Magnus Sinus

The gulf and its major port of Cattigara had supposedly been reached by a 1st-century Greek trader named Alexander, who returned safely and left a periplus of his voyage.[3] His account that Cattigara was "some days" sail from Zaba was taken by Marinus of Tyre to mean "numberless" days and by Ptolemy to mean "a few".[4][note 1] Both Alexander and Marinus's works have been lost, but were claimed as authorities by Ptolemy in his Geography.[8] Ptolemy (and presumably Marinus before him) followed Hipparchus in making the Indian Ocean a landlocked sea, placing Cattigara on its unknown eastern shoreline. The expanse formed between it and the Malay Peninsula (the "Golden Chersonese"), he called the Great Gulf.[9]

Ptolemy's Geography was translated into Arabic by a team of scholars including al-Khwārizmī in the 9th century during the reign of al-Maʿmūn. By that time, Arab merchants such as Soleiman had begun regular commerce with Tang China and, having passed through the Strait of Malacca en route, shown that the Indian Sea communicated with the open ocean. African traders similarly showed that the coastline did not turn sharply east south of Cape Prasum below Zanzibar as Ptolemy held.[10] Al-Khwārizmī's influential Book of the Description of the Earth, therefore, removed Ptolemy's unknown shores from the Indian Ocean. The robustly-described lands east of the Great Gulf, however, were retained as a phantom peninsula (now generally known as the Dragon's Tail).

Just after 1295, Maximus Planudes restored Ptolemy's Greek text and maps at Chora Monastery in Constantinople (Istanbul). This was translated into Latin at Florence by Jacobus Angelus around 1406 and quickly spread the work's information and misinformation throughout Western Europe. The maps initially repeated Ptolemy's enclosed Indian Sea. Following word of Bartholomew Dias's circumnavigation of Africa, maps by Martellus and by Martin of Bohemia replaced this with a new form of the Dragon's Tail peninsula, including details from Marco Polo. As early as 1540, continuing exploration led Sebastian Münster to conflate the Great Gulf with the Pacific Ocean west of the Americas, supposing that the 1st-century Alexander had crossed to a port in Peru and safely returned.[4] The idea was repeated by Ortelius and others.[11] (Some modern South American scholars have returned to the idea as recently as the 1990s, but there remains no substantial evidence to support the idea.[12]) The Great Gulf was finally dispensed with in all its forms as more accurate accounts returned from both the East and West Indies.

A detail from a 1794 map showing the common identification of the Great Gulf with the Gulf of Thailand[13]

The details of the Great Gulf changed somewhat among its various forms, but the ancient and Renaissance Ptolemaic accounts had it bound on the west by the Golden Chersonese and on the north and east by the ports of the Sinae, chief among which was Cattigara.[14] Medieval Islamic cartographers followed al-Khwārizmī in having a strait southeast of the gulf communicating with the Sea of Darkness. Believing the circumference of the Earth to follow Ptolemy's reduced figures or even smaller ones, cartographers during the early phases of the Age of Discovery expanded the Gulf to form the Pacific Ocean west of South America, considered to represent a southeastern peninsula of Asia.

Modern reconstructions agree in naming the Golden Chersonese a form of the Malay Peninsula but differ in their considerations of how much of the South China Sea to include within Ptolemy's reckoning of the Great Gulf. Those following Alexander's route from Zaba on its northern shore to Cattigara to its southeast consider it to be no more than the Gulf of Thailand, with Cattigara located in the Funanese Óc Eo ruins at Thoại Sơn. Its Cottiaris River would then be a former course of the Mekong which once passed the site to enter the Gulf of Thailand.[15][16][3] Others ignoring the route as garbled but taking Cattigara to be the major Han entrepôt of Longbian consider the Great Gulf to have been the Gulf of Tonkin, hypothesizing that the Gulf of Thailand (if present) was represented by the smaller inlet on the eastern shore of the Golden Chersonese. Its Cottiaris River would have been Vietnam's Red River. Panyu (Guangzhou) had been the major port of the Kingdom of Nanyue but identifications of Ptolemy's Cattigara with Han-era Nanhai, though common in the past,[17][18] are credited little more than those placing it in Peru.

• Agathemerus, Tē̂s Geōgraphías Hypotypṓseis en Epitomē̂i τῆς γεωγραφίας ὑποτυπώσεις ἐν ἐπιτομῇ [A Sketch of Geography in Epitome] (in Greek)
• d'Anville, Jean Baptiste Bourguignon (1763), Orbis Veteribus Notus [The World Known to the Ancients] (in Latin), Paris
• Bunbury, Edward Herbert; Beazley, C. Raymond (1911), "Ptolemy: Geography" , in Chisholm, Hugh (ed.), Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 22 (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 623–626.
• Glover, Ian C. (2005), "Cattigara", in Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony (eds.), The Oxford Classical Dictionary (3rd ed.), Oxford University Press, p. 292, ISBN 9780198606413
• Herrmann, Albert (1938), "Der Magnus Sinus und Cattigara nach Ptolemaeus" [The Magnus Sinus and Cattigara in Ptolemy], Géographie Historique et Histoire de la Géographie, Comptes Rendus du 15me Congrès International de Géographie, Amsterdam, 1938 (in German), vol. II, Leiden: Brill, §IV, pp. 123–128
• Malleret, Louis (1962), "XXV: Oc-Èo et Kattigara" [Oc-Èo and Cattigara], L'Archéologie du delta du Mékong [Archaeology of the Mekong Delta] (in French), vol. III, pp. 421–454
• Ptolemy (c. 150), Geōgraphikḕ Hyphḗgēsis Γεωγραφικὴ Ὑφήγησις [The Geography] (in Greek), Alexandria
• Richardson, William A.R. (2003), "South America on Maps before Columbus? Martellus's 'Dragon's Tail' Peninsula", Imago Mundi, vol. 55, pp. 25–37, doi:10.1080/0308569032000097477, S2CID 129171245
• Smith, Philip (1854), "Cattigara", in Smith, William (ed.), Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, Illustrated by Numerous Engravings on Wood, vol. I, London: Walton & Maberly, p. 570
• Suárez, Thomas (1999), Early Mapping of Southeast Asia, Singapore: Periplus Editions, ISBN 9781462906963
• Vaux, William Sandys Wright (1854a), "Cottiaris", in Smith, William (ed.), Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, Illustrated by Numerous Engravings on Wood, vol. I, London: Walton & Maberly, p. 698
• Vaux, William Sandys Wright (1854b), "Magnus Sinus", in Smith, William (ed.), Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, Illustrated by Numerous Engravings on Wood, vol. II, London: Walton & Maberly, p. 253
• Yule, Henry (1866), "Extracts from the Geography of Ptolemy. (Circa A.D. 150)", Cathay and the Way Thither; Being a Collection of Medieval Notices of China with a Preliminary Essay on the Intercourse between China and the Western Nations Previous to the Discovery of the Cape Route, vol. I, London: Hakluyt Society, pp. cxlvi–cliii