Alfred Kempe

Sir Alfred Bray Kempe FRS (6 July 1849 – 21 April 1922) was a mathematician best known for his work on linkages and the four colour theorem.

Not to be confused with Alfred John Kempe.

Sir Alfred Kempe
Born(1849-07-07)7 July 1849
Kensington, London, England
Died21 April 1922(1922-04-21) (aged 72)
London, England
Known forKempe chain
Kempe's universality theorem
Sylvester-Kempe inversor
AwardsFellow of the Royal Society (1881)

Biography

Kempe was the son of the Rector of St James's Church, Piccadilly, the Rev. John Edward Kempe. He was educated at St Paul's School, London and then studied at Trinity College, Cambridge, where Arthur Cayley was one of his teachers. He graduated BA (22nd wrangler) in 1872.[1] Despite his interest in mathematics he became a barrister, specialising in the ecclesiastical law. He was knighted in 1913, the same year he became the Chancellor for the Diocese of London. He was also Chancellor of the dioceses of Newcastle, Southwell, St Albans, Peterborough, Chichester, and Chelmsford. He received the honorary degree DCL from the University of Durham and he was elected a Bencher of the Inner Temple in 1909.

In 1876 he published his article On a General Method of describing Plane Curves of the nth degree by Linkwork,[2] which presented a procedure for constructing a linkage that traces an arbitrary algebraic plane curve. This was a remarkable generalization of his work on the design of linkages to trace straight lines. This direct connection between linkages and algebraic curves is now called Kempe's universality theorem.[3] While Kempe's proof was flawed, the first complete proof was provided in 2002, based on his ideas.[4][5]

The Sylvester–Kempe Inversor draws a straight line.

In 1877 Kempe discovered a new straight line linkage called the Quadruplanar inversor or Sylvester–Kempe Inversor and published his influential lectures on the subject.[6] In 1879 Kempe wrote his famous "proof" of the four colour theorem, shown incorrect by Percy Heawood in 1890. Much later, his work led to fundamental concepts such as the Kempe chain and unavoidable sets.

Kempe (1886) revealed a rather marked philosophical bent, and much influenced Charles Sanders Peirce. Kempe also discovered what are now called multisets, although this fact was not noted until long after his death.[7][8]

Kempe was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1881. He was Treasurer and vice-president of the Royal Society 1899–1919. He was a president of the London Mathematical Society from 1892 to 1894. He was also a mountain climber, mostly in Switzerland.

His first wife was Mary, daughter of Sir William Bowman, 1st Baronet; she died in 1893. He then married, in 1897, Ida, daughter of Judge Meadows White, QC. He had two sons and one daughter.

References
  1. "Kempe, Alfred Bray (KM867AB)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.
  2. A. B. Kempe, (1876) On a General Method of describing Plane Curves of the nth degree by Linkwork. Proceedings of the Royal Society.
  3. A. Saxena (2011) Kempe’s Linkages and the Universality Theorem Archived 7 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine, RESONANCE
  4. M. Kapovich and J. J. Millson (2002), Universality theorems for configguration spaces of planar linkages Topology, Pergamon Press.
  5. Demaine, Erik; O'Rourke, Joseph (2007), "3.2 Kempe's Universality Theorem", Geometric Folding Algorithms, Cambridge University Press, pp. 31–40, ISBN 978-0-521-71522-5.
  6. A. B. Kempe (1877) How to draw a straight line; a lecture on linkages Archived 26 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine, London: Macmillan and Co.
  7. A. B. Kempe, (1886) "A memoir on the theory of mathematical form," Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 177: 1–70
  8. Ivor Grattan-Guinness (2000) The Search for Mathematical Roots 1870–1940. Princeton Univ. Press
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