of canal banking. Vertical infills of white clay have been used along this wall.

The restored canal bed at Upper Midford to the west of the recently uncovered Georgian spillway drain

The canal has been studied for many years with exploration and restoration work being undertaken in Wellow and elsewhere. Particular effort, so far unsuccessful, has been put into trying to find the site of the second and third caisson locks at Combe Hay. In October 2006 a grant of £20,000 was obtained from the Heritage Lottery Fund, by the Somersetshire Coal Canal Society in association with Bath & North East Somerset Council and the Avon Industrial Buildings Trust to carry out a technical study on one of the locks and associated structures at Combe Hay.[32][33] Many of the locks and associated workings are listed buildings.[34][35]